Table 1.
Characteristics of randomized controlled trials included in the systematic literature review 1.
| Reference 2 (Country) | Quality Score 3 | Population | Intervention | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N 4 | Age (Year) | Description (BMI) 5 | Female (%) | Dairy | Control | Estimated Dose Difference 6,7 | Calorie Restriction | Iso-Caloric 8 | Exercise 9 | Duration (Weeks) | Outcomes Assessed | ||
| Dairy Food Studies | |||||||||||||
| Anderson, 2005 [24] (USA) | 11 | 90 (52) | 18–65 | Overweight/obese BMI = 27–40 | 88 | 2× milk-based meal replacement (Slim-Fast®)/day | 5× soy-based meal replacements (Scan-Diet™)/day | 2 servings | Diets = 5020 kJ | Yes | No | 12 | BW 10 |
| Bowen, 2005 [43] (Australia) | 8 | (50) | 20–65 | Overweight/obese BMI = 27–40 | 60 | 4.5 serves dairy/day (skim milk, reduced fat cheese, yoghurt, skim milk powder) | 0.5 serves dairy/day | 4 servings | Caloric restriction (12 weeks): Diet = 5500–7000 kJ Eucaloric (4 weeks) | Yes | No | 16 | BW, FM, LM |
| Faghih, 2011 [55] (Iran) | 7 | 50 (42) | 20–50 | Healthy pre-menopausal overweight/obese women BMI = 25–40 | 100 | 3× 220 mL low-fat milk/day | Control diet providing 500 mg/day dietary Ca | 2.64 servings | −2092 kJ | Yes | No | 8 | BW, FM |
| Gilbert, 2011 [20] (USA) | 10 | 41 (25) | 25–50 | Healthy overweight/obese low Ca consumers (<800 mg/day) BMI = 27–42 | 100 | 1 serving (568 mL providing 1000 mg Ca) milk supplement/day (Lactancia Addition Nature 35% plus de Ca (1% fat); Parmalat Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada) | 1 serving (463 mL) Placebo (Rice Dream; Hain Celestial Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada) | 2.3 servings | −2508 kJ | Yes | No | 24 | BW, FM, FFM |
| Harvey-Berino, 2005 [39] (USA) | 9 | 55 (44) | 18–60 | Overweight/obese adults with low dairy (<1 serve/day) and Ca (<500 mg/day) intake. Baseline dairy intake ~1.4 servings/day BMI = 25–34.9 | 91 | 3–4 (3.2 ± 1.1) servings dairy/day (milk, yogurt, cheese) providing 1200–1400 mg Ca/day | 1 (0.85 ± 0.4) serving dairy/day providing 400–500 mg Ca/day. | 2.7 servings | −2092 kJ | Yes | No | 52 | BW, FM |
| Hawley, 2014 [50] (Australia) | 9 | 111 (89) | 35–59 | Health overweight/obese sedentary low dairy consumers (1.3 serves/day) BMI = 27–40 | 71 | 4 + (3.8 ± 0.7) serves dairy/day | 1–2 (1.0 ± 0.3) serves dairy/day | 2.8 servings | −1046 kJ | Yes | RT: 3×/week AT: 4×/week | 16 | BW, FM, LM |
| Josse, 2011 [12] (Canada) | 13 | 90 (78) | 19-45 | Pre-menopausal overweight/obese low dairy consumers BMI = 27–40 | 100 | High dairy: 6–7 servings dairy/day (milk, cheese, yoghurt) | Low diary: 0–1 servings dairy/day | 6 servings | −2092 kJ | Yes | RT: 2×/week + AT: 7×/week | 16 | BW, FM, LM |
| Medium dairy: 3–4 servings dairy/day (milk, cheese, yoghurt) | 3 servings | ||||||||||||
| Lukaszuk, 2007 [45] (USA) | 10 | 18 (14) | 18–45 | Healthy pre-menopausal overweight/obese low Ca consumers (<600 mg/day) BMI = ~36 | 100 | 3 cups/day (720 mL) skim milk | 3 cups/day (720 mL) light soy milk + added soy protein to equate protein of milk | 3 servings | −2092 kJ | Yes | No | 8 | BW, FM, FFM |
| Rosado, 2011 [51] (Mexico) | 11 | 93 (69) | 25–45 | Obese low dairy consumers (<3 servings/day) BMI ≥ 30 | 100 | 3 servings milk/day. No other dairy. | 0 servings of dairy/day. | 3 servings | −2092 kJ | Yes | No | 16 | BW, FM 10, LM |
| Summerbell, 1998 [38] (UK) | 13 | 28 (20) | >17 | Healthy overweight/obese BMI ≥ 27 | 79 | Milk (full-cream/skim) to provide 3.4 MJ (nil other food) | Conventional balanced diet providing 3.4 MJ/day | 7.3 servings | Diet = 3.4 MJ | Yes | No | 16 | BW |
| Tanaka, 2014 [41] (Japan) | 12 | 213 (200) | 20–60 | ≥2 components of metabolic syndrome BMI = average ~27 | 0 | 400 g dairy/day (milk, yoghurt) | Low dairy: <0.5 servings dairy/day | 1.3 servings | −1255 kJ | Yes | No | 24 | BW, FM |
| Thomas, 2010 [22] (USA) | 12 | 35 (29) | 29–45 | Overweight/obese low dairy consumers (≤1 serving/day) BMI = 25–30 | 100 | ≥3 servings dairy/day providing 1200 mg Ca/day | ≤1 serving dairy/day providing 500 mg Ca/day | 3 servings | −1046 kJ | Yes | RT: 3×/week | 16 | BW, FM, FFM |
| Thomas, 2011 [44] (USA) | 10 | 35 (29) | 29–45 | Overweight, non-RT BMI = 25–30 | 100 | 2× 170 g fat free yoghurt 3×/week—20 min before exercise and immediately after exercise | 2× sucrose beverage 3×/week—20 min before exercise and immediately after exercise | 0.75 servings | −1046 kJ | Yes | RT: 3×/week | 16 | BW, FM, LM |
| Thompson, 2005 [40] (USA) | 13 | 59 (48) (adherers: 36) | 25–70 | Obese adults BMI = 30–40 | 86 | 4 servings (3.13 achieved) dairy/day (2 as fluid milk) | 2 servings (1.38 achieved) dairy/day | 1.8 servings | −2092 kJ | Yes | AT: 30 min 4×/week | 48 | BW, FM |
| Torres, 2010 [57] (Brazil) | 11 | 50 (39) | 22–55 | Obese low Ca consumers (<500 mg/day) of multi-ethnic origin BMI = 30–34.9 | 90 | 60 g/day (2 servings) of non-fat powdered milk (1200–1300 mg Ca/day) | Low-Ca diet (<500 mg Ca/day) | 2 servings | −3347 kJ | Yes | No | 16 | BW |
| Van Loan, 2011 [52] (USA) | 7 | 78 (71) | 19–50 | Overweight/obese low dairy consumers (≤1 serving dairy/day) BMI = 28–37 | 77 | 3–4 servings dairy/day (milk, yogurt, cheese) providing 1339 mg Ca/day | ≤1 serving dairy/day providing 460 mg Ca/day | 3 servings | −2092 kJ | Yes | No | 15 | BW, FM, LM 10 |
| Wagner, 2007 [53] (USA) | 9 | ~42 (30) | 19–53 | Pre-menopausal overweight BMI = 26–40 | 100 | Low-fat milk providing 800 mg calcium/day | Placebo capsules (cellulose) | 2.7 servings | −2092 kJ | Yes | RT + AT: 3×/week | 12 | BW, FM |
| Zemel, 2004 [58] (USA) | 8 | 28 (21) | 18–60 | Healthy overweight/obese BMI = 30–39.9 | 81 | 3 serves of dairy providing 1200–1300 mg Ca/day + placebo | <1 serve of dairy providing 400–500 mg of Ca/day + placebo (content NR) | 2.5 servings | −2092 kJ | Yes | No | 24 | BW, FM |
| Zemel, 2005a [56] (USA) | 9 | 36 (29) | 26–55 | Healthy obese, low dairy consumers BMI = 30–40 | 86 | 3 serves low-fat dairy/day providing 1200 mg/day Ca, one as fluid milk. | Habitual diet 0–1 serves diary/day providing 500 mg/day Ca. | ~2.5 servings | −2092 kJ | Yes | No | 24 | BW, FM, LM |
| Zemel, 2005b [46] (USA) | 9 | 38 (34) | 18–50 | Healthy obese BMI = 30–39.9 | 79 | 3 serves (3× 170 g) fat free yoghurt (Yoplait Light) | 0–1 serves dairy/day + 3 serves of sugar-free, Ca-free, gelatin dessert (42 kJ/serve) | ~2.0 servings | −2092 kJ | Yes | No | 12 | BW, FM, LM |
| Zemel, 2009 [54] (USA) | 9 | 70 (64) | 18–35 | Healthy overweight/mildly obese, low Ca intake (<600 mg/day) BMI = 25–34.9 | 77 | 3 serves dairy/day (full/low-fat milk, cheese, yogurt) providing 1400 mg Ca/day | 0–1 serve dairy/day providing 500 mg Ca/day | 3.0 servings | −2092 kJ | Yes | No | 12 | BW, FM, LM |
| Dairy Supplement Studies | |||||||||||||
| Aldrich, 2011 [48] (USA) | 8 | 12 (10) | 40–60 | Overweight/obese BMI = 27–32 | 80 | 3× 28 g/day serves of Designer Whey (whey protein isolate) + 1.68 serves of milk/day | Assigned control diet including 1.2 serves of dairy/day + Ca tablets to balance Ca intake | 84 g | Tailored to promote 0.75 kg weight loss/week. 8 weeks feeding followed by 12 weeks ad libitum | Yes, for 8 weeks weight loss phase | No | 8 | BW, FM, LM |
| Anderson, 2007 [23] (USA) | 10 | 43 (35) | 20–65 | Healthy obese BMI = 30–40 | 100 | 3× Casein shakes/day (67.5 g protein) (Revival Soy, Physicians Pharmaceuticals Kernersville, NC) | 3× Soy shakes/day (61.8 g protein) | 67.5 | Diets = 4200–5000 kJ | Yes | Physical activity levels of 8400 kJ/week | 16 | BW 10, FM 10, LM 10 |
| Frestedt, 2008 [47] (USA) | 8 | 106 (59) | 25–50 | Obese BMI = 30–42 | NR | 2×/day whey fraction high in leucine (Prolibra ™) 20 min before breakfast and dinner <1 serving of dairy/day | 2×/day maltodextrin <1 serving of dairy/day | 20 g | −2092 kJ | Yes | No | 12 | BW, FM, LM |
| Kasim-Karakas, 2009 [49] (USA) | 11 | 33 (24) | 18–45 | PCOS BMI = 25–40 | 100 | Whey protein isolate (96% pure) (Glanbia Foods, Twin Falls, ID) | Glucose + maltose + tricalcium phosphate | 60 g | −1883 kJ | Yes | No | 8 | BW, FM, LM |
| Longland, 2016 [42] (Canada) | 12 | 40 (40) | 18–30 | Overweight BMI > 25 | 0 | Whey protein isolate (Agropur IsoChill 9010) added to 680 ± 120 mL/day skimmed milk. Total whey consumed: 85 ± 20 g/day. 3–4 beverage/day; one consumed immediately after training. | Maltodextrin added to 530 ± 116 mL/day whole milk. Total whey consumed: 12 ± 9 g/day. 3–4 beverage/day; one consumed immediately after training. | ~73 g | 40% lower energy than estimated require-ments | Yes | RT + AT: 6×/week | 4 | BW, FM, LM |
| Piccolo, 2015 [21] (USA) | 9 | NR (29) | 18–56 | Obese with metabolic syndrome BMI = 27–42 | 100 | 2×/day 10 g whey-based supplement (Glanbia, Inc.) | 2×/day 10 g gelatin-based protein supplement (Glanbia, Inc.) | 20 g | Tailored to achieve 5%–10% reduction in body weight (−2740 ± 584 kJ) | Yes | No | 8 | BW |
AT, aerobic exercise training; Ave, average; BMI, body mass index; BW, body weight; Ca, Calcium; CHO, carbohydrate; FFM, fat free mass; FM, fat mass; LM, lean mass; NR, not reported; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; RT, resistance exercise training; 1 All included studies had a randomized controlled parallel study design; 2 First author, year of publication; 3 Rated using the Health Canada Quality appraisal tool for intervention studies [13]. See details of quality rating in Table S3; 4 Enrolled (completed); 5 Range or ~mean of baseline BMI (kg/m2); 6 Difference in servings of daily dairy intake between dairy intervention and control intervention. Serving estimations were based on Australian standard serves (250 mL milk, 200 g yoghurt, 40 g hard, firm, soft and low fat cheese, 120 g cottage and ricotta cheese, 200 g custard, 30 g powdered milk). Where only calcium provided by dairy was reported, serves of dairy were estimated based on 300 mg calcium/dairy serve [61]; 7 Difference in grams of daily dairy supplement intake between dairy intervention and control intervention; 8 The two diets/supplements were similar in energy content; 9 An exercise program was prescribed, including either resistant or aerobic training or both as part of the interventions (the same program in both dairy and control groups); 10 Data not in suitable format for meta-analysis.