Skip to main content
Journal of Clinical Pathology logoLink to Journal of Clinical Pathology
. 1991 Mar;44(3):182–193. doi: 10.1136/jcp.44.3.182

Opportunistic protozoan infections in human immunodeficiency virus disease: review highlighting diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.

A Curry 1, A J Turner 1, S Lucas 1
PMCID: PMC496933  PMID: 2013618

Full text

PDF
182

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Allason-Jones E., Mindel A., Sargeaunt P., Katz D. Outcome of untreated infection with Entamoeba histolytica in homosexual men with and without HIV antibody. BMJ. 1988 Sep 10;297(6649):654–657. doi: 10.1136/bmj.297.6649.654. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alvar J., Blazquez J., Najera R. Association of visceral leishmaniasis and human immunodeficiency virus infections. J Infect Dis. 1989 Sep;160(3):560–561. doi: 10.1093/infdis/160.3.560. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Anders K. H., Guerra W. F., Tomiyasu U., Verity M. A., Vinters H. V. The neuropathology of AIDS. UCLA experience and review. Am J Pathol. 1986 Sep;124(3):537–558. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Awen C. F., Baltzan M. A. Systemic dissemination of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Can Med Assoc J. 1971 May 8;104(9):809–812. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Benezra D., Brown A. E., Polsky B., Gold J. W., Armstrong D. Babesiosis and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Ann Intern Med. 1987 Dec;107(6):944–944. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-107-6-944_1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Brandborg L. L., Goldberg S. B., Breidenbach W. C. Human coccidiosis--a possible cause of malabsorption. N Engl J Med. 1970 Dec 10;283(24):1306–1313. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197012102832403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Carter T. R., Cooper P. H., Petri W. A., Jr, Kim C. K., Walzer P. D., Guerrant R. L. Pneumocystis carinii infection of the small intestine in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol. 1988 May;89(5):679–683. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/89.5.679. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Casemore D. P., Armstrong M., Sands R. L. Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. J Clin Pathol. 1985 Dec;38(12):1337–1341. doi: 10.1136/jcp.38.12.1337. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Casemore D. P. Epidemiological aspects of human cryptosporidiosis. Epidemiol Infect. 1990 Feb;104(1):1–28. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800054480. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Catterall J. R., Hofflin J. M., Remington J. S. Pulmonary toxoplasmosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Apr;133(4):704–705. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1986.133.4.704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Colebunders R., Lusakumuni K., Nelson A. M., Gigase P., Lebughe I., van Marck E., Kapita B., Francis H., Salaun J. J., Quinn T. C. Persistent diarrhoea in Zairian AIDS patients: an endoscopic and histological study. Gut. 1988 Dec;29(12):1687–1691. doi: 10.1136/gut.29.12.1687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Conlon C. P., Pinching A. J., Perera C. U., Moody A., Luo N. P., Lucas S. B. HIV-related enteropathy in Zambia: a clinical, microbiological, and histological study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990 Jan;42(1):83–88. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1990.42.83. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Connolly G. M., Dryden M. S., Shanson D. C., Gazzard B. G. Cryptosporidial diarrhoea in AIDS and its treatment. Gut. 1988 May;29(5):593–597. doi: 10.1136/gut.29.5.593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cook G. C. 'Exotic' parasitic infections: recent progress in diagnosis and management. J Infect. 1990 Mar;20(2):95–102. doi: 10.1016/0163-4453(90)93236-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cook G. C. Opportunistic parasitic infections associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): parasitology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Q J Med. 1987 Dec;65(248):967–983. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cook G. C. Small-intestinal coccidiosis: an emergent clinical problem. J Infect. 1988 May;16(3):213–219. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(88)97484-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Coulman C. U., Greene I., Archibald R. W. Cutaneous pneumocystosis. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Mar;106(3):396–398. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-106-3-396. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Curry A., McWilliam L. J., Haboubi N. Y., Mandal B. K. Microsporidiosis in a British patient with AIDS. J Clin Pathol. 1988 Apr;41(4):477–478. doi: 10.1136/jcp.41.4.477-b. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Davey R. T., Jr, Margolis D., Kleiner D., Deyton L., Travis W. Digital necrosis and disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection after aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Oct 15;111(8):681–682. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-111-8-681. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. DeHovitz J. A., Pape J. W., Boncy M., Johnson W. D., Jr Clinical manifestations and therapy of Isospora belli infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jul 10;315(2):87–90. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198607103150203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Dellamonica P., Bernard E., Le Fichoux Y., Politano S., Carles M., Durand J., Mondain V. Allopurinol for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1989 Nov;160(5):904–905. doi: 10.1093/infdis/160.5.904. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Desportes I., Le Charpentier Y., Galian A., Bernard F., Cochand-Priollet B., Lavergne A., Ravisse P., Modigliani R. Occurrence of a new microsporidan: Enterocytozoon bieneusi n.g., n. sp., in the enterocytes of a human patient with AIDS. J Protozool. 1985 May;32(2):250–254. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03046.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Elvin K. M., Björkman A., Linder E., Heurlin N., Hjerpe A. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: detection of parasites in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by monoclonal antibodies. BMJ. 1988 Aug 6;297(6645):381–384. doi: 10.1136/bmj.297.6645.381. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis infection. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Aug 15;111(4):339–340. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-111-4-339. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Friedberg D. N., Stenson S. M., Orenstein J. M., Tierno P. M., Charles N. C. Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990 Apr;108(4):504–508. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1990.01070060052047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Garavelli P. L., Orsi P., Scaglione L. Blastocystis hominis infection during AIDS. Lancet. 1988 Dec 10;2(8624):1364–1364. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90896-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Gerberding J. L. Diagnosis and management of HIV-infected patients with diarrhoea. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1989 Jan;23 (Suppl A):83–87. doi: 10.1093/jac/23.suppl_a.83. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Gonzalez M. M., Gould E., Dickinson G., Martinez A. J., Visvesvara G., Cleary T. J., Hensley G. T. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated with Acanthamoeba infection and other opportunistic organisms. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1986 Aug;110(8):749–751. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gradoni L., Gramiccia M., Betti F. Fatal visceral disease caused by a dermotropic Leishmania in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect. 1990 Mar;20(2):180–182. doi: 10.1016/0163-4453(90)93730-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Greder A., Malet M., Gautier P., Lassaigne D., Duhamel C., Lamy C., Bazin C. Pleurésie révélatrice d'une leishmaniose au cours d'un syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise. Presse Med. 1989 Sep 16;18(28):1390–1391. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Grimes M. M., LaPook J. D., Bar M. H., Wasserman H. S., Dwork A. Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol. 1987 Mar;18(3):307–308. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(87)80015-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hart A. S., Ridinger M. T., Soundarajan R., Peters C. S., Swiatlo A. L., Kocka F. E. Novel organism associated with chronic diarrhoea in AIDS. Lancet. 1990 Jan 20;335(8682):169–170. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90042-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hasleton P. S., Curry A., Rankin E. M. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a light microscopical and ultrastructural study. J Clin Pathol. 1981 Oct;34(10):1138–1146. doi: 10.1136/jcp.34.10.1138. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Heyman M. R., Rasmussen P. Pneumocystis carinii involvement of the bone marrow in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol. 1987 Jun;87(6):780–783. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/87.6.780. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Holliman R. E. Toxoplasmosis and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Infect. 1988 Mar;16(2):121–128. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(88)93847-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Israelski D. M., Skowron G., Leventhal J. P., Long I., Blankenship C. F., Barrio G. W., Prince J. B., Araujo F. G., Remington J. S. Toxoplasma peritonitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 1988 Jul;148(7):1655–1657. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kerschmann R. L., Wolfson J. S., McHugh G. L., Dickersin G. R., Hooper D. C., Swartz M. N. Novobiocin-induced ultrastructural changes and antagonism of DNA synthesis in Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes growing in cell-free medium. J Protozool. 1989 Jan-Feb;36(1):14–20. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1989.tb02669.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Koch M., Heizmann W. Problems in the detection of Pneumocystis carinii by indirect immunofluorescence. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1990 Jan;9(1):58–59. doi: 10.1007/BF01969543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Kovacs J. A., Masur H. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: therapy and prophylaxis. J Infect Dis. 1988 Jul;158(1):254–259. doi: 10.1093/infdis/158.1.254. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Kovacs J. A., Masur H. Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: an update. J Infect Dis. 1989 Nov;160(5):882–886. doi: 10.1093/infdis/160.5.882. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Loose J. H., Sedergran D. J., Cooper H. S. Identification of cryptosporidium in paraffin-embedded tissue sections with the use of a monoclonal antibody. Am J Clin Pathol. 1989 Feb;91(2):206–209. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/91.2.206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Lucas S. B. Missing infections in AIDS. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84 (Suppl 1):34–38. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90453-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Lucas S. B., Papadaki L., Conlon C., Sewankambo N., Goodgame R., Serwadda D. Diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with AIDS. J Clin Pathol. 1989 Aug;42(8):885–887. doi: 10.1136/jcp.42.8.885-b. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Macher A. M., Bardenstein D. S., Zimmerman L. E., Steigman C. K., Pastore L., Poretz D. M., Eron L. J. Pneumocystis carinii choroiditis in a male homosexual with AIDS and disseminated pulmonary and extrapulmonary P. carinii infection. N Engl J Med. 1987 Apr 23;316(17):1092–1092. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198704233161715. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Masur H., Lane H. C., Kovacs J. A., Allegra C. J., Edman J. C. NIH conference. Pneumocystis pneumonia: from bench to clinic. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Nov 15;111(10):813–826. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-813. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Masur H., Ognibene F. P., Yarchoan R., Shelhamer J. H., Baird B. F., Travis W., Suffredini A. F., Deyton L., Kovacs J. A., Falloon J. CD4 counts as predictors of opportunistic pneumonias in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Aug 1;111(3):223–231. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-111-3-223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. McCabe R., Remington J. S. Toxoplasmosis: the time has come. N Engl J Med. 1988 Feb 4;318(5):313–315. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198802043180509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Morrow R. H., Colebunders R. L., Chin J. Interactions of HIV infection with endemic tropical diseases. AIDS. 1989;3 (Suppl 1):S79–S87. doi: 10.1097/00002030-198901001-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Nguyen-Dinh P., Greenberg A. E., Mann J. M., Kabote N., Francis H., Colebunders R. L., Huong A. Y., Quinn T. C., Davachi F., Lyamba B. Absence of association between Plasmodium falciparum malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection in children in Kinshasa, Zaire. Bull World Health Organ. 1987;65(5):607–613. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Pape J. W., Verdier R. I., Johnson W. D., Jr Treatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989 Apr 20;320(16):1044–1047. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198904203201604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Pifer L. L., Hughes W. T., Stagno S., Woods D. Pneumocystis carinii infection: evidence for high prevalence in normal and immunosuppressed children. Pediatrics. 1978 Jan;61(1):35–41. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Restrepo C., Macher A. M., Radany E. H. Disseminated extraintestinal isosporiasis in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol. 1987 Apr;87(4):536–542. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/87.4.536. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Rijpstra A. C., Canning E. U., Van Ketel R. J., Eeftinck Schattenkerk J. K., Laarman J. J. Use of light microscopy to diagnose small-intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1988 Apr;157(4):827–831. doi: 10.1093/infdis/157.4.827. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Rosenthal P. J., Chaisson R. E., Hadley W. K., Leech J. H. Rectal leishmaniasis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med. 1988 Feb;84(2):307–309. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(88)90430-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Saldana M. J., Mones J. M. Cavitation and other atypical manifestations of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1989 Aug;6(3):273–286. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Scaglia M., Villa M., Gatti S., Gianelli F., Fabio F. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989 May-Jun;83(3):338–339. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(89)90494-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Schinella R. A., Breda S. D., Hammerschlag P. E. Otic infection due to Pneumocystis carinii in an apparently healthy man with antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Mar;106(3):399–400. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-106-3-399. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Sewankambo N., Mugerwa R. D., Goodgame R., Carswell J. W., Moody A., Lloyd G., Lucas S. B. Enteropathic AIDS in Uganda. An endoscopic, histological and microbiological study. AIDS. 1987 May;1(1):9–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Shadduck J. A. Human microsporidiosis and AIDS. Rev Infect Dis. 1989 Mar-Apr;11(2):203–207. doi: 10.1093/clinids/11.2.203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Simooya O. O., Mwendapole R. M., Siziya S., Fleming A. F. Relation between falciparum malaria and HIV seropositivity in Ndola, Zambia. BMJ. 1988 Jul 2;297(6640):30–31. doi: 10.1136/bmj.297.6640.30. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Smith D., Gazzard B., Lindley R. P., Darwish A., Reed C., Bryceson A. D., Evans D. A. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar) in a patient with AIDS. AIDS. 1989 Jan;3(1):41–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Smith M. A., Hirschfield L. S., Zahtz G., Siegal F. P. Pneumocystis carinii otitis media. Am J Med. 1988 Nov;85(5):745–746. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(88)80264-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Smith P. D., Lane H. C., Gill V. J., Manischewitz J. F., Quinnan G. V., Fauci A. S., Masur H. Intestinal infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Etiology and response to therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Mar;108(3):328–333. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-328. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Sneed S. R., Blodi C. F., Berger B. B., Speights J. W., Folk J. C., Weingeist T. A. Pneumocystitis carinii choroiditis in patients receiving inhaled pentamidine. N Engl J Med. 1990 Mar 29;322(13):936–937. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199003293221318. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Soave R., Danner R. L., Honig C. L., Ma P., Hart C. C., Nash T., Roberts R. B. Cryptosporidiosis in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Apr;100(4):504–511. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-100-4-504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Sorvillo F., Lieb L., Iwakoshi K., Waterman S. H. Isospora belli and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jan 11;322(2):131–132. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199001113220214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Terada S., Reddy K. R., Jeffers L. J., Cali A., Schiff E. R. Microsporidan hepatitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Jul;107(1):61–62. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-107-1-61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Thomas S., O'Doherty M., Bateman N. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. BMJ. 1990 Jan 27;300(6719):211–212. doi: 10.1136/bmj.300.6719.211. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Tuazon C. U. Toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1989 Jan;23 (Suppl A):77–82. doi: 10.1093/jac/23.suppl_a.77. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Unger P. D., Rosenblum M., Krown S. E. Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol. 1988 Jan;19(1):113–116. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(88)80327-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Wiley C. A., Safrin R. E., Davis C. E., Lampert P. W., Braude A. I., Martinez A. J., Visvesvara G. S. Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis in a patient with AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1987 Jan;155(1):130–133. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.1.130. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Xamoterol in severe heart failure. The Xamoterol in Severe Heart Failure Study Group. Lancet. 1990 Jul 7;336(8706):1–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Zender H. O., Arrigoni E., Eckert J., Kapanci Y. A case of Encephalitozoon cuniculi peritonitis in a patient with AIDS. Am J Clin Pathol. 1989 Sep;92(3):352–356. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/92.3.352. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Zierdt C. H., Tan H. K. Ultrastructure and light microscope appearance of Blastocystis hominis in a patient with enteric disease. Z Parasitenkd. 1976 Oct 12;50(3):277–283. doi: 10.1007/BF02462972. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Clinical Pathology are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES