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. 2016 Jun 22;8:784–802. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.06.017

Processed data for CHMS 2007–2009: Bisphenol A, phthalates and lead and learning and behavioral problems in Canadian children 6–19 years of age

Tye E Arbuckle a,⁎, Karelyn Davis a, Khrista Boylan b, Mandy Fisher a, Jingshan Fu a
PMCID: PMC4956908  PMID: 27500191

Abstract

This article presents processed data from an analysis of cross-sectional data from Cycle 1 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) to examine the potential association between urinary concentrations of BPA and phthalate metabolites and child learning and behavioral problems, considering important covariates such as gender, blood lead and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). These processed data are related to the research on a subset of the children (Arbuckle et al., 2016) [1]. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) outcomes of interest were emotional symptoms, hyperactivity/inattention, and a total difficulties SDQ score, with borderline and abnormal scores grouped together and compared with children with normal scores. Other outcomes studied included reported learning disability, ADD/ADHD (attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and use of psychotropic medications to treat behavioral disorders in the past month. Data are presented for all children 6–19 years of age combined.

Weighted simple logistic regression estimates for important covariates of each of the outcomes from CHMS Cycle 1 children are reported. Odds ratios based on weighted multiple logistic regression estimates for urinary BPA and phthalate metabolites (including specific gravity as a covariate) and blood lead are presented for the reported outcomes ADD/ADHD, learning disability and psychotropic medications, as well as the SDQ outcomes emotional symptoms, hyperactivity/inattention and total difficulties.

Keywords: Bisphenol A, Lead, Phthalates, Behavior, Children

Specifications Table

Subject area Psychology
More specific subject area Environmental health
Type of data Tables
How data was acquired Survey
Data format Analyzed
Experimental factors Restricted to children with environmental chemical biomonitoring data
Experimental features Applied survey weights
Data source location Canada
Data accessibility Data are within this article
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Value of the data

  • •

    Cross-sectional analysis of associations between child levels of BPA, phthalates and lead with indicators of adverse child behavior, controlling for wide set of covariates.

  • •

    Generates exploratory data useful for examination in prospective cohort studies.

  • •

    Could be compared with similar data from US NHANES for further insight.

1. Data

Tables of results of simple weighted regression analysis of important covariates and weighted multiple logistic regression analysis for chemicals examined. Child behavioral outcomes considered were reported learning disability, ADD/ADHD and taking psychotropic medications, as well as Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores for hyperactivity/inattention, emotional symptoms and total difficulties.

2. Experimental design, materials and methods

The Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) was designed to collect key information on the health of Canadians using direct physical measurements, collection of blood and urine and household and clinic interviews [2], [3]. The target population for Cycle 1 were individuals between 6 and 79 years of age living in privately occupied dwellings, representing 97% of Canadians. This dataset was restricted to children and adolescents 6–19 years of age (n=2097). Information on child behavior, demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors was collected by a questionnaire administered to the parent or guardian of children 6–11 years of age or directly to the child 12 years and older.

Blood was analysed for lead, while urine was analysed for BPA and phthalate metabolites. Creatinine was measured to adjust for urine dilution differences between spot urine samples. Chemical lab measures below the limit of detection were imputed as half the limit of detection.

For children 6–19 years of age, outcomes examined were reports of self-, or in the case of children 6–11 years, parent-reported learning disability (any, ADD or ADHD) and whether any medications used to treat behavioral disorders were taken in the past month. Respondents reported medications by Drug Identification Numbers (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/activit/fs-fi/dinfs_fd-eng.php) which were coded to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) codes (http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/). One of the co-authors (KB), a clinical child psychiatrist, provided a table of medications potentially used for treating behavioral disorders in children (see Supplemental Material, Table S1 [1]).

For children 6–17 years of age, borderline and abnormal scores from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (www.sdqinfo.com) were grouped together and compared with children with normal scores for the outcomes emotional symptoms, hyperactivity/inattention, and the total difficulties scores.

Initially, for each outcome of interest, weighted univariate models were considered for each contaminant. Subsequently, potential risk factors were evaluated. Covariates identified through reviews of the literature included child׳s age, body mass index, number of hours slept per night, gender, highest level of household education (secondary school or less vs. at least some postsecondary studies), income adequacy (low/lower middle vs. upper middle/higher income), whether the child fasted prior to specimen collection, and ETS exposure in the home. For children 6–11 years of age only, additional covariates were available and considered: prenatal smoking, birth any time prior to due date, admission to a special neonatal unit or an intensive care unit prior to leaving hospital, and breast feeding (less than 3 months vs. three months or longer), as well as number of days in a neonatal unit, birth weight, and mother׳s age at birth.

Since the CHMS employed a complex, multistage survey design, survey weights were used in statistical modeling to account for the unequal probabilities of selection. Due to the complex sampling scheme of the CHMS Cycle 1 survey, direct calculation of standard errors and confidence intervals were not possible. To that end, Statistics Canada [3] provided bootstrap weights in order to calculate standard errors, confidence intervals and coefficients of variation for each estimate using the bootstrap method.

Weighted simple logistic regression modelling was done for each of the identified covariates and the outcomes (Table A1, Table A2, Table A3, Table A4, Table A5, Table A6, Table A7). Weighted multiple logistic regression models were then run considering the environmental contaminants and other important covariates identified in the simple regressions (Table B1, Table B2, Table B3, Table B4, Table B5, Table B6). For urinary chemicals, creatinine concentration was included in all the multiple regression models as a separate independent variable [4].

In order to determine which of the available variables resulted in the best fit, a stepwise procedure was implemented. The natural-log of the contaminant concentrations was used since the contaminants were lognormally distributed based on the Anderson–Darling test. However since the complex survey design limited the number of degrees of freedom to 11, a stepwise selection method was used to determine which covariates were most significant to improve the model fit. The contaminant and creatinine concentrations were retained in the model, and then other covariates were sequentially added to the model based on the smallest p-value (i.e. the most significant variables). This approach facilitated the evaluation of demographic variables one-at-a-time with respect to their p-value, conditional on other variables already in the model. This approach also served to examine the effect of multicollinearity, which could inflate standard errors and provide misleading results. For some models, after examining the main effects, sufficient degrees of freedom were available to evaluate an interaction term between highly significant covariates. Furthermore, to compare models, the model with significant terms and with the lowest value of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was selected. Goodness of fit was assessed using the Hosmer–Lemeshow test. Odds ratios were calculated from weighted multiple logistic regression models for a 1-unit increase in the log of the contaminant concentration (Table C1, Table C2).

The software package SAS (Statistical Analysis System) Enterprise Guide 4.2 was used for statistical analysis. For regression modeling, the software programs BOOTVAR and SUDAAN were used along with the bootstrap weights, in order to correctly calculate such estimates. Finally, for all statistical analysis performed, an inference was deemed significant at α=5% unless otherwise indicated.

Footnotes

Transparency document

Transparency data associated with this article can be found in the online version at

doi:10.1016/j.dib.2016.06.017.

A. Simple logistic regressions – weighted results for children 6–19 years of age, CHMS cycle 1

See

Table A1.

Weighted simple logistic regression estimates for covariates from CHMS Cycle 1 with outcome reported ADD (6–19 years of age).

Outcome: ADD
Factor (reference category) n Estimate Standard error P-value Odds ratio (OR) 95% CI for Odds ratio
Child׳s age 2087 0.14 0.06 0.05 1.15 1.00 1.33
BMI – measured 2081 0.00 0.04 0.97 1.00 0.91 1.09
Gender (males) 2087 1.04 0.58 0.10 2.83 0.79 10.06
Education (secondary school or less) 2031 0.73 0.52 0.18 2.07 0.67 6.45
Income (low/lower middle) 1927 1.04 0.48 0.05 2.83 0.99 8.09
Prenatal smoking (yes) 1038 0.27 0.71 0.71 1.31 0.24 7.10
Born any time before due date (yes) 1047 0.95 0.61 0.18 2.6 0.54 12.39
Special neonatal unit care (yes) 1047 1.24 0.4 0.01 3.47 1.40 8.57
No. of days in neonatal unit 1066 0.01 0.11 0.9 1.01 0.8 1.29
Hours of sleep per night 2087 0.17 0.16 0.31 0.84 0.59 1.21
Birth weight 1039 −0.00 0.00 0.21 1.00 1.00 1.00
Breast feeding (3 months or longer) 1037 −0.77 0.67 0.28 0.46 0.10 2.03
Mother׳s age at birth 1065 −0.03 0.06 0.6 0.97 0.84 1.11
Anyone smoking at home (yes) 2082 1.48 0.49 0.01 4.38 1.49 12.88
Fasted (yes) 2087 −0.14 0.47 0.77 0.87 0.30 2.46
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Table A2.

Weighted simple logistic regression estimates for covariates from CHMS Cycle 1 with outcome reported ADHD (6–19 years of age).

Outcome: ADHD
Factor (reference category) n Estimate Standard error P-value Odds ratio (OR) 95% CI for odds ratio
Child׳s age 2087 0.000 0.05 0.95 1.00 0.90 1.1
BMI – measured 2081 −0.05 0.04 0.16 0.95 0.87 1.03
Gender (males) 2087 1.31 0.48 0.02 3.69 1.27 10.71
Education (secondary school or less) 2031 −0.11 0.66 0.87 0.90 0.20 3.96
Income (low/lower middle) 1927 0.96 0.45 0.06 2.62 0.96 7.13
Prenatal smoking 1038 1.22 0.35 0.006 3.39 1.55 7.40
Born any time before due date 1047 0.62 0.39 0.140 1.87 0.79 4.39
Special neonatal unit care 1039 NR NR NR NR NR NR
No. of days in neonatal unit 1066 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Hours of sleep per night 2087 −0.03 0.13 0.83 0.97 0.73 1.29
Birth weight 1039 0.00 0.00 0.78 1.00 1.00 1.00
Breast feeding (3 months or longer) 1037 −0.48 0.79 0.55 0.62 0.11 3.48
Mother׳s age at birth 1065 −0.11 0.07 0.14 0.90 0.77 1.04
Anyone smoking at home (Yes) 2082 0.67 0.5 0.21 1.95 0.65 5.83
Fasted (yes) 2087 0.38 0.33 0.26 1.47 0.72 3.00
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NR – Not reported due to unacceptable quality.

Table A3.

Weighted simple logistic regression estimates for covariates from CHMS Cycle 1 with outcome reported learning disability (6–19 years of age).

Outcome: Learning disability
Factor (reference category) n Estimate Standard error P-value Odds ratio (OR) 95% CI for odds ratio
Child׳s age 2094 0.04 0.03 0.33 1.04 0.96 1.12
BMI – measured 2088 0.01 0.02 0.6 1.01 0.97 1.05
Gender (males) 2094 0.85 0.31 0.02 2.34 1.19 4.60
Education (secondary school or less) 2038 0.26 0.26 0.33 1.30 0.74 2.3
Income (low/lower middle) 1934 0.92 0.24 0.003 2.50 1.47 4.27
Prenatal smoking (yes) 1043 0.71 0.35 0.07 2.04 0.94 4.42
Born any time before due date (yes) 1052 0.28 0.26 0.30 1.32 0.75 2.35
Special neonatal unit care (yes) 1072 0.82 0.35 0.04 2.27 1.06 4.86
No. of days in neonatal unit 1071 0.01 0.02 0.66 1.01 0.97 1.05
Hours of sleep per night 2094 −0.1 0.1 0.35 0.91 0.73 1.13
Birth weight 1044 0 0 0.86 1.00 1.00 1.00
Breast feeding (3 months or longer) 1042 −0.25 0.33 0.46 0.78 0.38 1.6
Mother׳s age at birth 1070 −0.06 0.04 0.13 0.94 0.86 1.02
Anyone smoking at home (yes) 2089 0.84 0.21 0.002 2.32 1.48 3.64
Fasted (yes) 2094 0.1 0.20 0.63 1.10 0.71 1.72
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Table A4.

Weighted simple logistic regression estimates for covariates from CHMS Cycle 1 with outcome reported psychotropic medicines taken in past month (6 – 19 years of age).

Outcome: Medicine taken
Factor (reference category) n Estimate Standard error P-value Odds ratio (OR) 95% CI for odds ratio
Child׳s age 2096 0.00 0.03 0.99 1.00 0.94 1.06
BMI – measured 2090 0.05 0.04 0.25 1.05 0.96 1.15
Gender (males) 2096 0.79 0.26 0.01 2.21 1.25 3.93
Education (secondary school or less) 2041 0.67 0.59 0.28 1.95 0.53 7.14
Income (low/lower middle) 1936 0.30 0.57 0.61 1.35 0.39 4.70
Prenatal smoking (yes) 1043 0.87 0.6 0.17 2.40 0.64 9.01
Born any time before due date (yes) 1053 0.76 0.21 0.004 2.14 1.34 3.42
Special neonatal unit care (yes) 1073 −0.07 0.49 0.89 0.93 0.32 2.77
No. of days in neonatal unit 1072 0.00 0.05 0.94 1 0.89 1.11
Hours of sleep per night 2096 −0.2 0.06 0.008 0.82 0.72 0.94
Birth weight 1045 0.00 0.00 0.03 1.00 1.00 1.00
Breast feeding (3 months or longer) 1043 −0.98 0.59 0.13 0.38 0.10 1.38
Mother׳s age at birth 1071 −0.04 0.05 0.46 0.96 0.86 1.07
Anyone smoking at home (yes) 2091 0.67 0.61 0.30 1.95 0.51 7.55
Fasted (yes) 2096 0.95 0.21 0.01 1.87 1.17 2.98
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Table A5.

Weighted simple logistic regression estimates for covariates from CHMS Cycle 1 with outcome SDQ emotional symptoms (ages 6–17 years).

Outcome: SDQ emotional symptoms
Factor (reference category) n Estimate Standard error P-value Odds ratio (OR) 95% CI for odds ratio
Child׳s age 1717 0.02 0.02 0.48 1.02 0.97 1.07
BMI – measured 1715 0.06 0.03 0.05 1.06 1.00 1.13
Gender (males) 1717 −0.44 0.17 0.03 0.65 0.44 0.95
Education (Secondary school or less) 1676 0.65 0.29 0.04 1.92 1.03 3.61
Income (low/lower middle) 1649 0.34 0.26 0.22 1.40 0.79 2.49
Prenatal smoking (yes) 1045 0.34 0.51 0.53 1.40 0.45 4.34
Born any time before due date (yes) 1054 0.47 0.23 0.07 1.60 0.96 2.67
Special neonatal unit care (yes) 1074 0.47 0.37 0.23 1.60 0.71 3.57
No. of days in neonatal unit 1073 0.02 −0.04 0.98 1.00 0.96 1.04
Hours of sleep per night 1717 −0.2 0.07 0.02 0.82 0.70 0.95
Birth weight 1046 0 0 0.12 1.00 1.00 1.00
Breast feeding (3 months or longer) 1044 −0.29 0.23 0.23 0.75 0.46 1.23
Mother׳s age at birth 1072 0 0.01 0.91 1.00 0.97 1.03
Anyone smoking at home (yes) 1713 0.24 0.26 0.38 1.27 0.71 2.27
Fasted (yes) 1717 0.5 0.18 0.02 1.65 1.10 2.47
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Table A6.

Weighted simple logistic regression estimates for covariates from CHMS Cycle 1 with outcome SDQ hyperactivity/inattention (ages 6–17 years).

Outcome: SDQ hyperactivity/inattention
Factor (reference category) n Estimate Standard error P-value Odds ratio (OR) 95% CI for odds ratio
Child׳s age 1717 −0.05 0.04 0.15 0.95 0.88 1.02
BMI – measured 1715 0.00 0.02 0.84 1.00 0.96 1.04
Gender (males) 1717 0.51 0.14 0.004 1.66 1.22 2.24
Education (secondary school or less) 1676 0.52 0.26 0.08 1.68 0.94 2.99
Income (low/lower middle) 1649 0.52 0.20 0.02 1.68 1.09 2.58
Prenatal smoking (yes) 1045 0.9 0.28 0.009 2.47 1.32 4.61
Born any time before due date (yes) 1054 −0.07 0.14 0.63 0.93 0.69 1.27
Special neonatal unit care (yes) 1074 −0.1 0.36 0.79 0.90 0.41 2.02
No. of days in neonatal unit 1073 0.02 0.95 0.95 1.00 0.96 1.04
Hours of sleep per night 1717 −0.04 0.08 0.68 0.97 0.81 1.16
Birth weight 1046 0 0 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00
Breast feeding (3 months or longer) 1044 −0.41 0.18 0.04 0.66 0.45 0.98
Mother׳s age at birth 1072 −0.02 0.02 0.29 0.98 0.94 1.02
Anyone smoking at home (yes) 1713 0.78 0.31 0.03 2.18 1.11 4.31
Fasted (yes) 1717 0.02 0.22 0.92 1.02 0.63 1.67
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Table A7.

Weighted simple logistic regression estimates for covariates from CHMS Cycle 1 with outcome SDQ total difficulties (ages 6–17 years).

Outcome: SDQ total difficulties
Factor (reference category) n Estimate Standard error P-value Odds ratio (OR) 95% CI for odds ratio
Child׳s age 1717 −0.05 0.05 0.31 0.95 0.86 1.06
BMI – measured 1715 0.04 0.03 0.30 1.04 0.97 1.11
Gender (males) 1717 0.26 0.24 0.29 1.30 0.77 2.19
Education (secondary school or less) 1676 0.42 0.54 0.45 1.52 0.46 5.02
Income (low/lower middle) 1649 0.69 0.30 0.04 1.99 1.02 3.89
Prenatal smoking (yes) 1045 1.15 0.43 0.02 3.17 1.24 8.09
Born any time before due date (yes) 1054 0.32 0.20 0.13 1.38 0.90 2.13
Special neonatal unit care (yes) 1074 0.35 0.24 0.18 1.42 0.83 2.42
No. of days in neonatal unit 1073 −0.00 0.01 0.85 1.00 0.98 1.02
Hours of sleep per night 1717 −0.09 0.12 0.48 0.92 0.70 1.20
Birth weight 1046 0.00 0.00 0.65 1.00 1.00 1.00
Breast feeding (3 months or longer) 1044 −0.45 0.17 0.02 0.64 0.43 0.93
Mother׳s age at birth 1072 −0.03 0.03 0.35 0.97 0.91 1.04
Anyone smoking at home (yes) 1713 0.77 0.33 0.04 2.16 1.04 4.50
Fasted (yes) 1717 0.37 0.28 0.21 1.45 0.78 2.69
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Table A1, Table A2, Table A3, Table A4, Table A5, Table A6, Table A7

B. Multiple logistic regressions – weighted results for all children

See

Table B1.

Weighted multiple logistic regression estimates from CHMS Cycle 1 with reported ADD/ADHD (6–19 years of age).

Exposure Covariate Estimate SE P-value Odds ratio 95% CI for odds ratio
BPA Intercept −2.96 0.72 0.0018
ln(creatinine) −0.28 0.18 0.1626 0.76 0.51 1.14
ln(BPA) 0.26 0.18 0.6089 1.29 0.86 1.94
Smoking at home (yes) 0.84 0.34 0.0312 2.32 1.10 4.90
Child׳s age 0.05 0.05 0.3131
Income (low/low-middle) 0.67 0.31 0.0533 1.95 0.99 3.83
Gender (males) −0.17 0.63 0.7911 Gender: males vs. femalesa 3.06 1.67 5.61
BMI −0.10 0.03 0.0152 0.91 0.84 0.98
ln(lead) 0.83 0.26 0.0087 2.28 1.29 4.04
Gender*child׳s age 0.10 0.05 0.0593 Age: males 1.16 1.06 1.27
Age: females 1.05 0.96 1.15


 

 

 

 

 

 


Blood lead Intercept −4.13 0.40 <0.0001
ln(lead) 0.87 0.27 0.0080 2.39 1.32 4.32
Smoking at home (yes) 0.93 0.35 0.0215 2.54 1.18 5.46
Gender (males) 1.08 0.32 0.0064 2.93 1.45 5.94
Income (low/low-middle) 0.76 0.38 0.0674 2.15 0.94 4.91


 

 

 

 

 

 


MBP Intercept −2.67 0.68 0.0029
ln(creatinine) 0.35 0.25 0.1869 1.42 0.82 2.48
ln(MBP) −0.21 0.18 0.2637 0.81 0.55 1.20
Income (low/lower middle) −0.24 0.81 0.7697 Income: low/low-middle vs. middle/upper (males) 3.61 1.30 10.03
Gender (males) 0.44 0.41 0.3151 Income: low/low-middle vs. middle-upper (females) 0.78 0.10 6.15
ln(Lead) 1.00 0.27 0.0046 2.71 1.47 5.00
Income*gender 1.53 0.83 0.0971 Males vs. females (low/low-middle) 7.11 1.12 44.92
Males vs. females (middle/upper) 1.55 0.69 3.46


 

 

 

 

 

 


MBzP Intercept −4.04 0.87 0.0007
ln(creatinine) −0.28 0.24 0.2707 0.76 0.45 1.29
ln(MBzP) 0.39 0.21 0.0912 1.48 0.93 2.36
Child׳s age 0.05 0.06 0.4167
Income (low/low-middle) 0.79 0.44 0.1013 2.21 0.83 5.84
Gender (males) −1.07 0.67 0.1390 Males vs. femalesa 2.81 1.45 5.45
ln(lead) 0.84 0.25 0.0066 2.33 1.33 4.06
BMI −0.08 0.04 0.0685 0.92 0.84 1.01
Child׳s age*gender 0.17 0.06 0.0135 Child׳s age: males 1.24 1.07 1.44
Child׳s age: females 1.05 0.94 1.18


 

 

 

 

 

 


MCPP Intercept −3.81 0.46 <0.0001
ln(creatinine) 0.22 0.23 0.3578 1.25 0.75 2.07
ln(MCPP) −0.02 0.14 0.8977 0.98 0.72 1.34
Income (low/low-middle) 0.90 0.53 0.1187 2.45 0.76 7.84
Gender (males) 1.04 0.38 0.0187 2.83 1.23 6.50
ln(lead) 0.94 0.27 0.0053 2.56 1.41 4.66


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEHHP Intercept −2.66 0.84 0.0090
ln(creatinine) 0.43 0.28 0.1517 1.53 0.83 2.82
ln(MEHHP) −0.34 0.24 0.1771 0.71 0.42 1.20
Income (low/low-middle) 0.89 0.53 0.1180 2.44 0.77 7.78
Gender (males) 1.01 0.37 0.0203 2.74 1.21 6.21
ln(lead) 0.99 0.28 0.0050 2.70 1.45 5.05


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEHP Intercept −3.63 0.53 <0.0001
ln(creatinine) 0.29 0.25 0.2749 1.34 0.77 2.33
ln(MEHP) −0.16 0.14 0.2830 0.85 0.62 1.17
Income (low/low-Middle) 0.92 0.53 0.1070 2.51 0.79 7.99
Gender (males) 1.03 0.38 0.0210 2.81 1.21 6.56
ln(lead) 0.97 0.28 0.0048 2.64 1.44 4.85


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEOHP Intercept −2.82 0.82 0.0054
ln(creatinine) 0.42 0.29 0.1808 1.52 0.80 2.89
ln(MEOHP) −0.34 0.25 0.1935 0.71 0.41 1.22
Income (low/low-middle) 0.89 0.53 0.1173 2.44 0.77 7.78
Gender (males) 0.99 0.37 0.0208 2.70 1.20 6.08
ln(lead) 0.99 0.28 0.0051 2.70 1.44 5.05


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEP Intercept −2.70 0.99 0.0193
ln(creatinine) 0.48 0.40 0.2587 1.61 0.67 3.88
ln(MEP) −0.29 0.23 0.2299 0.75 0.45 1.24
Income (low/low-middle) 0.93 0.52 0.1031 2.52 0.80 7.95
Gender (males) 0.97 0.36 0.0218 2.64 1.19 5.90
ln(lead) 0.96 0.28 0.0059 2.61 1.40 4.86
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a

Odds ratio calculated at average value of Child׳s age

Table B2.

Weighted multiple logistic regression estimates from CHMS Cycle 1 with report of a learning disability (6–19 years of age).

Exposure Covariate Estimate SE P-value Odds ratio 95% CI for odds ratio
BPA Intercept −3.03 0.28 <0.0001
ln(creatinine) 0.10 0.11 0.3623 1.11 0.87 1.41
ln(BPA) 0.09 0.17 0.6089 1.09 0.76 1.57
Smoking at home (yes) 0.50 0.19 0.0252 1.65 1.08 2.53
Gender (males) 0.57 0.26 0.0467 1.78 1.01 3.12
ln(lead) 1.10 0.36 0.0116
Income (low/lower-middle) 0.66 0.35 0.0869 Income: low/low-middle vs. middle/uppera 2.44 1.31 4.52
ln(lead)*Income −1.27 0.45 0.0163 ln(lead): low/low-middle 0.85 0.38 1.86
ln(Lead): middle/upper 3.00 1.47 6.12


 

 

 

 

 

 


Blood lead Intercept −3.07 0.26 <0.0001
ln(lead) 1.02 0.35 0.0138
Smoking at home (yes) 0.57 0.18 0.0088 1.76 1.19 2.61
Income (low/low-middle) 0.64 0.33 0.0791 Income: low/low-middle vs. middle/uppera 2.38 1.34 4.24
Gender (males) 0.68 0.29 0.0381 1.98 1.05 3.75
ln(lead) * income −1.23 0.45 0.0195 ln(lead): low/low-middle 0.81 0.37 1.81
ln(lead): middle/upper 2.78 1.40 5.51


 

 

 

 

 

 


MBP Intercept −1.38 0.72 0.0825
ln(creatinine) 0.48 0.14 0.0064 1.61 1.18 2.21
ln(MBP) −0.23 0.16 0.1797 0.79 0.56 1.13
Gender (males) 0.66 0.29 0.0422 1.93 1.03 3.62
Income (low/lower Middle) −0.78 0.40 0.0790 0.46 0.19 1.11
ln(lead) 0.85 0.28 0.0102 2.35 1.28 4.31


 

 

 

 

 

 


MBzP Intercept −2.96 0.60 0.0005
ln(creatinine) 0.15 0.15 0.3396 1.16 0.84 1.61
ln(MBzP) 0.22 0.16 0.2017 1.24 0.87 1.77
Gender (males) 0.70 0.30 0.0383 2.02 1.05 3.89
Income (low/low-Middle) −0.70 0.41 0.1184 0.50 0.20 1.23
ln(lead) 0.80 0.28 0.0144 2.23 1.21 4.08


 

 

 

 

 

 


MCPP Intercept −2.42 0.43 0.0002
ln(creatinine) 0.33 0.15 0.0556 1.38 0.99 1.93
ln(MCPP) 0.17 0.16 0.3235
Gender (males) 0.97 0.32 0.0115 Males vs. femalesb 2.08 1.15 3.76
Income (low/low-Middle) −0.74 0.41 0.0951 0.48 0.19 1.16
ln(lead) 0.83 0.27 0.0111 2.29 1.26 4.17
ln(MCPP) * gender −0.28 0.09 0.0114 ln(MCPP): males 0.89 0.65 1.21
ln(MCPP): females 1.18 0.86 1.62


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEHHP Intercept −1.32 0.97 0.1986
ln(creatinine) 0.48 0.21 0.0415 1.62 1.02 2.55
ln(MEHHP) −0.27 0.25 0.2899 0.76 0.44 1.31
Gender (males) 0.66 0.28 0.0364 1.94 1.05 3.56
Income (low/low-Middle) −0.72 0.39 0.0947 0.49 0.20 1.16
ln(lead) 0.86 0.27 0.0083 2.37 1.31 4.27


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEHP Intercept −2.03 0.38 0.0003
ln(creatinine) 0.39 0.16 0.0344 1.48 1.03 2.11
ln(MEHP) −0.17 0.16 0.3283 0.85 0.59 1.21
Gender (males) 0.68 0.29 0.0366 1.98 1.05 3.71
Income (low/low-Middle) −0.75 0.40 0.0882 0.47 0.19 1.14
ln(lead) 0.85 0.27 0.0096 2.34 1.29 4.26


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEOHP Intercept −1.45 0.92 0.1421
ln(creatinine) 0.47 0.22 0.0510 1.60 1.00 2.58
ln(MEOHP) −0.27 0.26 0.3197 0.76 0.43 1.35
Gender (males) 0.65 0.28 0.0377 1.92 1.05 3.51
Income (low/low-Middle) −0.72 0.40 0.0946 0.49 0.20 1.16
ln(lead) 0.86 0.27 0.0085 2.37 1.31 4.28


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEP Intercept −1.29 0.69 0.0874
ln(creatinine) 0.53 0.24 0.0467 1.70 1.01 2.88
ln(MEP) −0.24 0.17 0.1868 0.79 0.54 1.15
Gender (males) 0.63 0.28 0.0451 1.88 1.02 3.49
Income (low/low-middle) −0.76 0.40 0.0837 0.47 0.19 1.13
ln(lead) 0.84 0.29 0.0142 2.31 1.23 4.34
Open in a new tab
a

Odds ratio calculated at average value of ln(Lead)

b

Odds ratio calculated at average value of ln(MCPP)

Table B3.

Weighted multiple logistic regression estimates from CHMS Cycle 1 with reported psychotropic medicine taken in past month for behavioral problems (6–19 years of age).

Exposure Covariate Estimate SE P-value Odds ratio 95% CI for odds ratio
BPA Intercept −2.53 0.44 0.0001
ln(creatinine) −0.17 0.17 0.3345 0.84 0.58 1.22
ln(BPA) −0.03 0.15 0.8625
Hours slept −0.20 0.07 0.0119 0.82 0.70 0.95
Gender (males) 0.54 0.28 0.0826 Males vs. femalesa 2.16 1.28 3.62
Fasted (yes) 0.69 0.25 0.0195 1.98 1.14 3.45
ln(BPA)*gender 0.65 0.21 0.0093 ln(BPA): males 1.87 1.24 2.83
ln(BPA): females 0.97 0.72 1.31


 

 

 

 

 

 


Blood lead Intercept −2.19 0.47 0.0007
ln(lead) 1.43 0.40 0.0042
Gender (males) 0.73 0.33 0.0485 2.08 1.01 4.29
Fasted (yes) 0.51 0.30 0.1206 Fasted (yes vs. no)b 2.25 1.19 4.26
ln(lead)*fasted −1.62 0.55 0.0135 ln(lead): fasted 0.83 0.34 2.02
ln(lead): no fasting 4.20 1.92 9.17


 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Hours slept −0.22 0.07 0.0095 0.80 0.68 0.94


 

 

 

 

 

 


MBP Intercept −2.43 0.79 0.0103
ln(creatinine) 0.18 0.26 0.5067 1.19 0.68 2.11
ln(MBP) −0.02 0.22 0.9369 0.98 0.60 1.60
Hours Slept −0.20 0.05 0.0010 0.82 0.74 0.90
Gender (males) 0.92 0.31 0.0138 2.51 1.26 5.01
Fasted (yes) 0.71 0.23 0.0108 2.04 1.22 3.40


 

 

 

 

 

 


MBzP Intercept −1.62 0.63 0.0270
ln(creatinine) 0.05 0.23 0.8306 1.05 0.63 1.76
ln(MBzP) −0.25 0.19 0.2147
Hours slept −0.23 0.06 0.0018 0.80 0.70 0.90
Gender (males) −1.14 0.49 0.0415 Males vs. femalesc 2.45 1.31 4.58
Fasted (yes) 0.77 0.25 0.0110 2.16 1.24 3.77
ln(MBzP)*gender 0.68 0.15 0.0010 ln(MBzP): males 1.54 1.07 2.23
ln(MBzP): females 0.78 0.54 1.13


 

 

 

 

 

 


MCPP Intercept −2.90 0.51 0.0001
ln(creatinine) −0.32 0.29 0.2894
ln(MCPP) 0.51 0.19 0.0202 1.66 1.10 2.51
Hours slept −0.23 0.05 0.0008 0.79 0.71 0.89
Gender (males) 0.93 0.33 0.0181 Males vs. Femalesd 2.42 1.27 4.61
Fasted (yes) 1.34 0.30 0.0010 Fasted (yes vs. no)e 2.45 1.50 3.99
ln(creatinine)*gender 0.59 0.29 0.0640
ln(MCPP)*fasted −0.51 0.15 0.0051 ln(MCPP): fasted 1.00 0.69 1.44
ln(MCPP): no fasting 1.66 1.15 2.40


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEHHP Intercept −2.80 1.05 0.0221
ln(creatinine) −0.28 0.36 0.4473
ln(MEHHP) 0.08 0.30 0.7864 1.09 0.56 2.10
Hours slept −0.20 0.05 0.0014 0.81 0.73 0.91
Gender (males) 0.92 0.32 0.0159 Males vs. femalesd 2.39 1.28 4.46
Fasted (yes) 0.73 0.22 0.0067 2.08 1.28 3.37
ln(creatinine)*gender 0.62 0.29 0.0518


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEHP Intercept −2.55 0.66 0.0027
ln(creatinine) −0.22 0.38 0.5757
ln(MEHP) 0.01 0.32 0.9795 1.01 0.50 2.05
Hours slept −0.20 0.05 0.0012 0.82 0.74 0.91
Gender (males) 0.91 0.33 0.0184 Males vs. femalesd 2.37 1.26 4.48
Fasted (yes) 0.71 0.23 0.0099 2.03 1.23 3.34
ln(creatinine)*gender 0.61 0.30 0.0671


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEOHP Intercept −2.77 0.92 0.0120
ln(creatinine) −0.29 0.36 0.4405
ln(MEOHP) 0.09 0.30 0.7702 1.09 0.56 2.13
Hours slept −0.21 0.05 0.0014 0.81 0.73 0.91
Gender (males) 0.92 0.32 0.0147 Males vs. femalesd 2.40 1.29 4.46
Fasted (yes) 0.73 0.22 0.0063 2.08 1.29 3.36
ln(creatinine)*gender 0.63 0.28 0.0486


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEP Intercept −3.36 0.82 0.0018
ln(creatinine) −0.35 0.31 0.2853
ln(MEP) 0.16 0.13 0.2471 1.17 0.88 1.54
Hours slept −0.18 0.05 0.0045 0.84 0.75 0.93
Gender (males) 0.96 0.34 0.0168 Males vs. femalesd 2.50 1.30 4.80
Fasted (yes) 0.71 0.23 0.0097 2.03 1.23 3.33
ln(creatinine)*gender 0.61 0.30 0.0664
Open in a new tab
a

Odds ratio calculated at average value of ln(BPA)

b

Odds ratio calculated at average value of ln(Lead)

c

Odds ratio calculated at average value of ln(MBzP)

d

Odds ratio calculated at average value of ln(creatinine)

e

Odds ratio calculated at average value of ln(MCPP)

Table B4.

Weighted multiple logistic regression estimates from CHMS Cycle 1 with outcome SDQ Emotional Symptoms (ages 6–17 years).

Exposure Covariate Estimate SE P-value Odds ratio 95% CI for odds ratio
BPA Intercept 1.50 1.12 0.2088
ln(creatinine) 0.20 0.13 0.1416 1.23 0.92 1.63
ln(BPA) 0.07 0.05 0.1682 1.07 0.97 1.19
Hours slept −0.27 0.10 0.0183 0.77 0.62 0.95
Gender (males) −0.41 0.11 0.0032 0.66 0.52 0.84
Fasted (yes) 0.49 0.21 0.0424 1.63 1.02 2.61
Child׳s age −0.08 0.03 0.0415 0.92 0.86 1.00


 

 

 

 

 


Blood lead Intercept −0.22 0.75 0.7758
ln(lead) 0.08 0.21 0.7208 1.08 0.68 1.71
Gender (males) −0.40 0.18 0.0508 0.67 0.45 1.00
Hours slept −0.19 0.08 0.0370 0.83 0.70 0.99
Fasted (yes) 0.53 0.25 0.0553 1.70 0.99 2.95
Education (secondary school or less) 0.57 0.23 0.0324 1.78 1.06 2.97


 

 

 

 

 


MBP Intercept −0.99 0.63 0.1426
ln(creatinine) 0.35 0.17 0.0614 1.42 0.98 2.04
ln(MBP) −0.14 0.16 0.4087 0.87 0.61 1.24
Gender (males) −0.32 0.16 0.0631 0.72 0.51 1.02


 

 

 

 

 


MBzP Intercept 1.92 1.06 0.0962
ln(creatinine) 0.38 0.17 0.0431 1.47 1.01 2.13
ln(MBzP) −0.11 0.08 0.2049 0.90 0.75 1.07
Gender (males) −0.29 0.15 0.0792 0.75 0.53 1.04
Hours slept −0.24 0.10 0.0386 0.79 0.63 0.99
Child׳s age −0.08 0.04 0.0503 0.92 0.84 1.00


 

 

 

 

 


MCPP Intercept 1.56 1.11 0.1875
ln(creatinine) 0.34 0.18 0.0833 1.41 0.95 2.08
ln(MCPP) −0.06 0.08 0.4643 0.94 0.78 1.13
Gender (males) −0.29 0.16 0.0890 0.75 0.53 1.05
Hours slept −0.23 0.10 0.0447 0.79 0.63 0.99
Child׳s age −0.08 0.04 0.0637 0.92 0.85 1.01


 

 

 

 

 


MEHHP Intercept −1.69 0.43 0.0023
ln(creatinine) 0.20 0.10 0.0654 1.22 0.98 1.52
ln(MEHHP) 0.05 0.11 0.6388 1.05 0.83 1.33
Gender (males) −0.30 0.15 0.0764 0.74 0.53 1.04


 

 

 

 

 


MEHP Intercept −1.49 0.16 <0.0001
ln(creatinine) 0.25 0.10 0.0336 1.28 1.02 1.60
ln(MEHP) −0.02 0.09 0.8602 0.98 0.80 1.21
Gender (males) −0.30 0.15 0.0755 0.74 0.53 1.04


 

 

 

 

 


MEOHP Intercept −1.68 0.38 0.0011
ln(creatinine) 0.20 0.10 0.0750 1.22 0.98 1.53
ln(MEOHP) 0.06 0.11 0.6145 1.06 0.83 1.34
Gender (males) −0.30 0.16 0.0796 0.74 0.53 1.04


 

 

 

 

 


MEP Intercept −1.56 0.27 0.0001
ln(creatinine) 0.22 0.12 0.0840 1.25 0.96 1.62
ln(MEP) 0.01 0.07 0.8631 1.01 0.87 1.18
Gender (males) −0.30 0.15 0.0716 0.74 0.53 1.03
Open in a new tab

Table B5.

Weighted multiple logistic regression estimates from CHMS Cycle 1 with outcome SDQ Hyperactivity/Inattention (ages 6–17 years).

Exposure Covariate Estimate SE P-value Odds ratio 95% CI for odds ratio
BPA Intercept −1.96 0.14 <0.0001
ln(creatinine) −0.08 0.12 0.5184 0.92 0.71 1.20
ln(BPA) 0.27 0.05 0.0003
Smoking at home (yes) 0.91 0.24 0.0031 Smoking at home (yes vs. no)a 1.96 1.23 3.11
ln(lead) 0.94 0.16 0.0001 2.56 1.79 3.65
ln(BPA)*smoking at home −0.67 0.21 0.0079 ln(BPA): smoking at home 0.67 0.46 1.00
ln(BPA): no smoking at home 1.31 1.18 1.46


 

 

 

 

 

 


Blood lead Intercept −2.06 0.20 <0.0001
ln(lead) 0.85 0.18 0.0005 2.33 1.59 3.43
Gender (males) 0.36 0.18 0.0705 1.44 0.96 2.14
Smoking at home (Yes) 0.74 0.36 0.0620 2.10 0.96 4.62


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


MBP Intercept −2.40 0.73 0.0070 0.09 0.02 0.45
ln(creatinine) 0.05 0.20 0.7879 1.06 0.69 1.62
ln(MBP) 0.16 0.21 0.4626 Smoking at home (yes vs. no)b 1.59 0.94 2.71
ln(lead) 0.96 0.20 0.0006 2.61 1.67 4.07
Smoking at home (yes) 2.48 0.92 0.0204
ln(MBP)*smoking at home −0.58 0.28 0.0628 ln(MBP): smoking at home 0.66 0.39 1.12
ln(MBP): no smoking at home 1.17 0.78 1.76


 

 

 

 

 

 


MBzP Intercept −2.25 0.30 <0.0001
ln(creatinine) −0.02 0.11 0.8288 0.98 0.77 1.23
ln(MBzP) 0.16 0.09 0.1047 1.17 0.96 1.43
ln(lead) 0.97 0.19 0.0003 2.63 1.74 3.99


 

 

 

 

 

 


MCPP Intercept −1.97 0.22 <0.0001
ln(creatinine) −0.05 0.13 0.7145 0.95 0.71 1.27
ln(MCPP) 0.20 0.10 0.0821 1.22 0.97 1.53
ln(lead) 0.95 0.20 0.0006 2.58 1.67 4.00


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEHHP Intercept −1.89 0.32 0.0001
ln(creatinine) 0.07 0.12 0.6030 1.07 0.81 1.40
ln(MEHHP) 0.04 0.08 0.5976 1.04 0.88 1.23
ln(lead) 0.98 0.20 0.0004 2.68 1.74 4.12


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEHP Intercept −1.68 0.17 <0.0001
ln(creatinine) 0.12 0.12 0.3375 1.13 0.86 1.49
ln(MEHP) −0.05 0.11 0.6440 0.95 0.75 1.20
ln(lead) 0.99 0.20 0.0004 2.70 1.73 4.20


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEOHP Intercept −1.79 0.31 0.0001
ln(creatinine) 0.08 0.12 0.5150 1.09 0.83 1.43
ln(MEOHP) 0.02 0.08 0.8472 1.02 0.85 1.21
ln(lead) 0.99 0.20 0.0004 2.68 1.73 4.15


 

 

 

 

 

 


MEP Intercept −1.50 0.33 0.0008
ln(creatinine) 0.15 0.12 0.2101 1.17 0.90 1.51
ln(MEP) −0.07 0.06 0.3207 0.94 0.82 1.08
ln(lead) 0.99 0.20 0.0005 2.69 1.72 4.20
Open in a new tab
a

Odds ratio calculated at average value of ln(BPA)

b

Odds ratio calculated at average value of ln(MBP)

Table B6.

Weighted multiple logistic regression estimates from CHMS Cycle 1 with outcome SDQ Total Difficulties (ages 6–17 years).

Exposure Covariate Estimate SE P-value Odds ratio 95% CI for odds ratio
BPA Intercept −2.36 0.18 <0.0001
ln(creatinine) −0.18 0.15 0.2686 0.84 0.60 1.17
ln(BPA) 0.13 0.08 0.1118 1.14 0.96 1.36
Smoking at home (yes) 0.57 0.28 0.0680 1.76 0.95 3.27
ln(lead) 0.81 0.25 0.0080 2.24 1.29 3.87


 

 

 

 

 


Blood lead Intercept −2.25 0.16 <0.0001
ln(lead) 0.77 0.22 0.0049 2.16 1.33 3.51
Smoking at home (yes) 0.74 0.38 0.0739 2.10 0.92 4.81


 

 

 

 

 


MBP Intercept −2.45 0.95 0.0250
ln(creatinine) −0.04 0.26 0.8961 0.97 0.54 1.72
ln(MBP) 0.09 0.25 0.7353 1.09 0.62 1.91
ln(lead) 0.84 0.22 0.0029 2.32 1.43 3.76


 

 

 

 

 


MBzP Intercept −3.15 0.39 <0.0001
ln(creatinine) −0.20 0.19 0.3213 0.82 0.54 1.25
ln(MBzP) 0.31 0.11 0.0189 1.37 1.06 1.76
ln(lead) 0.82 0.24 0.0056 2.26 1.34 3.82


 

 

 

 

 


MCPP Intercept −2.19 0.29 <0.0001
ln(creatinine) −0.02 0.25 0.9427 0.98 0.57 1.69
ln(MCPP) 0.06 0.20 0.7691 1.06 0.68 1.66
ln(lead) 0.85 0.23 0.0034 2.33 1.41 3.84


 

 

 

 

 


MEHHP Intercept −1.72 0.77 0.0457
ln(creatinine) 0.11 0.28 0.7079 1.11 0.60 2.05
ln(MEHHP) −0.11 0.18 0.5451 0.89 0.60 1.33
ln(lead) 0.87 0.25 0.0051 2.38 1.38 4.10


 

 

 

 

 


MEHP Intercept −1.92 0.31 0.0001
ln(creatinine) 0.12 0.24 0.6314 1.13 0.66 1.93
ln(MEHP) −0.16 0.18 0.3910 0.86 0.58 1.26
ln(lead) 0.88 0.24 0.0035 2.41 1.43 4.07


 

 

 

 

 


MEOHP Intercept −1.69 0.70 0.0347
ln(creatinine) 0.12 0.28 0.6654 1.13 0.61 2.10
ln(MEOHP) −0.14 0.19 0.4678 0.87 0.57 1.32
ln(lead) 0.87 0.25 0.0049 2.39 1.38 4.12


 

 

 

 

 


MEP Intercept −2.25 0.48 0.0007
ln(creatinine) 0.00 0.20 0.9975 1.00 0.64 1.55
ln(MEP) 0.03 0.10 0.7580 1.03 0.83 1.29
ln(lead) 0.86 0.25 0.0061 2.36 1.35 4.11
Open in a new tab

Table B1, Table B2, Table B3, Table B4, Table B5, Table B6

C. Summary of multiple logistic regression results – weighted for all children

See

Table C1.

Summary of Multiple Logistic Regression Results for Parent or Self-Reported Outcomes from the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 1 (Weighted) for All Children.

ADD/ADHD
 Learning disability
 Medicine taken
Contaminant Ages 6–19 yrs OR (95% CI) Contaminant Ages 6–19 yrs OR (95% CI) Contaminant Ages 6–19 yrs OR (95% CI)
BPA 1.29 (0.86–1.94) BPA 1.09 (0.76–1.57) BPA M: 1.87 (1.24–2.83)
F: 0.97 (0.72–1.31)a
MBP 0.81 (0.55–1.20) MBP 0.79 (0.56–1.13) MBP 0.98 (0.60-1.60)


 

 

 

 

 


MBzP 1.48 (0.93–2.36) MBzP 1.24 (0.87–1.77) MBzP M: 1.54 (1.07–2.23)
F: 0.78 (0.54–1.13)a


 

 

 

 

 


MCPP 0.98 (0.72–1.34) MCPP M: 0.89 (0.65–1.21) MCPP FS: 1.00 (0.69-1.44)
F: 1.18 (0.86–1.62)a
NFS: 1.66 (1.15-2.40)a
MEHHP 0.71 (0.42.1.20) MEHHP 0.76 (0.44–1.31) MEHHP 1.09 (0.56–2.10)
MEHP 0.85 (0.62–1.17) MEHP 0.85 (0.59–1.21) MEHP 1.01 (0.50–2.05)
MEOHP 0.71 (0.41–1.22) MEOHP 0.76 (0.43–1.35) MEOHP 1.09 (0.56–2.13)
MEP 0.75 (0.45–1.24) MEP 0.79 (0.54–1.15) MEP 1.17 (0.88–1.54)


 

 

 

 

 


Blood lead 2.39 (1.32–4.32) Blood lead LI: 0.81 (0.37–1.81) Blood lead FS: 0.83 (0.34–2.02)
HI: 2.78 (1.40–5.51)a
NFS: 4.20 (1.92–9.17)a
Open in a new tab
a

Interaction terms significant at 5% level between contaminant and other covariates. M: males; F: females; LI: low income; HI; higher income; FS: fasting sample; NFS: non-fasting sample; Models adjusted for covariates as determined by a stepwise multiple regression procedure.

Table C2.

Summary of multiple regression results for SDQ outcomes from the Canadian health measures survey cycle 1 (weighted) for all children 6–17 years.

SDQ: Total difficulties
 SDQ: Emotional symptoms
 SDQ: Hyperactivity/inattention
Contaminant Ages 6–17 yrs OR (95% CI) Contaminant Ages 6–17 yrs OR (95% CI) Contaminant Ages 6–17 yrs OR (95% CI)
BPA 1.14 (0.96–1.36) BPA 1.07 (0.97–1.19) BPA ETS: 0.67 (0.46–1.00)
NETS: 1.31 (1.18-1.46)a
MBP 1.09 (0.62–1.91) MBP 0.87 (0.61–1.24) MBP 1.59 (0.94–2.71)
MBzP 1.37 (1.06–1.76) MBzP 0.90 (0.75–1.07) MBzP 1.17 (0.96–1.43)
MCPP 1.06 (0.68–1.66) MCPP 0.94 (0.78–1.13) MCPP 1.22 (0.97–1.53)
MEHHP 0.89 (0.60–1.33) MEHHP 1.05 (0.83–1.33) MEHHP 1.04 (0.88–1.23)
MEHP 0.86 (0.58–1.26) MEHP 0.98 (0.80–1.21) MEHP 0.95 (0.75–1.20)
MEOHP 0.87 (0.57–1.32) MEOHP 1.06 (0.83–1.34) MEOHP 1.02 (0.85–1.21)
MEP 1.03 (0.83–1.29) MEP 1.01 (0.87–1.18) MEP 0.94 (0.82–1.08)
Blood lead 2.16 (1.33–3.51) Blood lead 1.08 (0.68–1.71) Blood lead 2.33 (1.59–3.43)
Open in a new tab
a

Interaction terms significant at 5% level between contaminant and other covariates. ETS: smoking in home; NETS: no smoking in home; Models adjusted for covariates as determined by a stepwise multiple regression procedure.

Table C1, Table C2

Transparency document. Supplementary material

Supplementary material

mmc1.zip (717.5KB, zip)

References

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