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. 2016 Jul 19;2016:4519846. doi: 10.1155/2016/4519846

Evaluation of Outflow Structures In Vivo after the Phacocanaloplasty

Daiva Paulaviciute-Baikstiene 1,*, Renata Vaiciuliene 1, Vytautas Jasinskas 1, Ingrida Januleviciene 1
PMCID: PMC4969526  PMID: 27516898

Abstract

Purpose. To evaluate the in vivo changes in Schlemm's canal (SC) and the trabecular meshwork (TM) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) after phacocanaloplasty using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Methods. Ten eyes of nine patients with POAG (6 men and 3 women) who underwent phacocanaloplasty. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and use of glaucoma medications were evaluated. The main outcome measures were the area of SC and TM thickness assessed using AS-OCT before and 12 months after surgery. Results. We found statistically significant reduction in IOP (from 26.4 (8.6) mmHg to 12.9 (2.5) (p < 0.05) mmHg), increase in VA from 0.7 (0.4) to 0.9 (0.2), and decrease in glaucoma medication from 2.6 (1.2) to 1.1 (1.3) at 12 months postoperatively. There was a significant increase in the SC area (3081.7 (842.8) μm2 versus 5098.8 (1190.5) μm2, p < 0.001) and a decrease in mean TM thickness (91.2 (18.6) μm versus 81.3 (15.1) μm, p = 0.001) after surgery. We found negative correlations between SC area and IOP before surgery (r = −0.67, p = 0.03) and also between SC area before and IOP reduction 12 months after the phacocanaloplasty (r = −0.80, p = 0.005). Conclusions. Our results showed statistically significant dilation of SC area and reduction of TM thickness after phacocanaloplasty in POAG patients. The degree of SC expansion was related to the IOP decrease.

1. Introduction

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor for the presence and progression of glaucoma [1]. The conventional drainage route of aqueous humor occurs via the trabecular meshwork (TM), Schlemm's canal (SC), collector channels, and aqueous veins and then streams into episcleral venous circulation. Appropriate secretion and regulation of aqueous humor are essential for normal eye function [2].

SC plays an important role in regulating IOP in the human eye [3, 4]. Dimensions of SC may correlate with the IOP fluctuations [5]. When topical glaucoma medication treatment is ineffective Schlemm's canal based nonperforated glaucoma surgery is considered to be the most effective method to lower IOP [6]. Canaloplasty is an advanced interventional glaucoma treatment. It has gained increasing popularity as a surgical procedure by attempting to stimulate the natural outflow pathway and to be independent of filtering blebs [7]. The point of canaloplasty effect is circumferential dilation and suture tensioning of SC inner wall, after which SC is permanently enlarged and better access to the collector channels is achieved [8].

In a small number of eyes, this surgery could be unsuccessful because of a nonreversible disruption of collector channels or other outflow pathways that cannot be expanded due to anatomical factors [9]. Technological advances like anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) with high axial resolution allow us to observe in vivo structural and pathophysiological changes in SC and the TM thickness [10]. Only a few studies assessed the anatomical changes of SC and TM before and after a nonpenetrating surgical procedure. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate and to compare SC and TM parameters before and one year after phacocanaloplasty in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) using AS-OCT. Main outcome measurements included SC area and TM thickness with respect to IOP as a secondary variable.

2. Materials and Methods

All study procedures were carried out according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study protocol was approved by the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Review Board. Study objectives and methods were explained to all the subjects prior to the examination. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients.

The inclusion criteria for surgical cataract and glaucoma treatment were POAG patients over 18 years with medically uncontrolled IOP, progressing glaucoma with diffuse and/or subcortical and/or nuclear lens opacities that influenced visual acuity or visual function that no longer met patients' needs. One patient had an allergy to all IOP-lowering medications. Pregnant or nursing women, patients with uncontrolled systemic diseases, previous ocular surgery, secondary glaucoma, and congenital glaucoma, and patients with a history of other eye diseases or trauma were excluded from the study.

Ophthalmic examination consisted of Snellen best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), IOP (Goldmann tonometer—an average of 3 separate IOP measurements was taken), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, gonioscopy (VOLK, Three-Mirror Lens), fundus examination measurements, visual field testing (24-2 SITA-Standard strategy; Humphrey Standard Achromatic Perimetry), and AS-OCT (Nidek, RS-3000, Advance, Japan) before and 12 months after the phacocanaloplasty. Patients were examined at the same time of the day to avoid fluctuations.

2.1. Surgical Procedure

Phacocanaloplasty is a relatively new nonpenetrating surgical procedure [9]. The conjunctiva was dissected at the limbus in the superior medial segment. A 5.0 × 5.0 mm parabolic shape superficial scleral flap was created including about one-third of superficial scleral thickness. The second scleral flap was of the same shape but slightly smaller than the superficial one and involved almost all remaining scleral thickness. The flap was dissected to the limbal area until SC was localized. Later continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, standard phacoemulsification, and endocapsular foldable intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were performed. After cataract surgery, SC was unroofed and remnants of corneal stroma were striped from the Descemet membrane (DM) about 0.5 mm towards the center of the cornea. Created flap was excised performing a window of DM. Ostia of SC were dilated with Healon GV® with a micro cannula. A flexible microcatheter (iTrack-250A, iScience) was introduced into the ostia of SC. After complete 360° passing of the iTrack® a Prolene Suture (10-0) was fixed to the distal tip of the microcatheter and looped through the canal. At the same time, SC was filled and dilated with Healon GV. The suture was tightened to stretch the inner wall of SC and the TM circumferentially. The distension of the canal was observed clinically by the inward movement of the suture and inner wall of exposed SC at the surgical access area. The suture was tightened under tension on a soft eye and tied in order to stretch the TM circumferentially and to open the SC when IOP returned to normal. The superficial flap was closed and sutured watertight with 10-0 vicryl sutures.

All surgical procedures were performed by the same surgeon V. J.

2.2. SC and TM Measurements Using Optical Coherence Tomography

For SC and TM scanning, all subjects underwent spectral-domain AS-OCT imaging (Nidek, RS-3000, Advance, Japan). Cross-sectional images are captured with the optical interferometer using an infrared light source with a wavelength of 880 nm. Scans centered on the pupil and were obtained using the standard anterior segment single-scan protocol in the horizontal meridian, at the 3 and 9 o'clock position. Baseline SC scanning was performed one day before phacocanaloplasty. Follow-up angle scanning was carried out twelve months after surgery. The SC was observable in all ten eyes which were included in the study. Based on image quality three images were chosen for final analysis.

2.3. Image Analysis

The AS-OCT images of SC were imported in ImageJ (ImageJ v1.50b, NIH, https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/) for analysis after they were enhanced with the adaptive compensation algorithm. Contrast and magnification were adjusted to maximize visualization. Scans with poor resolution and/or nonvisible SC were excluded. According to the previous studies, SC was defined as observable when the thin, black, lucent space was found outside of the TM on the AS-OCT images [11].

The SC area was drawn freehand and represented the area surrounded by the outline of SC and then was measured manually by a masked operator (Figure 1). The area of SC in each site was recorded as the arithmetic mean of measurements from three images. TM thickness was measured below the SC from the anterior to the posterior end point of SC. The mean of the nasal and temporal SC and TM was used in the analysis.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Visualization of outflow structures (SC, TM) with AS-OCT. The image was adjusted to maximize visualization with ImageJ program.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 for Windows (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). The level of significance p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Preoperative and postoperative data were analysed with the Wilcoxon test. Relations between data were analysed using Spearman's correlation.

3. Results

The mean age of participants was 51.3 (14.7) years; 3 patients were women and 6 were men (totally 10 eyes). Mean glaucoma duration was 7 (5.1) years (min 1 and max 18). The visual field mean deviation was −9.6 (10.9) dB and we found no statistically significant changes one year after surgery. Preoperative and postoperative data are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Comparison between preoperative and postoperative parameters.

  Preoperative Postoperative
BCVA 0.7 (0.4) 0.9 (0.2)
IOP, mmHg 26.4 (8.6) 12.9 (2.5)∗
MD, dB −9.6 (10.9) −10.53 (10.4)
Number of IOP-lowering drugs 2.6 (1.2) 1.1 (1.3)∗
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BCVA: best corrected visual acuity; IOP: intraocular pressure; MD: mean deviation.

Values are shown in mean (SD), ∗ p < 0.05, based on Wilcoxon test.

After phacocanaloplasty surgery IOP decreased statistically significantly to 12.9 (2.5) (p < 0.05) mmHg (or 51.1% from preoperative value). Nine eyes were under medical treatment before surgery (min 0 and max 4) and four eyes after surgery (min 0 and max 3) (p < 0.05).

3.1. Changes in Anterior Chamber Angle Morphology after the Phacocanaloplasty

There was a statistically significant increase in the SC area at the follow-up examination compared with the baseline value (SC area: 3081.7 (842.8) μm2 versus 5098.8 (1190.5) μm2, p < 0.001) (Figure 2). Interestingly, the mean TM thickness decreased statistically significantly after surgical treatment (91.2 (18.6) μm versus 81.3 (15.1) μm, p = 0.001).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Anatomical changes of SC before ((a), (c)) and after ((b), (d)) phacocanaloplasty. Visualization was maximized by adjusting contrast and magnification using ImageJ program ((c), before surgery, and (d), after surgery).

We found a negative correlation between reduction in IOP at 12 months after baseline and the SC area before surgery (r = −0.80, p = 0.005) (Figure 3). Also, mean SC area negatively correlated with IOP before surgery (r = −0.67, p = 0.03) (Figure 4). We found a significant correlation between a preoperative number of glaucoma medications and SC area after surgery (r = −0.82, p = 0.004) (Figure 5).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Scattergram showing the relationship between the SC area before surgery and the reduction of IOP.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Scattergram showing the relationship between the SC area and IOP before surgery.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Scattergram showing the relationship between the SC area after surgery and glaucoma medication before surgery.

4. Discussion

The current study investigated changes in SC and TM as two main structures of the conventional outflow tract after the phacocanaloplasty. It is believed that IOP reduction after canaloplasty is achieved by opening previously nonfunctional areas of the outflow system and alleviating the natural aqueous drainage system through collector channels and aqueous veins [12]. The decrease of IOP after effective canaloplasty is usually assigned to the successful plasticity of the SC [13, 14].

However, earlier conclusions about SC and the TM were made in vitro. Technological advances (AS-OCT, UBM) let us in vivo evaluate outflow structures associated with phacocanaloplasty [14, 15]. AS-OCT offers a high-resolution imaging of superficial conjunctival areas, SC, and TM after nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery, whereas with UBM it is easier to detect deeper structures such as intracanal sutures and scleral lakes [14].

To our knowledge, only a few original studies aimed to assess the anatomical changes of SC after the canaloplasty. Usui et al. reported that SC area was enlarged after the pseudo viscocanalostomy in enucleated human eye. These results were supported by histologic sections [16]. Fuest and colleagues examined a total of twelve POAG patients with spectral-domain AS-OCT and UBM and found enlargement of the SC height and width three months after the nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery. They reported that the collapse in SC occurred mainly because of a reduction in height in glaucomatous eyes [14]. In the present study, we evaluated SC area; compared to Fuest different AS-OCT system was used. We were focused on the late postoperative data. Our results demonstrated the distension of the SC area one year postoperatively with sufficiently low IOP. Fuest et al. identified that dilation of SC negatively correlated with the IOP after surgery. We found a strong negative correlation between the SC area before surgery and the reduction of IOP. Studies carried out by other authors reported that a strong correlation exists between the outflow capacity and SC dimensions [5, 10, 15, 17].

Studies of single point SC measurements from healthy and POAG patients have established that SC area in healthy patients was significantly larger than in POAG patients [5, 10, 15, 18, 19]. Kagemann et al. in their study made by high-density OCT showed that acute IOP elevations in healthy eyes with open angles resulted in a reduced SC cross-sectional area [20]. They subjectively explained that compression of SC is possibly due to a movement of the inner wall towards the outer and might be a result of elevated IOP. Irshad et al. established that the diameter of SC was smaller in eyes with previous glaucoma surgery compared with eyes without glaucoma surgery [21]. Furthermore, Kagemann and colleagues obtained that SC area varies between 4064 and 7164 μm2 [11, 20, 22–24]. Our results analysed and estimated with enough new ImageJ program showed that average of SC area was 3081.7 (842.8) μm2 before and 5098.8 (1190.5) μm2 after surgery. It is important to mention that the results of anterior segment structures performed with different visualization methods (UBM or AS-OST) or systems from different manufacturers may vary.

According to the previous studies, TM also could be visualized and measured in vivo. Filla with colleagues in a prospective study found that increased extracellular matrix expression and deposits in the TM resulted in an increase in IOP [25]. Johnstone and Grant reported that elevated IOP may induce the TM compression [26]. TM thickness measurements were performed with UBM in Yan et al. study. Authors noticed that TM thickness was smaller in POAG patients compared to healthy controls (103.9 (11.1) versus 88.3 (13.2) μm). They also found a negative correlation with IOP [15]. In the present study, we measured TM thickness with AS-OCT below the SC and compared preoperative and postoperative results. We revealed that TM thickness decreased after expansion of the SC area when compared to presurgical values. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the measurement of TM thickness in living human individuals after phacocanaloplasty.

Recent studies revealed a significant decrease in IOP by approximately 40% with a reduction of medications from 2.3 to 1.0 [4, 27–29] and less surgical complications in canaloplasty than in trabeculectomy [30–34]. A number of retrospective and prospective studies found better results concerning IOP reduction in combined surgical (phacocanaloplasty) cases compared with canaloplasty [32, 33]. The present study results demonstrated a significant correlation between a number of preoperative IOP-lowering drugs and SC area after surgery. Our results suggest that phacocanaloplasty surgery has been shown to be an effective and safe method to reduce IOP (51.1% from preoperative value) and a number of medications (from 2.6 to 1.1) in POAG patients.

Our study has some limitations: relatively small sample size which made it difficult to investigate SC and TM morphology at different stages of POAG. Our AS-OCT system did not have a tracking system for the exact location finding. We have followed a constant AS-OCT imaging protocol which contained scanning of specific sites (at 3 and 9 o'clock). The arithmetic mean of SC area was obtained from three images of the best quality. We have scanned anterior segment horizontally leaving the superior and inferior limbus zones not evaluated. This was done to prevent interference from the eyelids. For that reason, data may not represent overall circumferential changes in these outflow structures (SC and TM). Future studies with longer follow-up periods and a larger group of patients could help to understand the long-term effects and success rates of phacocanaloplasty.

5. Conclusions

Phacocanaloplasty is an effective treatment option for patients with cataract and POAG. SC and TM can be noninvasively imaged in living human eyes by AS-OCT. Our results showed statistically significant dilation of SC area and reduction of TM thickness after phacocanaloplasty. The results imply a negative correlation of the expansion of SC with the IOP-lowering effect after surgery.

Disclosure

The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

Competing Interests

None of the authors has conflict of interests with the submission.

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