Abstract
Objective
Population-based cancer registration data in 2012 from all available cancer registries in Henan province were collected by Henan Office for Cancer Research and Control. The numbers of new cancer cases and cancer deaths in Henan province with compiled cancer incidence and mortality rates were estimated.
Methods
In 2015, all registries’ data in Henan province were qualified for the national cancer registry annual report in 2012. The pooled data were stratified by area (urban/rural), gender, age group (0, 1.4, 5.9, 10.14, …, 85+) and cancer type. New cancer cases and deaths were estimated using age-specific rates and corresponding population of Henan province in 2012. The Chinese census data in 2000 and Segi’s population were applied for age-standardized rates. All the rates were expressed per 100,000 person-years.
Results
Qualified 19 cancer registries (4 urban and 15 rural registries) covered 16,082,688 populations of Henan province in 2012. The percentage of cases with morphologically verified (MV%) and death certificateonly cases (DCO%) were 69.84% and 2.30%, respectively, and the mortality to incidence rate ratio (M/I) was 0.64. It was estimated that there were 248,510 new cancer cases and 158,630 cancer deaths in Henan province in 2012. The incidence rate was 266.17/100,000 (288.61/100,000 in males and 241.86/100,000 in females), the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 208.95/100,000 and 206.41/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate (0.74 years old) of 24.30%. The crude incidence rate in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas. However, after adjusted by age, the cancer incidence rate in rural was higher than that in urban areas. The crude mortality of all cancers in Henan province was 169.90/100,000 (201.23/100,000 in males and 135.95/100,000 in females). The age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) were 131.20/100,000 and 130.80/100,000, respectively. Among the patients aged 0.74 years, the cumulative mortality rate was 15.03%. The crude cancer mortality rate in urban areas was higher than that of rural areas. However, the age-standardized rate in rural areas was higher than that of urban areas. Cancers of lung, stomach, esophagus, liver, female breast, colorectum, cervix, brain, uterus and ovary were the most common cancers, accounting for about 82.80% of all cancer new cases. Lung cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, female breast cancer, brain cancer, leukemia, pancreatic cancer and cervix cancer were the leading causes of cancer deaths, accounting for about 88.50% of all cancer deaths. The burden between urban and rural, males and females were different.
Conclusions
Registration data of Henan province was qualified to provide basic information on population-based cancer incidence, mortality for cancer prevention and control. The upper digestive tract cancer burden in Henan province, especially for males in rural areas, was higher. The incidence rate of female breast cancer was higher in urban areas. Targeted prevention, early detection and treatment programs should be carried out by health department to control the cancer burden.
Keywords: Cancer registry, incidence, mortality, epidemiology, Henan province
Introduction
The National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) of China estimated that there were 4,292,000 new cases of cancer diagnosed in 2015 in China (1). Henan province, the province with large population in China, is also facing heaven burden of cancer. With the national financial support, there were 6,16,16,19,20,27 and 27 established registries from 2009 to 2015 respectively. Since 2012, Henan Office for Cancer Research and Control began publishing cancer registry annual report of Henan province. The cancer registration data are very useful in the prevention and control of cancer through estimating the local cancer incidence and mortality. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of cancer incidence and mortality rates and estimate new cancer cases and cancer deaths in Henan province in 2012.
Materials and methods
2.1. Data source
Henan Office for Cancer Research and Control is in charge of population-based cancer registry in Henan province with responsibility of system establishment, training, data collection, evaluation and publication of annual report. The incidence cases were reported to cancer registries from local hospitals, community health service centers, the Basic Medical Insurances for Urban Residents and the New-Rural Cooperative Medical System. By June 1,2015,19 cancer registries in Henan province submitted 2012 data to Henan Office for Cancer Research and Control. All cancer cases were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd edition (ICD-O-3) and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10). Finally, all submitted data were pooled to form the database of Henan provincial registry system in 2012.
Population of Henan province estimates
The population of Henan province in 2012 was estimated based on the fifth National Census data (2000) provided by the National Statistics Bureau of China, taking into account of the changes of age composition, gender ratio and the proportion of urban and rural transformation released by the National Bureau of Statistics (<a href="http://data.stats.gov.cn/">http://data.stats.gov.cn/</a>). The population of Henan province in 2012 was stratified by area (urban/rural), gender (male/female) and age groups (0-,1-4,5-84 by 5 years, 85+ years). The age-specific death probability was adjusted referring to the sixth National Census in 2010. Linear changes were assumed in each age group between the fifth and sixth Population Census.
Quality control
Henan Office for Cancer Research and Control checked and evaluated the quality and comparability of submitted data based on "Guideline for Chinese Cancer Registration" and referring to relevant data quality criterion of "Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volume IX" by International Agency for Research on Cancer/International Association of Cancer Registries (IARC/IACR) (2). The data included in the final analysis should meet the following criteria: the percentage of cases morphologically verified (MV%) was not lower than 66%; the percentage of death certificate-only cases (DCO%) was lower than 15%; the mortality to incidence ratio (M/I) was between 0.6 and 0.8; and the percentage of the diagnosis of unknown basis (UB%) was lower than 5%.
Statistical analysis
Incidence and mortality rates were calculated by area, gender and age groups. The numbers of new cases and deaths were estimated using the 5-year age-specific cancer incidence/ mortality rates and the corresponding populations. The Chinese population in 2000 and World Segi’s population were used for age-standardized rates. The cumulative risk of developing or dying from cancer before 75 years of age (in the absence of competing causes of death) was calculated and presented as a percentage. Software including MS-Excel and IARCcrg Tools 2.05 issued by IARC and IACR were used for data checking and evaluation (3). SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, USA) was used to calculate the incidence and mortality rates.
Results
Data quality
There were 19 registries in Henan province accepted by this analysis, including 4 cities and 15 counties and covering 16,082,688 of populations, including 8,283,111 males and 7,799,577 females, accounted for 17.1% of population of Henan province in end of 2012. The overall indicators of MV%, DCO% and M/I ratio were 69.84%,2.30% and 0.64, respectively. They were 69.47%,1.80% and 0.63 in urban registries, compared to 69.92%,2.41% and 0.64 in rural. The quality evaluation for major cancers is presented in Table 1.
1.
Quality evaluation of cancer registration data in Henan province, 2012
| Cancer | All areas | Urban | Rural | ||||||||
| MV (%) | DCO (%) | M/I | MV (%) | DCO (%) | M/I | MV (%) | DCO (%) | M/I | |||
| MV%, percentage of morphological verifi cation; DCO%, percentage of cancer cases identifi ed with death certifi cation only; M/I, mortality to incidence ratio; CNS, central nervous system. | |||||||||||
| Oral & pharyngx | 55.00 | 2.37 | 0.32 | 56.52 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 54.51 | 3.13 | 0.36 | ||
| Nasopharynx | 61.65 | 0.97 | 0.45 | 56.10 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 63.03 | 1.21 | 0.50 | ||
| Esophagus | 84.28 | 2.26 | 0.69 | 81.72 | 2.57 | 0.72 | 84.67 | 2.21 | 0.69 | ||
| Stomach | 85.58 | 2.05 | 0.72 | 82.85 | 2.11 | 0.75 | 85.95 | 2.04 | 0.71 | ||
| Colorectum | 77.91 | 1.89 | 0.52 | 75.47 | 0.94 | 0.53 | 78.54 | 2.14 | 0.52 | ||
| Liver | 38.52 | 3.48 | 0.84 | 30.58 | 3.75 | 0.79 | 39.90 | 3.44 | 0.85 | ||
| Gallbladder | 52.35 | 2.25 | 0.61 | 54.03 | 4.03 | 0.68 | 51.78 | 1.64 | 0.58 | ||
| Pancreas | 48.12 | 5.12 | 0.78 | 56.62 | 2.21 | 0.74 | 45.56 | 6.00 | 0.79 | ||
| Throat | 52.15 | 3.35 | 0.59 | 69.57 | 0.00 | 0.59 | 50.00 | 3.76 | 0.59 | ||
| Lung | 60.82 | 2.79 | 0.78 | 64.40 | 1.43 | 0.89 | 60.02 | 3.10 | 0.75 | ||
| Other organs in chest | 41.18 | 0.98 | 0.39 | 42.42 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 40.58 | 1.45 | 0.33 | ||
| Bone | 37.89 | 2.37 | 0.52 | 37.04 | 1.85 | 0.39 | 38.04 | 2.45 | 0.55 | ||
| Skin melanoma | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.37 | ||
| Breast | 91.03 | 1.29 | 0.34 | 83.84 | 1.58 | 0.28 | 93.14 | 1.21 | 0.37 | ||
| Cervix | 86.02 | 1.02 | 0.34 | 89.72 | 0.00 | 0.24 | 85.00 | 1.30 | 0.37 | ||
| Uterus | 86.95 | 0.94 | 0.28 | 82.86 | 1.43 | 0.22 | 88.10 | 0.81 | 0.30 | ||
| Ovary | 78.51 | 0.73 | 0.37 | 79.51 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 78.22 | 0.94 | 0.37 | ||
| Prostate | 57.87 | 2.98 | 0.55 | 72.50 | 1.25 | 0.47 | 50.32 | 3.87 | 0.59 | ||
| Testis | 61.54 | 0.00 | 0.24 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 66.67 | 0.00 | 0.17 | ||
| Kidney | 51.75 | 2.70 | 0.40 | 66.43 | 2.86 | 0.39 | 42.86 | 2.60 | 0.42 | ||
| Bladder | 64.44 | 1.41 | 0.43 | 71.54 | 0.77 | 0.45 | 61.92 | 1.64 | 0.43 | ||
| Brain, CNS | 29.74 | 3.11 | 0.53 | 45.27 | 1.35 | 0.31 | 26.93 | 3.43 | 0.57 | ||
| Thyroid gland | 67.88 | 1.45 | 0.15 | 71.53 | 0.73 | 0.06 | 66.67 | 1.69 | 0.18 | ||
| Lymphoma | 97.19 | 0.51 | 0.57 | 93.55 | 0.00 | 0.69 | 98.33 | 0.67 | 0.53 | ||
| Leukemia | 99.15 | 0.12 | 0.58 | 99.44 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 99.07 | 0.15 | 0.59 | ||
| Total | 69.84 | 2.30 | 0.64 | 69.47 | 1.80 | 0.63 | 69.92 | 2.41 | 0.64 | ||
Incidence and mortality of overall cancers
Incidence
It was estimated that there were 248,510 new cases diagnosed as cancer in Henan province in 2012. The crude incidence rate of all cancers was 266.17/100,000 (288.61/100,000 in males and 241.86/100,000 in females). The age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 208.95/100,000 and 206.41/100,000, respectively. Among the cancer patients aged 0-74 years, the cumulative incidence rate was 24.30%. The crude incidence rate in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas. However, after adjusted by age, the cancer incidence rate in rural was higher than that in urban areas (Table 2).
2.
Cancer incidence in Henan province, 2012
| Areas | Sex | Cases (hundred) | Crude incidence (1/105) | ASIRC (1/105)* | ASIRW (1/105)** | Cumulative rate 0−74 (%) |
| *, age-standardized incidence rate (China population, 2000); **, age-standardized incidence rate (Segi’s population). | ||||||
| Both | 2,485.1 | 266.17 | 208.95 | 206.41 | 24.30 | |
| All areas | Male | 1,401.4 | 288.61 | 235.50 | 235.69 | 28.14 |
| Female | 1,083.8 | 241.86 | 185.57 | 180.41 | 20.49 | |
| Both | 478.8 | 278.80 | 205.93 | 201.82 | 23.69 | |
| Urban | Male | 254.4 | 292.56 | 222.51 | 222.19 | 25.90 |
| Female | 224.4 | 264.68 | 193.51 | 186.35 | 21.63 | |
| Both | 2,006.3 | 263.33 | 209.67 | 207.55 | 24.45 | |
| Rural | Male | 1,147.0 | 287.75 | 238.58 | 238.97 | 28.67 |
| Female | 859.4 | 236.54 | 183.50 | 178.87 | 20.21 | |
Age-specific incidence rate
The age-specific incidence rate was relatively lower before 40 years old, then increased dramatically and peaked at age group of 80-84 years. The pattern was similar between urban and rural areas. Comparing the age-specific incidence rate between urban and rural areas, except age from 25-39 and 70+ years, urban areas had lower incidence rates than that in rural areas (Figure 1, Table 3).
1.
Age-specific cancer incidence rates in urban and rural areas in Henan province, 2012.
3.
Age-specific incidence rates of overall cancers in Henan province, 2012 (1/105)
| Age groups | All areas | Urban | Rural | ||||||||
| Both | Male | Female | Both | Male | Female | Both | Male | Female | |||
| Total | 266.17 | 288.61 | 241.86 | 278.80 | 292.56 | 264.68 | 263.33 | 287.75 | 236.54 | ||
| 0− | 5.55 | 3.63 | 7.85 | 3.57 | 0.00 | 7.72 | 6.07 | 4.56 | 7.89 | ||
| 1− | 10.23 | 10.70 | 9.67 | 8.80 | 8.87 | 8.71 | 10.52 | 11.06 | 9.86 | ||
| 5− | 8.96 | 9.08 | 8.81 | 3.84 | 4.08 | 3.56 | 9.89 | 9.98 | 9.79 | ||
| 10− | 10.11 | 11.50 | 8.34 | 7.44 | 5.25 | 10.05 | 10.62 | 12.66 | 8.00 | ||
| 15− | 9.42 | 9.17 | 9.72 | 6.73 | 6.38 | 7.14 | 9.92 | 9.67 | 10.22 | ||
| 20− | 17.19 | 13.63 | 21.12 | 8.77 | 6.80 | 10.83 | 18.74 | 14.84 | 23.08 | ||
| 25− | 26.46 | 20.48 | 32.78 | 28.84 | 14.63 | 42.43 | 25.96 | 21.64 | 30.62 | ||
| 30− | 44.92 | 28.24 | 62.68 | 50.25 | 23.19 | 75.64 | 43.58 | 29.42 | 59.15 | ||
| 35− | 81.40 | 54.24 | 110.48 | 84.33 | 42.96 | 124.13 | 80.59 | 57.16 | 106.42 | ||
| 40− | 162.13 | 122.86 | 204.79 | 147.14 | 102.94 | 192.38 | 166.01 | 127.82 | 208.12 | ||
| 45− | 281.32 | 244.91 | 318.34 | 248.90 | 198.77 | 300.13 | 288.88 | 255.71 | 322.57 | ||
| 50− | 343.13 | 342.44 | 343.81 | 337.91 | 324.19 | 351.93 | 344.50 | 347.34 | 341.72 | ||
| 55− | 616.51 | 662.74 | 568.78 | 525.95 | 541.09 | 510.62 | 640.56 | 694.67 | 584.42 | ||
| 60− | 899.48 | 1,077.30 | 720.60 | 803.53 | 911.76 | 698.45 | 921.74 | 1,114.86 | 725.85 | ||
| 65− | 1,093.57 | 1,400.34 | 776.04 | 1,051.26 | 1,280.91 | 826.26 | 1,103.17 | 1,426.56 | 764.25 | ||
| 70− | 1,256.47 | 1,621.24 | 902.92 | 1,424.27 | 1,709.78 | 1,164.74 | 1,216.09 | 1,600.78 | 837.43 | ||
| 75− | 1,480.46 | 1,979.72 | 1,031.74 | 1,635.62 | 2,147.98 | 1,192.05 | 1,439.09 | 1,935.96 | 988.03 | ||
| 80− | 1,574.99 | 2,190.06 | 1,110.93 | 1,916.49 | 2,679.16 | 1,285.38 | 1,493.46 | 2,065.53 | 1,071.32 | ||
| 85+ | 1,303.46 | 2,020.47 | 941.71 | 1,665.21 | 2,848.42 | 1,048.02 | 1,240.61 | 1,872.85 | 923.48 | ||
Mortality
It was estimated that there were 158,630 patients died from cancer in Henan province in 2012. The crude mortality of all cancers in Henan province was 169.90/100,000 (201.23/100,000 in males and 135.95/100,000 in females). The age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) were 131.20/100,000 and 130.80/100,000, respectively. Among the patients aged 0-74 years, the cumulative mortality rate was 15.03%. The crude cancer mortality rate in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas. However, the age-standardized rate in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas (Table 4).
4.
Cancer mortality in Henan province, 2012
| Area | Sex | Deaths (hundred) | Mortality (1/105) | ASMRC (1/105)* | ASMRW (1/105)** | Cumulative rate 0−74 (%) |
| *, age-standardized mortality rate (China population, 2000); **, age-standardized mortality rate (Segi’s population). | ||||||
| Both | 1,586.3 | 169.90 | 131.20 | 130.80 | 15.03 | |
| All areas | Male | 977.1 | 201.23 | 165.43 | 165.67 | 18.91 |
| Female | 609.2 | 135.95 | 99.69 | 99.00 | 11.14 | |
| Both | 299.9 | 174.63 | 127.60 | 126.42 | 13.64 | |
| Urban | Male | 184.4 | 212.07 | 165.09 | 165.19 | 17.11 |
| Female | 115.5 | 136.23 | 95.31 | 93.91 | 10.32 | |
| Both | 1,286.4 | 168.83 | 132.18 | 132.07 | 15.36 | |
| Rural | Male | 792.7 | 198.86 | 165.63 | 166.09 | 19.33 |
| Female | 493.7 | 135.89 | 100.85 | 100.36 | 11.34 | |
Age-specific mortality
The age-specific mortality rate was relatively lower before 45 years and then dramatically increased, reaching peak after 85 years. The pattern was similar between urban and rural areas. Comparing the age-specific mortality rate between urban and rural areas, in most age groups under 70 years old, urban areas had lower mortality rates than that in rural areas (Figure 2, Table 5).
2.
Age-specific cancer mortality in urban and rural areas in Henan province, 2012.
5.
Age-specific mortality of overall cancers in Henan province, 2012 (1/105)
| Age groups | All areas | Urban | Rural | ||||||||
| Both | Male | Female | Both | Male | Female | Both | Male | Female | |||
| All | 169.90 | 201.23 | 135.95 | 174.63 | 212.07 | 136.23 | 168.83 | 198.86 | 135.89 | ||
| 0− | 2.48 | 3.19 | 1.62 | 7.20 | 6.75 | 7.72 | 1.24 | 2.28 | 1.12 | ||
| 1− | 3.83 | 4.53 | 2.99 | 2.05 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 4.18 | 4.67 | 3.59 | ||
| 5− | 3.96 | 3.75 | 4.22 | 4.39 | 4.08 | 4.75 | 3.88 | 3.69 | 4.12 | ||
| 10− | 3.82 | 4.52 | 2.92 | 3.43 | 3.15 | 3.77 | 3.89 | 4.77 | 2.75 | ||
| 15− | 4.37 | 5.08 | 3.52 | 3.36 | 2.73 | 4.08 | 4.56 | 5.50 | 3.41 | ||
| 20− | 5.32 | 5.33 | 5.31 | 4.59 | 4.53 | 4.64 | 5.46 | 5.47 | 5.44 | ||
| 25− | 8.91 | 9.59 | 8.18 | 6.81 | 8.78 | 4.93 | 9.35 | 9.75 | 8.91 | ||
| 30− | 13.62 | 12.69 | 14.62 | 12.56 | 14.75 | 10.51 | 13.89 | 12.21 | 15.73 | ||
| 35− | 28.03 | 26.67 | 29.49 | 28.68 | 26.85 | 30.43 | 27.85 | 26.62 | 29.21 | ||
| 40− | 57.71 | 62.66 | 52.34 | 48.87 | 55.09 | 42.49 | 59.99 | 64.54 | 54.98 | ||
| 45− | 108.51 | 122.16 | 94.63 | 94.40 | 105.73 | 82.82 | 111.80 | 126.01 | 97.37 | ||
| 50− | 157.12 | 176.97 | 137.49 | 143.74 | 169.19 | 117.73 | 160.64 | 179.05 | 142.58 | ||
| 55− | 328.23 | 388.42 | 266.08 | 273.29 | 327.90 | 217.98 | 342.82 | 404.31 | 279.02 | ||
| 60− | 542.35 | 678.85 | 405.04 | 398.91 | 495.15 | 305.46 | 575.62 | 720.54 | 428.64 | ||
| 65− | 743.47 | 977.70 | 501.03 | 669.30 | 882.75 | 460.16 | 760.31 | 998.54 | 510.63 | ||
| 70− | 997.20 | 1,304.21 | 699.64 | 1,031.81 | 1,316.91 | 772.65 | 988.87 | 1,301.28 | 681.38 | ||
| 75− | 1,343.00 | 1,752.75 | 974.72 | 1,446.61 | 1,905.89 | 1,049.00 | 1,315.37 | 1,712.93 | 954.47 | ||
| 80− | 1,711.09 | 2,382.92 | 1,204.20 | 2,262.84 | 3,231.85 | 1,460.98 | 1,579.36 | 2,166.78 | 1,145.90 | ||
| 85+ | 1,742.25 | 2,574.66 | 1,322.28 | 2,493.46 | 4,221.77 | 1,591.93 | 1,611.73 | 2,280.97 | 1,276.04 | ||
Incidence and mortality for major cancers
Cancer incidence for the 10 most common cancers
Lung cancer was the most common cancer in all areas, followed by stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer and female breast cancer, with estimated new cases of 47,820,39,700,36,840,28,050 and 16,850 respectively. Lung cancer was the most frequently diagnosed cancers in males followed bystomach cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer and colorectal cancer. Breast cancer was the most common cancers in female followed by lung cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer and liver cancer (Table 6).
6.
Top 10 cancer incidence in Henan province, 2012
| Rank | Both sexes | Male | Female | ||||||||||||||
| Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | |||
| *, age-standardized incidence rate (China population, 2000); CNS, central nervous system. | |||||||||||||||||
| 1 | Lung | 478.2 | 51.22 | 19.24 | 39.10 | Lung | 330.8 | 68.12 | 23.60 | 55.18 | Breast | 168.5 | 37.61 | 15.55 | 30.51 | ||
| 2 | Stomach | 397.0 | 42.52 | 15.97 | 32.49 | Stomach | 271.6 | 55.93 | 19.38 | 44.94 | Lung | 147.5 | 32.91 | 13.61 | 24.07 | ||
| 3 | Esophagus | 368.4 | 39.46 | 14.83 | 29.81 | Esophagus | 231.2 | 47.61 | 16.5 | 38.15 | Esophagus | 137.3 | 30.63 | 12.66 | 21.89 | ||
| 4 | Liver | 280.5 | 30.04 | 11.29 | 23.26 | Liver | 200.5 | 41.29 | 14.31 | 33.51 | Stomach | 125.4 | 27.99 | 11.57 | 20.45 | ||
| 5 | Breast | 168.5 | 37.61 | 6.78 | 30.51 | Colorectum | 89.1 | 18.36 | 6.36 | 15.08 | Liver | 80.0 | 17.86 | 7.38 | 13.11 | ||
| 6 | Colorectum | 162.6 | 17.41 | 6.54 | 13.54 | Brain, CNS | 31.9 | 6.56 | 2.27 | 5.72 | Colorectum | 73.4 | 16.39 | 6.78 | 12.13 | ||
| 7 | Cervix | 71.2 | 15.89 | 2.87 | 13.13 | Leukemia | 29.2 | 6.02 | 2.09 | 5.50 | Cervix | 71.2 | 15.89 | 6.57 | 13.13 | ||
| 8 | Brain, CNS | 59.0 | 6.31 | 2.37 | 5.33 | Bladder | 24.4 | 5.03 | 1.74 | 4.18 | Uterus | 39.6 | 8.84 | 3.65 | 6.99 | ||
| 9 | Uterus | 39.6 | 8.84 | 1.59 | 6.99 | Pancreas | 21.5 | 4.43 | 1.54 | 3.58 | Ovary | 32.9 | 7.35 | 3.04 | 6.14 | ||
| 10 | Ovary | 32.9 | 7.35 | 1.32 | 6.14 | Prostate | 15.4 | 3.17 | 1.10 | 2.57 | Brain, CNS | 27.1 | 6.05 | 2.50 | 4.90 | ||
Cancer death of the top 10 cancers
Lung cancer was the leading cause of death in Henan province followed by stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer and colorectal cancer with estimated deaths of 37,290,28,390,25,440,23,650 and 8,450 respectively. In males, lung cancer was the leading cause followed by stomach cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer; while in females, lung cancer was still the leading cause followed by esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer and breast cancer (Table 7).
7.
Top 10 cancer mortality in Henan province, in 2012
| Rank | Both sexes | Male | Female | ||||||||||||||
| Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | |||
| *, age-standardized mortality rate (China population, 2000); CNS, central nervous system. | |||||||||||||||||
| 1 | Lung | 372.9 | 39.94 | 23.51 | 30.42 | Lung | 258.1 | 53.16 | 26.42 | 43.50 | Lung | 114.8 | 25.61 | 18.84 | 18.43 | ||
| 2 | Stomach | 283.9 | 30.40 | 17.90 | 23.20 | Stomach | 195.2 | 40.20 | 19.98 | 32.84 | Esophagus | 96.5 | 21.53 | 15.84 | 15.25 | ||
| 3 | Esophagus | 254.4 | 27.24 | 16.03 | 20.69 | Liver | 168.6 | 34.73 | 17.26 | 28.20 | Stomach | 88.7 | 19.79 | 14.56 | 14.18 | ||
| 4 | Liver | 236.5 | 25.33 | 14.91 | 19.56 | Esophagus | 157.9 | 32.51 | 16.16 | 26.58 | Liver | 67.8 | 15.14 | 11.13 | 11.08 | ||
| 5 | Colorectum | 84.5 | 9.05 | 5.33 | 6.93 | Colorectum | 47.9 | 9.85 | 4.90 | 8.08 | Breast | 58.1 | 12.97 | 9.54 | 9.94 | ||
| 6 | Breast | 58.1 | 12.97 | 3.66 | 9.94 | Leukemia | 17.9 | 3.69 | 1.83 | 3.45 | Colorectum | 36.6 | 8.18 | 6.01 | 5.88 | ||
| 7 | Brain, CNS | 31.0 | 3.32 | 1.95 | 2.77 | Pancreas | 17.3 | 3.57 | 1.77 | 2.90 | Cervix | 24.0 | 5.36 | 3.94 | 4.08 | ||
| 8 | Leukemia | 29.7 | 3.18 | 1.87 | 2.89 | Brain, CNS | 17.0 | 3.51 | 1.74 | 3.08 | Brain, CNS | 13.9 | 3.11 | 2.29 | 2.44 | ||
| 9 | Pancreas | 29.0 | 3.10 | 1.83 | 2.40 | Bladder | 10.7 | 2.20 | 1.09 | 1.84 | Ovary | 12.3 | 2.74 | 2.02 | 2.10 | ||
| 10 | Cervix | 24.0 | 5.36 | 1.51 | 4.08 | Gallbladder | 9.2 | 1.88 | 0.94 | 1.58 | Leukemia | 11.8 | 2.62 | 1.93 | 2.32 | ||
Cancer incidence of the 10 most common cancers in urban areas
In urban areas, lung cancer was the most frequently diagnosed cancers, followed by esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer and female breast cancer with the estimated new casesof 9,700,5,350,5,290,4,520 and 4,210 respectively. The most common sites of cancer were lung, stomach, liver, esophagus and colorectum in males, while in females, cancers of breast, lung, esophagus, stomach and colorectum were the most common cancers (Table 8).
8.
Top 10 cancer incidence in urban areas of Henan province, 2012
| Rank | Both sexes | Male | Female | ||||||||||||||
| Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | |||
| *, age-standardized incidence rate (China population, 2000). | |||||||||||||||||
| 1 | Lung | 97.0 | 56.45 | 20.25 | 40.24 | Lung | 65.9 | 75.83 | 25.92 | 57.20 | Breast | 42.1 | 49.70 | 18.78 | 37.49 | ||
| 2 | Esophagus | 53.5 | 31.13 | 11.16 | 22.41 | Stomach | 34.8 | 40.05 | 13.69 | 29.96 | Lung | 31.0 | 36.58 | 13.82 | 24.94 | ||
| 3 | Stomach | 52.9 | 30.81 | 11.05 | 22.12 | Liver | 33.0 | 37.99 | 12.98 | 28.61 | Esophagus | 21.7 | 25.57 | 9.66 | 17.71 | ||
| 4 | Liver | 45.2 | 26.34 | 9.45 | 19.11 | Esophagus | 31.8 | 36.54 | 12.49 | 27.76 | Stomach | 18.1 | 21.33 | 8.06 | 14.87 | ||
| 5 | Breast | 42.1 | 49.70 | 8.80 | 37.49 | Colorectum | 19.7 | 22.66 | 7.75 | 17.27 | Colorectum | 16.8 | 19.85 | 7.50 | 13.70 | ||
| 6 | Colorectum | 36.5 | 21.27 | 7.63 | 15.37 | Bladder | 7.0 | 8.02 | 2.74 | 6.11 | Cervix | 16.4 | 19.35 | 7.31 | 15.46 | ||
| 7 | Cervix | 16.4 | 19.35 | 3.43 | 15.46 | Leukemia | 6.7 | 7.72 | 2.64 | 6.45 | Liver | 12.2 | 14.39 | 5.44 | 10.02 | ||
| 8 | Leukemia | 11.8 | 6.89 | 2.47 | 5.65 | Kidney | 5.7 | 6.52 | 2.23 | 4.94 | Uterus | 9.6 | 11.32 | 4.28 | 8.43 | ||
| 9 | Uterus | 9.6 | 11.32 | 2.00 | 8.43 | Prostate | 5.6 | 6.45 | 2.21 | 5.02 | Ovary | 8.1 | 9.58 | 3.62 | 7.60 | ||
| 10 | Ovary | 8.1 | 9.58 | 1.70 | 7.60 | Pancreas | 5.4 | 6.21 | 2.12 | 4.69 | Thyroid | 6.7 | 7.90 | 2.98 | 6.19 | ||
Cancer death of the top 10 cancers in urban areas
Lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer death in urban areas for both males and females with estimated number of deaths of 5,950 and 2,680, respectively. Other cancer types with high mortality in males were liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer. In females, esophageal cancer was the second cause of cancer death, followed by stomach cancer, breast cancer and liver cancer (Table 9).
9.
Top 10 cancer mortality in urban areas in Henan province, 2012
| Rank | Both sexes | Male | Female | ||||||||||||||
| Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | |||
| *, age-standardized mortality rate (China population, 2000). | |||||||||||||||||
| 1 | Lung | 86.3 | 50.25 | 28.78 | 35.51 | Lung | 59.5 | 68.45 | 32.28 | 51.80 | Lung | 26.8 | 31.59 | 23.19 | 21.23 | ||
| 2 | Stomach | 39.6 | 23.04 | 13.19 | 16.98 | Liver | 26.6 | 30.55 | 14.40 | 23.02 | Esophagus | 15.7 | 18.46 | 13.55 | 12.88 | ||
| 3 | Esophagus | 38.4 | 22.33 | 12.79 | 16.79 | Stomach | 25.3 | 29.12 | 13.73 | 23.11 | Stomach | 14.3 | 16.81 | 12.34 | 11.66 | ||
| 4 | Liver | 35.7 | 20.80 | 11.91 | 14.97 | Esophagus | 22.7 | 26.11 | 12.31 | 21.44 | Breast | 11.6 | 13.69 | 10.05 | 9.91 | ||
| 5 | Colorectum | 19.4 | 11.30 | 6.47 | 8.14 | Colorectum | 11.3 | 13.03 | 6.14 | 10.14 | Liver | 9.2 | 10.80 | 7.92 | 7.40 | ||
| 6 | Breast | 11.6 | 13.69 | 3.87 | 9.91 | Leukemia | 4.5 | 5.18 | 2.44 | 4.46 | Colorectum | 8.1 | 9.52 | 6.99 | 6.39 | ||
| 7 | Pancreas | 7.1 | 4.13 | 2.36 | 3.08 | Pancreas | 4.3 | 4.97 | 2.34 | 3.81 | Cervix | 3.9 | 4.64 | 3.40 | 3.47 | ||
| 8 | Leukemia | 6.5 | 3.80 | 2.17 | 3.20 | Bladder | 3.2 | 3.68 | 1.74 | 2.70 | Ovary | 3.0 | 3.52 | 2.59 | 2.54 | ||
| 9 | Cervix | 3.9 | 4.64 | 1.31 | 3.47 | Gallbladder | 3.0 | 3.40 | 1.60 | 2.62 | Gallbladder | 2.9 | 3.36 | 2.47 | 2.41 | ||
| 10 | Ovary | 3.0 | 3.52 | 1.00 | 2.54 | Lymphoma | 2.8 | 3.26 | 1.54 | 2.41 | Pancreas | 2.8 | 3.26 | 2.40 | 2.45 | ||
Cancer incidence of the 10 most common cancers in rural areas
Table 10 shows the 10 most common cancer incidence rates in rural areas. Lung cancer was the most frequently diagnosed cancers with estimated new cases of 38,130 and incidence rate of 50.04/100,000, followed by stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer and female breast cancer. The most common sites of cancer in males were lung, stomach, esophagus, liver and colorectum, while in females they were breast cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer and liver cancer.
10.
Top 10 cancer incidence in rural areas of Henan province, 2012
| Rank | Both sexes | Male | Female | ||||||||||||||
| Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | |||
| *, age-standardized incidence rate (China population, 2000); CNS, central nervous system. | |||||||||||||||||
| 1 | Lung | 381.3 | 50.04 | 19.00 | 38.84 | Lung | 264.8 | 66.44 | 23.09 | 54.73 | Breast | 126.4 | 34.79 | 14.71 | 28.77 | ||
| 2 | Stomach | 344.1 | 45.16 | 17.15 | 35.03 | Stomach | 236.7 | 59.39 | 20.64 | 48.52 | Lung | 116.5 | 32.05 | 13.55 | 23.87 | ||
| 3 | Esophagus | 315.0 | 41.34 | 15.70 | 31.64 | Esophagus | 199.4 | 50.02 | 17.38 | 40.67 | Esophagus | 115.6 | 31.81 | 13.45 | 22.93 | ||
| 4 | Liver | 235.3 | 30.88 | 11.73 | 24.28 | Liver | 167.5 | 42.01 | 14.60 | 34.68 | Stomach | 107.3 | 29.54 | 12.49 | 21.85 | ||
| 5 | Breast | 126.4 | 34.79 | 6.30 | 28.77 | Colorectum | 69.4 | 17.42 | 6.05 | 14.57 | Liver | 67.8 | 18.66 | 7.89 | 13.90 | ||
| 6 | Colorectum | 126.0 | 16.54 | 6.28 | 13.10 | Brain, CNS | 26.7 | 6.71 | 2.33 | 5.99 | Colorectum | 56.6 | 15.58 | 6.59 | 11.74 | ||
| 7 | Cervix | 54.8 | 15.08 | 2.73 | 12.47 | Leukemia | 22.5 | 5.65 | 1.96 | 5.24 | Cervix | 54.8 | 15.08 | 6.38 | 12.47 | ||
| 8 | Brain, CNS | 49.1 | 6.45 | 2.45 | 5.52 | Bladder | 17.4 | 4.37 | 1.52 | 3.72 | Uterus | 30.0 | 8.26 | 3.49 | 6.61 | ||
| 9 | Uterus | 30.0 | 8.26 | 1.50 | 6.61 | Pancreas | 16.1 | 4.05 | 1.41 | 3.32 | Ovary | 24.8 | 6.82 | 2.89 | 5.76 | ||
| 10 | Ovary | 24.8 | 6.82 | 1.24 | 5.76 | Bone | 11.5 | 2.89 | 1.01 | 2.65 | Brain, CNS | 22.4 | 6.16 | 2.60 | 4.98 | ||
Cancer death of the top 10 cancers in rural areas
Lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer death in rural areas for both males and females. The number of deaths on lung cancer in rural was 28,660 with mortality of 37.62/100,000. The other cancer types with high mortality were stomach cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer in males; esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer and breast cancer in females (Table 11).
11.
Top 10 cancer mortality in rural areas of Henan province, 2012
| Rank | Both sexes | Male | Female | ||||||||||||||
| Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | Site | Cases (thousand) | Incidence(1/105) | % | ASR*(1/105) | |||
| *, age-standardized mortality rate (China population, 2000); CNS, central nervous system. | |||||||||||||||||
| 1 | Lung | 286.6 | 37.62 | 22.28 | 29.19 | Lung | 198.6 | 49.83 | 25.06 | 41.52 | Lung | 88.0 | 24.22 | 17.82 | 17.72 | ||
| 2 | Stomach | 244.3 | 32.06 | 18.99 | 24.76 | Stomach | 169.9 | 42.61 | 21.43 | 35.21 | Esophagus | 80.8 | 22.25 | 16.37 | 15.86 | ||
| 3 | Esophagus | 216.0 | 28.35 | 16.79 | 21.69 | Liver | 142.1 | 35.64 | 17.92 | 29.42 | Stomach | 74.4 | 20.49 | 15.08 | 14.85 | ||
| 4 | Liver | 200.8 | 26.35 | 15.61 | 20.66 | Esophagus | 135.2 | 33.91 | 17.05 | 27.88 | Liver | 58.7 | 16.15 | 11.88 | 11.97 | ||
| 5 | Colorectum | 65.1 | 8.54 | 5.06 | 6.66 | Colorectum | 36.5 | 9.16 | 4.61 | 7.62 | Breast | 46.5 | 12.80 | 9.42 | 9.93 | ||
| 6 | Breast | 46.5 | 12.80 | 3.61 | 9.93 | Brain, CNS | 15.0 | 3.76 | 1.89 | 3.33 | Colorectum | 28.6 | 7.86 | 5.79 | 5.76 | ||
| 7 | Brain, CNS | 27.9 | 3.67 | 2.17 | 3.09 | Leukemia | 13.4 | 3.36 | 1.69 | 3.20 | Cervix | 20.1 | 5.53 | 4.07 | 4.24 | ||
| 8 | Leukemia | 23.1 | 3.04 | 1.80 | 2.80 | Pancreas | 13.0 | 3.27 | 1.64 | 2.69 | Brain, CNS | 12.9 | 3.56 | 2.62 | 2.82 | ||
| 9 | Pancreas | 21.9 | 2.87 | 1.70 | 2.23 | Bladder | 7.5 | 1.87 | 0.94 | 1.63 | Leukemia | 9.7 | 2.68 | 1.97 | 2.38 | ||
| 10 | Cervix | 20.1 | 5.53 | 1.56 | 4.24 | Bone | 6.6 | 1.65 | 0.83 | 1.40 | Ovary | 9.3 | 2.56 | 1.88 | 1.99 | ||
Discussion
Population-based cancer registry in Henan province collects the information on cancer incidence cases and cancer deaths from covered population to monitor the cancer epidemics in local areas. The quality of the information was checked carefully by Henan Office for Cancer Research and Control. In 2015, all registries’ data in Henan province were qualified for the national cancer registry annual report in 2012, covering 17.1% of population in Henan province at the end of 2012.
The incidence and mortality rate in Henan province were 266.17/100,000 and 169.90/100,000 in 2012, respectively. Compared with the updated data in China (4), Henan province had higher incidence and mortality rate. Lung cancer was the most common cancer and the leading cause of death both in Henan province and in China. Cancers of upper digestive organ are still the more common cancers and cancer deaths in Henan province, accounting for 30.8% of all cancers. The age-standardized incidence rates of esophageal cancer and stomach cancer in Henan province were 91% and 43% higher than those in China respectively. In China, the 5 most common sites of cancer were lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer and colonrectal cancer in males, while in females, the breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectum cancer, stomach cancer and liver cancer were the 5 most common cancers. The spectrum of cancers between Henan province and China showed different ranks of esophageal cancer, especially in females.
The incidence rate of all cancers in males is around 19% higher than those in females and the mortality rate is around 48% higher. In top 10 cancers, the incidence rate of lung cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer and liver cancer are more than 50% higher in males. The reasons for the higher rates in males may be related to modifiable lifestyle and environmental risk factors like smoking, alcohol and so on (5-9).
As shown in our data, the incidence rate, mortality rate and cancer ranks were quite similar between urban and rural areas in Henan province. However, the burden of upper digestive tract cancer was higher in rural areas than that in urban areas, while in contrast, the burden of female breast cancer was higher in urban areas than that in rural areas. The geographic disparities of these cancers are similar for males and females. This is in agreement with the previous study, showing that stomach cancer and esophageal cancer have a negative correlation with the economic level while female breast cancer has a positive correlation with the economic level (10-13).
Conclusions
Registration data of Henan province was qualified to provide basic information of population-based cancer incidence, mortality for cancer prevention and control. The upper digestive tract cancer burden in Henan province, especially for males in rural areas, was high. The incidence rate of female breast cancer was higher in urban areas. Targeted prevention, early detection and treatment programs should be carried out by health department to control the cancer burden.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledged the cooperation of all thepopulation-based cancer registries in Henan province for data collection, sorting, verification and database creation.
Footnotes
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare
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