Abstract
Introduction: It is thought that pituitary-adrenal axis has a fundamental role in outcome of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). This study designed to evaluate the correlation between adrenal reserve and post-resuscitation outcome.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 52 consecutive patients with CPA were enrolled in two emergency departments (EDs) over a 3-month period. Plasma cortisol level was measured at the beginning of CPR. Intravenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test was carried out after successful CPR, and blood samples were taken at 30 and 60 minutes, and 24 hours thereafter. Patients were divided into two groups: in-hospital death or hospital discharge.
Results: In patients who died, baseline and post-ACTH serum cortisol after 30 and 60 minutes and 24 hours were higher than patients who discharged from the hospital, but it was not statistically significant except to that of minute 60 (P=0.49). A model of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age and need for vasopressor infusion correlated with mortality.
Conclusion: Current study could not show the statistically significant difference in initial and post-ACTH serum cortisol levels between survivor and non-survivor patients with cardiac arrest who had initial successful CPR, except to that of minute 60.
Keywords: Cardiopulmonary Arrest, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Adrenal Insufficiency, Return of Spontaneous Circulation, Cortisol Level, Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Introduction
According to American Heart Association’s National Registry of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, survival to hospital discharge is 17.6% after in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) (for all rhythms).1
Time of circulation recovery has a paramount role in post resuscitation outcome. However, some secondary pathogenic processes cause organs dysfunction and influence patient outcome.2-4
Among these factors, RAI has been associated with poor prognosis in the critically ill patients.5 Any stress can stimulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and therefore change serum cortisol level.6
In Tsai clinical trial, patients who received hydrocortisone during CPR achieved higher ROSC rates.7
Hékimian et al8 reported that patients with successful CPR may die because of early refractory shock due to impaired adrenal reserve. In contrast, de Jong et al9 showed that pituitary-adrenal axis is more active in non-survivors than survivors of CPA and concluded that there is no association between RAI and death; hence, hydrocortisone prescription is not necessary.
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the status of HPA axis function by serum cortisol assay in victims of CPA with successful CPR. Results were analyzed in relation to death, survival, and hospital discharge of patients.
Materials and Methods
We conducted a clinical trial which was approved by medical ethics committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). It was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT201111092337N5). Fifty-two patients, who had successful CPR in two academic emergency departments (EDs) since January 2012 to March 2012, were enrolled in the study. All of the patients experienced CPA in ED.
The exclusion criteria were: age less than 18, end stages of chronic diseases like cancer, and steroid use prior to CPA. The patients were resuscitated by emergency medicine residents by supervision of emergency medicine faculty according to American Heart Association guideline 2010. The ROSC was confirmed if the patients showed central or peripheral pulses after each 2 minutes cycle of CPR.
Study protocol
Plasma cortisol was measured at the beginning of the CPR process. Cosyntropin test was carried out using 0.1 mg (40 units) intravenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) as a bolus injection after a successful CPR. Blood samples were taken at 30 and 60 minutes and also 24 hours after ROSC. Serum cortisol was measured using an immune-enzymetric assay (Vidas-cortisol; Biomérieux, Lyon, France). The detection limit was considered 0.2 μg/dL. Response to cortisol (Δmax) was defined as the difference between the baseline and levels in the abovementioned intervals.
We used low dose test because of its better accuracy in diagnosis of subtle deficiency.10 Non-responders were defined as those having less than 9 μg/dL increase in cortisol level which was named as RAI.11 A primary outcome was patients’ outcome as in-hospital death or hospital discharge according to the status of HPA axis function.
Statistical analysis
Sample size was 52 cases that calculated by Cochran formulas, Z: 1.96, p & q: 0.5, the acceptable margin of error: 5% and a 95% CI. The power of the study was 80%.
Results were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for quantitative variables and were summarized by absolute frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Categorical variables were compared using chi-square test. Quantitative variables were also compared with t test. Multiple variable logistic regression model analyses were used to estimate the odds ratios of outcome parameters (95% CIs).
Relations between two continuous variables were analyzed using the Spearman rank correlation test. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P values of 0.05 or less were considered statistically significant.
Results
Fifty-two patients with successful CPR after CPA were included in the study during a 3-month period. The median age of patients was 68.78 (SD: ± 2.21) years. 30 (57.7%) patients were men. The mean interval time since arrest to CPR and arrest to ROSC were 7.32 ± 0.89 and 21.75 ± 14.04 minutes, respectively. All the patients experienced in hospital CPA in ED. CPA had cardiac origin in 10 of 41 dead and 9 of 11 discharged patients, respectively (P = 0.01).
Forty-one (78.8%) patients died; the cause of death was assumed early refractory shock in 13 and late organ dysfunction in 28 of them. Fifty-two samples were obtained 30 and 60 minutes after ACTH stimulation test, compared to 39 samples after 24 hours. Patients’ characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Patients’ characteristics.
| Characteristics | Non-survivors (n=41) | Survivors (n=11) | P value |
| Age (years) | 69.11 ± 3.43 | 63.01 ± 2.77 | 0.03* |
| Sex (males %) | 23 (56.09) | 7 (63.63) | 0.49 |
| CPR duration (min) | 22.12 ± 3.22 | 19.32 ± 3.64 | 0.08 |
| Etiology | 0.01* | ||
| Cardiac | 10 | 9 | |
| Non cardiac | 31 | 2 | |
| Initial rhythm | |||
| Asystole | 31 (75.6) | 7 (63.6) | 0.12 |
| VF | 7 (17) | 3 (27.2) | 0.1 |
| PEA | 2 (4.8) | 1 (9) | 0.08 |
| VT | 0 (0) | 1 (9) | 0.22 |
| DC shock | 12 | 4 | 0.15 |
| Vasopressor infusion | 24 (58.5) | 4 (36.3) | 0.01* |
Abbreviations: CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Vf, ventricular fibrillation; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; VT, ventricular tachycardia.
Quantitative and qualitative variables were presented as mean ± SD and number (percent), respectively. Significance level was considered as 0.05.
The mean serum cortisol levels of all patients were (61.32 μg/dL; SD ± 6.63) at the beginning of CPR. Baseline and post-ACTH injection mean cortisol levels were significantly higher in females than males (P < 0.05).
41 (78.8%), 30 (57.6%) and 6 (11.5%) patients had RAI at 30 and 60 minutes and 24 hours after ACTH stimulation test, respectively.
Patients who died, had higher serum cortisol levels at baseline, 30 and 60 minutes, and 24 hours after cosyntropin test, compared to the survivors (Table 2), but the difference was not statistically significant except to that of minute 60.
Table 2. Comparison of serum cortisol level according to the outcome.
| Serum cortisol, µg/dL | Non-survivors | Survivors | P |
| Baseline | 84.25 ± 45.41 | 49.36 ± 36.46 | 0.09 |
| 30 min post-cosyntropin test | 94.04 ± 50.95 | 57.72 ± 38.90 | 0.085 |
| 60 min post-cosyntropin test | 103.23 ± 54.99 | 62.64 ± 42.36 | 0.049 |
| 24 h post-cosyntropin test | 100.05 ± 62.48 | 97.48 ± 75.90 | 0.6 |
Variables were presented as mean ± SD. Significance level was considered as 0.05.
Patients who died, showed more increase in serum cortisol levels at 30 and 60 minutes and 24 hours after cosyntropin test, compared to the survivors (Table 3), but the differences were not statistically significant.
Table 3. Comparison of increase in serum cortisol levels according to the outcome.
| Increase in serum cortisol levels (µg/dL) | Non-survivors | Survivors | P |
| 30 min post-cosyntropin test | 8.81 ± 22.79 | 1.00 ± 6.85 | 0.086 |
| 60 min post-cosyntropin test | 15.08 ± 24.51 | 2.17 ± 14.20 | 0.246 |
| 24 h post-cosyntropin test | 50.69 ± 52.13 | 32.81 ± 19.82 | 0.054 |
Variables were presented as mean ± SD. Significance level was considered as 0.05.
A model of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age and need for vasopressor infusion correlated with mortality (Table 4).
Table 4. Results of multivariable regression analysis of factors associated with death.
| Characteristics | OR | CI 95% | P |
| Sex | 0.95 | 0.77-1.08 | 0.499 |
| Age | 1.1 | 1.06-1.12 | 0.03* |
| Necessity Of vasopressore | 2.33 | 1.40-3.65 | 0.01* |
| Primary cardiac rhythm | 1.71 | 0.87-2.44 | 0.33 |
| CPR duration | 1.42 | 0.88-2.11 | 0.073 |
| AI according to 30 min post-cosyntropin test | 0.99 | 0.94-1.11 | 0.27 |
| AI according to 60 min post-cosyntropin test | 1.39 | 0.89-2.08 | 0.079 |
| AI according to 24 h post-cosyntropin test | 1.30 | 0.90-1.86 | 0.173 |
Abbreviations: AI, adrenal insufficiency; OR, Odds ratio; CPR, cardiopulmonary arrest.
Significance level was considered as 0.05.
Discussion
This research showed that patients with higher initial serum cortisol levels or those who had more increase in serum cortisol levels after ACTH stimulation test experienced worse outcome after ROSC, but this is statistically significant only at 60 minutes after ACTH injection.
Previous studies on post CPA patients have shown that vasopressin-dependent shock and impaired adrenal function are common after CPA.12-14
Prior studies proved that corticosteroids reverse shock state and improve outcome in patients with septic shock15,16; two studies achieved higher ROSC rates with administration of hydrocortisone during CPR.7,17
Multiple studies contrary to our study showed that serum cortisol levels are higher in survivors of CPA and impaired adrenal function leads to a dismal outcome.12
Some researchers achieved the same results like ours. They found that baseline and post ACTH levels of cortisol were higher in non-survivors; so, they concluded that higher cortisol levels were associated with poorer outcome.8,9,18
Conflicting results of these studies may be attributable to some reasons.
First, the level of cortisol is closely related to the severity of underlying disease; so, higher level of cortisol reflects more severity of stress, and it leads to poorer outcome. In CPA as the most critical condition, the higher level of cortisol is expected, particularly in non survivors who are probably exposed to higher level of stress.
Second, although the patients with chronic end-stage disease excluded from the study, there is no information on the cause, severity or duration of the illnesses precipitating the out-of-hospital CPA. Patient’s characteristics and other factors including time since CPA to CPR, duration of CPR and hypotension, time of initial and other sampling for cortisol and time of ACTH test, all may explain the differences among results of similar studies.
The most important point is whether the previous definition of normal basal serum cortisol and RAI (incremental response to ACTH <9 μg/dL) are applicable in the context of ROSC upon CPA or not.
CPA as the most critical illness with sudden multiple organ circulatory collapse and need to special drugs with multiple physiologic effects, is very different from other illnesses.
In this extreme stressful situation, the pituitary adrenal axis is stimulated maximally and may not response further to ACTH stimulation.19
On the other hand, in a recent study, Boonen et al20 showed ACTH – cortisol dissociation during critical illnesses. They found that cortisol metabolism is decreased in critical illness and results in suppression of cortisol response to ACTH stimulation test; hence, the diagnostic value of adrenal insufficiency is questionable in this situation.
Many researches showed lower serum cortisol levels as a predictor of worse outcome in successfully resuscitated victims of CPA. The new finding of this study is different. So, we need more research for acceptance of this theory to add corticosteroid to the cardiac resuscitation guidelines.
Limitations
This study had several limitations. Defining adrenal insufficiency as a change in cortisol level of 9 mcg/dL is arbitrary. Although “9” has been defined in some prior studies, the definition of adrenal insufficiency by ACTH stimulation test in sick/critically ill individuals is controversial and not universally applicable. Also, we excluded the patients who did not have successful CPR. They could affect the results of study. Also we do not have any information about acute or chronic clinical status of the patients. More chronic and prolonged critical illness has profound effect on serum cortisol levels.
Conclusion
Current study couldn’t show the statistically significant difference in initial and post ACTH serum cortisol levels between survivor and non-survivor patients with cardiac arrest who had initial successful CPR, except to that of minute 60. We need more research to find importance of corticosteroid during and after cardiac arrest.
Acknowledgements
This study was the residency thesis of Dr. Mosaddegh with supervision of Dr. Mofidi by grant of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).
Ethical approval
This study was approved by medical ethics committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).
Competing interests
Authors declare no conflict of interests in this study.
Please cite this article as: Mosaddegh R, Kianmehr N, Mahshidfar B, Rahmani Z, Aghdam H, Mofidi M. Serum cortisol level and adrenal reserve as a predictor of patients’ outcome after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2016;8(2):61-64. doi: 10.15171/jcvtr.2016.12.
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