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. 2016 Aug 9;6:31237. doi: 10.1038/srep31237

EGFR and SYNE2 are associated with p21 expression and SYNE2 variants predict post-operative clinical outcomes in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Chuangye Han 1,*, Xiwen Liao 1,*, Wei Qin 1,*, Long Yu 1, Xiaoguang Liu 1, Gang Chen 2, Zhengtao Liu 1, Sicong Lu 1, Zhiwei Chen 1, Hao Su 1, Guangzhi Zhu 1, Zili Lu 2, Zhiming Liu 3, Xue Qin 4, Ying Gui 5, Zengnan Mo 6, Lequn Li 7, Tao Peng 1,a
PMCID: PMC4977508  PMID: 27502069

Abstract

This study was to explore the association between gene variants and p21 expression and investigate the TP53-independent p21 regulation in hepatitis B virus (HBV) related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients from Guangxi by genome-wide association study. 426 HBV-related HCC patients were enrolled. Results showed that, after quality control, a total of 21,643 SNPs were identified in 107 p21 positive and 298 p21 negative patients. The variants of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; rs2227983 and rs6950826) and spectrin repeat containing, nuclear envelope 2 (SYNE2; rs8010699, rs4027405 and rs1890908) were associated with p21 expression. Moreover the haplotype block (rs2227983 and rs6950826, r2 = 0.378) in EGFR and the haplotype block in SYNE2 (rs8010699 was in strong LD with rs4027405 and rs1890908 (r2 = 0.91 and 0.70, respectively)) were identified, and the haplotype A-G of EGFR and haplotype G-A-A of SYNE2 were significantly associated with p21 expression (P < 0.01). rs4027405 and rs1890908 were significantly associated with overall survival, and patients with AG/GG genotypes of SYNE2 gene had a worse overall survival (P = 0.001, P = 0.002). Our findings indicate that variants of EGFR and SYNE2 play an important role in p21 regulation and are associated with the clinical outcome of HBV-related HCC in a TP53-indenpdent manner.

Worldwide, the primary liver cancer has been the 5th most common malignancy in men and the 6th in women1. Global Cancer Statistics1 in 2012 shows that approximate 782,500 new liver cancer cases and 745,500 deaths occur worldwide in 2012, about half of which are found in China. Moreover, about 70–90% of primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)2. There is a geographic difference in the incidence of HCC, which is mainly caused by some etiological variations, with the highest incidence in Eastern, South-Eastern Asia and Northern and Western Africa and the lowest incidence in South-Central Asia and Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe. The major causes of HCC include the infection by hepatitis virus B (HBV) and/or hepatitis C (HCV), aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1) exposure, fasciola hepatica infection and alcoholic cirrhosis3,4. Both HBV infection and AFB1 exposure are the prominent etiological factors of HCC in Guangxi, a region in southern China5.

Hepatocarcinogenesis is an extremely complex process, and there is no a specific molecular mechanism that can elucidate this process. Investigations have demonstrated that the dys-regulation of cell cycle plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of HCC6,7. p21 is a major cell cycle regulator. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor and a downstream factor of TP53. It can causes G1 growth arrest and thus it is also as known as a tumor suppressor8,9. p21 may bind to and inhibit the CDK activity, which mediates its various biological activities and may cause cell cycle arrest at a specific stage10,11. p21 has been found as one of most important and effective effector molecules of TP53. TP53 is able to bind to the promoter of p21 gene, leading to the direct activation of p21 expression8,12. Studies have shown that p21 can also be regulated in TP53-independent manners, such as by MYC, E2A and BRCA113,14. In addition, it is controversial on whether the HBX gene of HBV affects the p21 regulation. Some studies report that HBX gene can suppress p21 expression15,16, but this is not found in other studies17,18.

Although p21 is a tumor suppressor, it may also promote oncogenesis in certain circumstances. p21-deficient mice may spontaneously develop tumors, supporting the tumor suppressor activity of p2119. Previous studies have reported that p21 mRNA or protein expression in HCC tissues is often lower than in adjacent normal tissues20,21,22. These results suggest that p21 might act as a tumor suppressor in HCC. Moreover, the spontaneous development of lymphomas is suppressed in p21-deficient mice with TP53- or ATM-deficiency23,24, indicating that p21 serves as an oncogene. In fact, p21 is over-expressed in a variety of cancers, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and cervical cancer, and p21 up-regulation as a poor prognostic biomarker is closely related to the tumor grade, invasiveness and aggressiveness in many cases11,25,26,27.

Kao et al.28 and Zhang et al.29 reported that p21 expression was a favorable survival factor in HCC, but this was not found in our prior study. This may be ascribed to the difference in patients selected. In their study, the HBV-related and non-HBV-related HCC patients were recruited, but only HBV-related HCC patients were enrolled into our study. Furthermore, different from patients in other regions, patients in Guangxi have a high level exposure to AFB1 in their food which is closely associated with hepatocarcinogenesis5. Study has reported that AFB1 exposure leads to a high mutation frequency at TP53 249Ser, which has been considered as a molecular fingerprint of HCC pathogenesis30. However, at present, whether AFB1 exposure is involved in the regulation of p21 is unclear.

In the present study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using Illumina HumanExome BeadChip-12-1_A was performed in Chinese HBV-related HCC patients from Guangxi, aiming to detect the gene variants associated with p21 expression and reveal the TP53-independent p21 regulation.

Results

GWAS

Baseline Characteristics

The clinicopathological characteristics are shown in Table 1. There were no significant differences in the age, gender, BMI, race, smoking status, drinking status, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage, serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) level, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) status, pathological grade and TP53 249Ser mutation between p21 negative group and p21 positive group (P > 0.05). TP53 expression status and hepatic cirrhosis status were significantly different between p21 negative group and p21 positive group (P = 0.005 and 0.001, respectively). A significantly positive relationship was observed between p21 expression status and TP53 expression status (r = 0.144, P < 0.01).

Table 1. Clinicopathological characteristics of HBV-related HCC patients after data quality control.
Variable GWAS
 Survival Analysis
Negative (n = 298) Positive (n = 107) OR (95% CI) P value Patients (n = 405) MST (months) HR* (95% CI) P* value
Age (years)       0.052       0.708
 ≤46 154 67 Ref.   221 52 Ref.  
 >46 144 40 1.56 (1–2.46)   184 44 1.06 (0.79–1.42)  
Gender       0.619       0.428
 Male 268 98 Ref.   366 47 Ref.  
 Female 30 9 0.82 (0.38–1.79)   39 82 0.80 (0.46–1.39)  
Race       0.397       0.929
 Han 184 71 Ref.   255 47 Ref.  
 Minority 114 36 0.82 (0.52–1.30)   150 50 1.01 (0.75–1.38)  
BMI       0.048       0.922
 ≤25 229 92 Ref.   321 48 Ref.  
 >25 69 15 0.54 (0.29–0.99)   84 45 1.02 (0.72–1.45)  
Smoking status       0.506       0.152
 None 187 71 Ref.   258 51 Ref.  
 Ever 111 36 0.85 (0.54–1.36)   147 39 1.22 (0.92–1.67)  
Drinking status       0.627       0.143
 None 173 65 Ref.   238 51 Ref.  
 Ever 125 42 0.89 (0.57–1.40)   167 41 1.24 (0.93–1.66)  
Child-pugh class       0.754       0.030
 A 238 84     322 50 Ref.  
 B 41 16 1.11 (0.59–2.07)   57 31 1.54 (1.04–2.27)  
 Missing 19 7     26      
BCLC stage       0.639       <0.001
 A 169 59 Ref.   228 95 Ref.  
 B 52 16 0.88 (0.47–1.66)   68 39 1.89 (1.27–2.81)  
 C 76 32 1.21 (0.73–2.00)   108 27 2.89 (2.09–4.00)  
 Missing 1 0     1      
p21 Expression       NA       0.443
 Negative 298 0     298 50 Ref.  
 Positive 0 107     107 40 1.13 (0.83–1.54)  
TP53 Expression       0.005       0.161
 Negative 122 27 Ref.   149 58 Ref.  
 Positive 164 74 2.04 (1.24–3.36)   238 41 1.25 (0.92–1.70)  
 missing 12 6     18      
AFB1 exposure       0.315        
 no 190 74 Ref.   264 50 Ref. 0.364
 yes 108 33 0.79 (0.49–1.26)   141 40 1.15 (0.85–1.55)  
TACE status
before hepatectomy       0.383       0.769
 No 235 80 Ref.   315 48 Ref.  
 Yes 63 27 1.26 (0.75–2.11)   90 44 1.05 (0.75–1.47)  
after hepatectomy       0.091       0.872
 No 134 38 Ref.   172 76 Ref.  
 Yes 164 69 1.48 (0.94–2.34)   233 43 1.03 (0.76–1.40)  
Cirrhosis       0.001       0.174
 No 22 21 Ref.   43 88 Ref.  
 Yes 276 85 0.32 (0.17–0.62)   361 45 1.40 (0.86–2.28)  
 missing 0 1     1      
Serum AFP       0.237       0.155
 ≤400 (ng/ml) 158 48 Ref.   206 51 Ref.  
 >400 (ng/ml) 122 49 1.32 (0.83–2.1)   171 41 1.24 (0.92–1.68)  
 missing 18 10     28      
Radical resection       0.382       0.034
 Yes 163 63 Ref.   226 73 Ref.  
 No 127 40 0.82 (0.52–1.29)   167 40 1.37 (1.02–1.84)  
 missing 8 4     12      
Pathological grade       0.13       0.618
 Well 22 2 Ref.   24 79 Ref.  
 Moderately 230 88 4.2 (0.97–18.27)   318 44 1.38 (0.71–2.72)  
 Poorly 9 2 2.44 (0.30–20.12)   11 47 1.21 (0.37–3.92)  
 missing 37 15     52      
Antiviral therapy       0.001       0.009
 Yes 120 23 Ref.   143 >117 Ref.  
 No 178 84 2.46 (1.47–4.13)   262 41 1.60 (1.12–2.29)  
Oncological behavior                
Tumor size       0.052       <0.001
 ≤5 cm 106 27 Ref.   133 123 Ref.  
 >5 cm 192 80 1.64 (1–2.69)   272 40 2.08 (1.45–2.96)  
No. of tumors       0.576       0.003
 Single (n = 1) 220 76 Ref.   296 58 Ref.  
 Multiple (n > 1) 78 31 1.15 (0.70–1.88)   109 34 1.61 (1.17–2.20)  
Regional invasion       0.963       0.129
 Absence 254 91 Ref.   345 52 Ref.  
 Presence 44 16 1.02 (0.55–1.89)   60 40 1.37 (0.91–2.06)  
Intrahepatic metastasis       0.47       0.001
 Absence 155 60 Ref.   216 76 Ref.  
 Presence 143 47 1.18 (0.76–1.84)   190 36 1.66 (1.23–2.23)  
Vascular invasion       0.748       <0.001
 Absence 241 85 Ref.   326 76 Ref.  
 Presence 57 22 1.09 (0.63–1.90)   79 20 2.98 (2.16–4.13)  
PVTT       0.979        
 No 250 88 Ref.   338 71 Ref. <0.001
 vp1 8 3 1.07 (0.28–4.10)   11 28 1.85 (0.82–4.23)  
 vp2 12 4 0.95 (0.30–3.01)   16 18 2.76 (1.52–5.00)  
 vp3 22 10 1.29 (0.59–2.83)   32 22 2.25 (1.44–3.50)  
 vp4 6 2 0.95 (0.19–4.78)   8 8 5.11 (2.37–11.02)  
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OR = odds ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence intervals, MST = median survival time, HR = Hazard Ratio, Ref. = Reference.

*HR and P value for univariate survival analysis.

Quality Control

After quality control (QC), a total of 21,643 SNPs were identified in 107 p21 positive patients and 298 p21 negative patients. The total genotyping rate in remaining individuals was 98.34%. The principal component analysis (PCA) plot (Fig. 1A) showed that no or mild population stratification in this study population, as indicated by the Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) plot (Fig. 1B). The genomic control inflation factor (λ) was 1.018.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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(A) Principal components analysis (PCA) for ancestry and population stratification implemented in EIGENSOFT package. The blue dot represents controls and red dot represents patients. No or mild population stratification was found in this study population. (B) Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) plots from Single Variant Test. Reported genomic inflation factor was calculated by MATLAB 7.0, based on P value, and the genomic control inflation factor (λ) was 1.018. (C) Manhattan plots for association analysis. Results from Single Variant Test (−log10 P values) were plotted against genomic position (GRCh37/hg19).

Association Analysis

Due to the limitation of sample size, we focused on the loci with minor allele frequencies (MAF) > 0.05. Manhattan plot is shown in Fig 1C. 30 SNPs in the association analysis are reported in Supplementary Table 2. The SNPs in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and spectrin repeat containing, nuclear envelope 2 (SYNE2) were associated with p21 expression in HBV-related HCC (Table 2). rs2227983 (MAF = 0.49, P = 3.61 × 10−5) was located in the exon 13 of EGFR gene and rs6950826 (MAF = 0.32, P = 4.06 × 10−3) in the intron 7 of EGFR gene. rs8010699 (MAF = 0.19, P = 2.41 × 10−4), rs3829767 (MAF = 0.20, P = 2.94 × 10−4), rs4027402 (MAF = 0.22, P = 3.60 × 10−4), rs9944035 (MAF = 0.10, P = 5.46 × 10−4), rs4902264 (MAF = 0.19, P = 8.03 × 10−4), rs4027405 (MAF = 0.16, P = 1.71 × 10−3) and rs1890908 (MAF = 0.32, P = 3.63 × 10−3) were found in the SYNE2 gene.

Table 2. SNPs of EGFR and SYNE2 genes are associated with p21 expression in HBV-related HCC.
SNP Chr Position Gene Allele Negative group Positive group MAF P value*
rs2227983 7 55229255 Nonsynonymous: EGFR G/A 71/135/89 42/52/12 0.49 3.61 × 10−5
rs6950826 7 55223176 Intron: EGFR G/A 158/103/34 34/55/15 0.32 4.06 × 10−3
rs8010699 14 64522843 Nonsynonymous: SYNE2 A/G 9/77/204 10/38/55 0.19 2.41 × 10−4
rs3829767 14 64519455 Nonsynonymous: SYNE2 A/G 9/80/201 10/38/53 0.20 2.94 × 10−4
rs4027402 14 64496749 Nonsynonymous: SYNE2 C/T 12/85/189 15/34/51 0.22 3.60 × 10−4
rs9944035 14 64447776 Nonsynonymous: SYNE2 T/C 198/86/8 56/41/9 0.10 5.46 × 10−4
rs4902264 14 64491695 Nonsynonymous: SYNE2 T/C 7/82/202 9/37/55 0.19 8.03 × 10−4
rs4027405 14 64498037 Nonsynonymous: SYNE2 G/A 4/72/215 8/30/61 0.16 1.72 × 10−3
rs1890908 14 64519035 Nonsynonymous: SYNE2 A/G 3/64/227 6/29/68 0.14 3.63 × 10−3
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*Adjustment for age, gender, smoking status, drinking status, BMI, BCLC stage, TP53 expression status, TACE status before hepatectomy, pathological grade and hepatic cirrhosis.

SNP = Single nucleotide polymorphism, OR = odds ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence intervals. Chr = chromosome; MAF = minor allele frequency.

Genetic model analysis

Table 3 shows the genetic model considering rs2227983, rs6950826, rs8010699, rs4027405 and rs1890908. The genetic model of rs2227983 was an additive model (AG vs. AA, P = 1.26 × 10–3, OR = 3.23, 95%CI = 1.58–6.58; GG vs. AA, P = 6.44 × 10–6, OR = 5.65, 95%CI = 2.66–12.00), the G allele was strongly associated with positive p21 expression. The genetic model of rs6950826 was over dominant model (AA/GG vs. AG, P = 4.64 × 10−3, OR = 2.08, 95%CI = 1.25–3.45). The genetic model of rs8010699 was an additive model (AG vs. GG, P = 0.016, OR = 1.83, 95%CI = 1.12–2.99; AA vs. GG, P = 3.43 × 10−3, OR = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.60–10.64). The genetic model of rs4027405 was a dominant model (AG+GG vs. AA, P = 0.018, OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.60–10.64). The genetic model of rs1890908 was also a dominant model (AG/AA vs. GG, P = 7.8 × 10−3, OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.20–3.33).

Table 3. Genetic model of rs2227983, rs6950826, rs8010699, rs4027405 and rs1890908.
SNPs Group
 OR* (95% CI) P value*
Negative Positive
rs2227983 Additive
 AA 89 12 Ref. 3.73 × 10−5
 AG 135 52 3.23 (1.58–6.58) 1.26 × 10−3
 GG 71 42 5.65 (2.66–12.00) 6.44 × 10−6
rs6950826 Overdominant
 AA/GG 192 49 Ref.  
 AG 103 55 2.08 (1.25–3.45) 4.64 × 10−3
rs8010699 Additive 129 51    
 GG 204 55 Ref. 2.29 × 10−3
 GA 77 38 1.83 (1.12–2.99) 0.0155
 AA 9 10 4.12 (1.60–10.64) 3.43 × 10−3
rs4027405 Dominant
 AA 215 61 Ref.  
 AG/GG 76 38 1.84 (1.11–3.04) 0.0177
rs1890908 Dominant
 GG 227 68 Ref.  
 GA/AA 67 35 2.00 (1.20–3.33) 7.79 × 10−3
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SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism, OR = odds ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence intervals. Chr = chromosome; MAF = minor allele frequency, Ref. =reference.

*Adjustment for age, gender, smoking status, drinking status, BMI, BCLC stage, TP53 expression status, TACE status before hepatectomy, pathological grade and cirrhosis.

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and Haplotype Analysis

Analysis was performed for LD and haplotype about 2 Mb nearby EGFR and SYNE2 genes (Fig. 2). The haplotype block (rs2227983 and rs6950826, r2 = 0.378) in EGFR and the haplotype block in SYNE2 (rs8010699 was in strong LD with rs4027405 and rs1890908 (r2 = 0.91 and 0.7, respectively)) were identified, and the haplotype A-G of EGFR and haplotype G-A-A of SYNE2 were significantly associated with p21 expression (P = 2.43 × 10−5 and 8.63 × 10−4, respectively; Table 4).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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LocusZoom plot for analysis of local linkage disequilibrium (LD) and recombination patterns nearby EGFR (A) and SYNE2 (B) about 2 Mb. The left vertical axis shows association P-values on the −log10 scale, the right vertical axis shows the recombination rate and the horizontal axis shows the chromosomal position. The bottom of plot shows the near gene. The purple diamond is the most significant SNP at each plot. LD (r2) and recombination rate are estimated from the 1000 Genomes Project ASN data (March2012, build GRCh37/hg19). (C) Haploview LD graph of SNPs in EGFR was visualized using the Haploview software 4.2. (D) Haploview LD graph of SNPs in SYNE2 was visualized using the Haploview software 4.2. Haploview linkage disequilibrium plots display using the standard color scheme, the number on the cell is the LOD score of D’.

Table 4. Associations of haplotypes of EGFR (rs6950826, rs2227983) and SYNE2 (rs4027405, rs1890908 and rs8010699) SNPs with p21 expression.
Haplotypes Positive (2n) Negative (2n) OR (95% CI) P value
EGFR
 G-A 76 308 Ref. 1.16 × 10−4
 A-G 88 164 0.46 (0.32–0.86) 2.43 × 10−5
 Othersa 50 125 0.62 (0.41–0.93) 0.0219
SYNE2
 A-G-G 153 486 Ref. 3.53 × 10−3
 G-A-A 45 71 0.49 (0.33–0.75) 8.63 × 10−4
 Othersb 16 39 0.76 (0.41–1.40) 0.383
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OR = odds ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval, Ref. =reference.

aOthers include haplotypes G-G and A-A.

bOthers include haplotypes A-G-A and G-G-G.

Pathway Analysis and Correlation analysis in mRNA

After above analysis, GeneMania Software31 was employed (see URLs) to predict the interaction between genes shown in Table 2. Signaling pathway analysis (Fig. 3) showed that p21, SYNE2 and EGFR were in a common pathway or co-expressed. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of p21, SYNE2 and EGFR was compared between HCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO accession: GSE14520) showed, when compared with adjacent normal tissues, down-regulated expression of p21, SYNE2 and EGFR was observed in HCC tissues (Fig. 4A). Correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation among p21, SYNE2 and EGFR (Fig. 4B–D). Results showed that there were positive correlations among three genes (SYNE2 vs. p21, P < 0.001, r = 0.227; SYNE2 vs. EGFR, P < 0.001, r = 0.281; EGFR vs. p21, P < 0.001, r = 0.237).

Figure 3. Co-expression/pathway/predicated analysis of p21, SYNE2, EGFR and TP53 according to human expression data in GeneMANIA.

Figure 3

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Figure 4.

Figure 4

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(A) Scatter diagram for mRNA expression of p21, SYNE2 and EGFR between HCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues (all P < 0.001). (B) Correlation analysis for the mRNA expression between p21 and EGFR (P < 0.001, r = 0.237). (C) Correlation analysis for the mRNA expression between p21 and SYNE2 (P < 0.001, r = 0.227). (D) Correlation analysis for the mRNA expression between EGFR and SYNE2 (P < 0.001, r = 0.281). All data were from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO accession: GSE14520).

Survival Analysis

Patient’s characteristics and clinical predictors

The clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients are shown in Table 1. Overall, the median follow-up duration was 41 months (range: 3–123 months) and median survival time (MST) was 47 months. In this study, 118 (46.4%) patients died. The 2-year, 5-year and 10-year overall survival (OS) rate was 69.3%, 46.2% and 21%, respectively. As shown Table 1, univariate analysis indicated that patients with BCLC stage B and C (HR = 1.89 and 2.89, respectively), child-pugh class B (HR = 1.54), non-radical resection (HR = 1.37), non-antiviral therapies (HR = 1.6) and portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) (PV1–4, HR = 1.85, 2.76, 2.25 and 5.11, respectively) had higher risk for death when compared with patients with BCLC stage A, child-pugh class A, radical resection, antiviral therapies and non-PVTT, respectively. The biobehaviors of HCC, including tumor size (>5 cm), number of tumors (multiple), intrahepatic metastasis and vascular invasion, had adverse effects on the OS.

Association of SYNE2 SNPs (rs4027405 and rs1890908) with survival

Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed rs4027405 and rs1890908 were significantly associated with OS after adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, drinking status, TACE status, serum AFP, radical resection, pathological grade, cirrhosis, intrahepatic metastasis, vascular invasion, antiviral therapies, child-pugh class, BCLC stage and PVTT (Table 5 and Fig. 5). rs4027405 was significantly associated with OS, and patients with AG/GG genotypes had a worse OS (P = 0.001, HR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.28–2.69). Similar findings were also found in rs1890908 (P = 0.002, HR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.26–2.68). In addition, rs2227983, rs6950826 and rs8010699 were not related to the OS.

Table 5. Survival on the basis of genotypes of rs4027405 and rs1890908.
SNP Patients MST (months) Crude HR (95% CI) P value Adjusted HR* (95% CI) P value*
rs4027405
 AA 276 58 Ref. 0.029 Ref. 0.003
 AG 102 39 1.48 (1.08–2.04) 0.016 1.81 (1.22–2.67) 0.003
 GG 12 27 1.72 (0.84–3.53) 0.141 2.40 (1.05–5.50) 0.039
 AG+GG 114 38 1.51 (1.11–2.05) 0.009 1.86 (1.28–2.69) 0.001
 Missing 15          
rs1890908
 GG 295 52 Ref. 0.013 Ref. 0.006
 GA 93 39 2.10 (0.93–4.78) 0.076 2.04 (0.84–4.92) 0.115
 AA 9 27 1.52 (1.10–2.11) 0.011 1.81 (1.22–2.70) 0.003
 GA+AA 102 38 1.57 (1.15–2.14) 0.005 1.84 (1.26–2.68) 0.002
 Missing 8          
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HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval, MST = median survival time, Ref. =reference.

*Adjustment for age, gender, BMI, race, smoking status, drinking status, child-pugh class, cirrhosis, BCLC stage, pathological grade, TACE status post hepatectomy, antiviral therapy after hepatectomy, radical resection, intrahepatic metastasis, vascular invasion and PVTT.

Figure 5. Kaplan-Meir survival curves for SNPs of EGFR and SYNE2.

Figure 5

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(A) rs4027405 (AA vs. AG and GG). (B) rs4027405 (AA vs. AG/GG), AG and GG were included into one group. (C) rs1890908 (GG vs. AG and AA). (D) rs1890908 (GG vs. AG/AA), AG and AA were included into one group.

Stratified analysis on the association of SYNE2 SNPs (rs4027405 and rs1890908) with survival

A stratified analysis was performed to evaluate the associations of rs4027405 and rs1890908 genotypes with HBV-related HCC survival by age, smoking status, drinking status, serum AFP level, radical resection, TP53 expression status, intrahepatic metastasis, vascular invasion, antiviral therapies, child-pugh class and BCLC stage (Fig. 6). Patients with rs4027405 AG/GG had a poorer OS when they were older than 45 years, or had AFP > 400 ng/ml, non-smoking status, non-drinking status, negative TP53 expression, child-pugh class B or BCLC stage C. Specifically, a significantly increased risk for death conferred by SNP rs4027405 genotypes (AG/GG) was observed in patients negative for TP53 expression (P = 0.001, HR = 2.82, 95%CI = 1.51–5.27) or child-pugh class B (P = 0.004, HR = 3.00, 95%CI = 1.41–6.38). Similar results were also observed in rs1890908.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Stratification analysis on the association of rs4027405 (A) and rs1890908 (B) with clinical outcome of HBV-related HCC patients. HR was indicated for overall survival, stratified by the favorable and adverse outcomes.

Combined effect of SYNE2 SNPs (rs4027405 and rs1890908) and serum AFP on OS

The combined effect of SNPs and serum AFP on the OS of HBV-related HCC patients was further analyzed (Table 6). Patients were classified into 4 groups according to the rs4027405 status and serum AFP level: AFP ≤ 400 ng/mL with AA genotype, AFP > 400 ng/mL with AG/GG genotypes, AFP ≤ 400 ng/mL with AA genotype and AFP > 400 ng/mL with AG/GG genotypes. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that, as compared to patients with AA genotype and low serum AFP (AFP ≤ 400 ng/ml), patients with AG/GG genotype or a high serum AFP (AFP > 400 ng/mL) had a significantly higher risk for death (P = 0.003, HR = 2.25, 95%CI = 1.31–3.87). Similar results were observed when the rs1890908 and serum AFP level were considered simultaneously (Table 6).

Table 6. Combined effects of SNPs (rs4027405, rs1890908) and serum AFP level.
SNP MST (months) Crude HR (95% CI) P Adjusted HR* (95% CI) P*
rs4027405
 AFP ≤ 400+AA 68 Ref. 0.005 Ref. 0.012
 AFP ≤ 400+AG/GG 52 1.27 (0.87–1.87) 0.220 1.09 (0.69–1.72) 0.703
 AFP > 400+AA 39 1.63 (1.05–2.52) 0.029 1.63 (1.00–2.65) 0.048
 AFP > 400+AG/GG 28 2.25 (1.40–3.61) 0.001 2.25 (1.31–3.87) 0.003
rs1890908
 AFP ≤ 400+GG 68 Ref. 0.006 Ref. 0.018
 AFP ≤ 400+AG/AA 52 1.24 (0.86–1.79) 0.254 1.09 (0.71–1.69) 0.683
 AFP > 400+GG 39 1.62 (1.04–2.52) 0.031 1.63 (1.00–2.66) 0.050
 AFP > 400+AG/AA 28 2.23 (1.40–3.78) 0.001 2.21 (1.26–3.88) 0.006
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HR = hazard ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval, MST = median survival time, Ref. = reference.

*Adjustment for age, gender, BMI, race, smoking status, drinking status, child-pugh class, cirrhosis, BCLC stage, pathological grade, TACE status post hepatectomy, antiviral therapy after hepatectomy, radical resection, intrahepatic metastasis, vascular invasion and PVTT.

Discussion

In this study, GWAS was performed to investigate the p21 regulation in Chinese HBV-related HCC patients in Guangxi. Results showed several SNPs in EGFR gene (rs6950826, rs2227983) and SYNE2 gene (rs4027405, rs1890908 and rs8010699) were associated with p21 expression, and the mRNA expression of p21, EGFR and SYNE2 had positive correlations between each other. Furthermore, the p21 expression was significantly associated with the cirrhosis status and TP53 expression, which was consistent with previous results11,32,33, but not related to TP53 Ser249 mutation (AFB1 exposure).

According to the NCBI database (NG_007726), EGFR gene is mapped to chromosome 7p12 spanning 188.3 kb and contains 30 exons. EGFR is also known as ErbB1 or HER-1 and is a transmembrane receptor belonging to the family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) including ErbB2/HER2, ErbB3/HER3 and ErbB4/HER434. Structurally, these ligands can bind to EGFR system which contains EGF-like domains, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor α (TGF-α), amphiregulin (AR), epiregulin (EREG), betacellulin (BTC), heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF) and epigen (EPGN)35. The EGFR system is not only essential for the cell proliferation, survival and migration, but closely related to the occurrence, growth and outcome of HCC36,37,38. In addition, in transgenic animals, results showed the over-expression of different EGFR ligands lead to different incidence of HCC, such as TGF-α or EGF over-expression leads to a higher incidence of HCC39,40,41. There is evidence showing that EGFR expression is related to p21 expression42, which was confirmed in the present study that there was correlation between EGFR and p21 mRNA expression (Fig. 4). In addition, our results showed rs2227983 (G > A, Arg 521 Lys) and rs6950826 (G > A) of EGFR gene were associated with p21 expression. rs2227983 (G > A, R521K) is located in the exon 13 of EGFR gene. Previous study showed, in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with EGFR inhibitor, patients harboring at least one minor allele of rs2227983 G > A were more likely to show a higher tumor response as compared to those with homozygous wild-type allele43. In our study, the genetic model of rs2227983 was additive. Patients with allele G had a higher p21 expression. This may be explained as that rs2227983 of EGFR gene may result in an Arg (R) to Lys(K) substitution, leading to the decrease in EGFR activity44. Besides, several studies have shown that rs2227983 is also associated with the interstitial lung disease45 and gastric cancer46. rs6950826 is located in the intron 7 of EGFR gene. To date, no study has been conducted to investigate the association of rs6950826 with the susceptibility to disease or its influence on the clinical outcome of a specific disease. In our study, rs2227983 and rs6950826 were found to be not associated with OS of HBV-related HCC patients. However, how these two loci regulate the expression of EGFR and p21 is still unclear. According to the available findings, we speculate that both loci are likely to affect the function or structure of EGFR gene to regulate the p21 expression, but it is required to be further studied.

In our study, results showed that SNPs (rs4027405, rs1890908 and rs8010699) of SYNE2 gene were associated with p21 expression, and these three loci had strong linkage disequilibrium. Haplotype analysis for the association of SNPs (rs4027405, rs1890908, rs8010699) with p21 expression indicated that patients with haplotype A-G-G had a lower p21 expression in HBV-related HCC. SYNE2, also known as EDMD5, NUANCE and Nesprin-2, is mapped to chromosome 14p23.2 and consists of 116 exons. SYNE2 belongs to the family of giant spectrin-repeat (nesprins), which plays an important role in linking the nucleus to the cytoskeleton and is a key component of the linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex47,48. Study has reported that SYNE2 depletion may reduce the endothelial cell migration and angiogenic loop formation by regulating the architecture between nucleus and cytoplasm49. Recently, nesprins were identified as candidate cancer genes by high-throughput genome sequencing50,51,52. Strikingly, SYNE2 alterations have also been revealed in many cancers, including breast cancer, head and neck cancer and colorectal cancer50,53,54. Meanwhile, our study showed that the mRNA expression of SYNE2 was significantly down-regulated in HCC (Fig. 4A). These findings imply the significant roles of SYNE2 in cancer biology. Currently, how nesprins regulate and control the cancer development and progression is still poorly understood. Derek et al.55 found that siRNA induced SYNE2 depletion augmented extracellular signal-regulated MAPK1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activity, leading to the increased cell proliferation. p21 has been implicated in cell cycle progression and proliferation via activating ERK1/2 pathway in HCC56. Interestingly, the mRNA expression of SYNE2 and p21 is positively correlated in HBV-related HCC (Fig. 4C) and both are involved in the cell cycle progression and proliferation through activating ERK1/2 pathway. On the basis of above findings and our result that SYNE2 variants were associated with p21 expression, we speculate that there is a close relationship between SYNE2 and p21, even SYNE2 is able to regulate p21 expression, but this is needed to be confirmed in future studies.

Kao et al.28 reported that p21 expression was an independent prognostic factor of favorable survival. Survival analysis in our study showed, although p21 expression was not associated with OS of HBV-related HCC patients, patients positive for p21 expression had higher HR than those negative for p21 expression (HR = 1.13, 95%CI = 0.83–1.54, P = 0.443, Table 3). This was not conflicting with above findings. Remarkably, SNPs (rs4027405 and rs1890908) of SYNE2 gene were not only significantly associated with OS, but with p21 expression in HBV-related HCC. The G allele is a risk allele in rs4027405, and G allele carriers have a higher p21 expression and a worse prognosis. Similar results were observed in rs1890908, largely thanking to the strong linkage disequilibrium between it and rs4027405. Sebastian et al.57 revealed that SYNE2 expression was associated with shorter disease-free survival of gastrointestinal stromal cancer patients. Hence, rs4027405 and rs1890908 are likely to influence the prognosis through affecting the expression or function of SYNE2 and p21. Moreover, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that rs4027405 and rs1890908 were independent predictors of poor OS of HBV-related HCC patients, and it combined with serum AFP can suggest that patients with AFP > 400 ng/ml and higher p21 expression allele have significantly higher risk for death than those with AFP ≤ 400 ng/ml and lower p21 expression allele.

However, our study has several limitations. This was a single center study, and a small fraction of clinical data was missing. The SNPs were not functionally characterized to reveal their effects on the p21 expression and clinical outcome of HBV-related HCC. Therefore, additional studies with larger sample size are needed to further validate the association of these SNPs with p21 expression in HBV-related HCC and with the clinical outcome of HBV-related HCC patients, and in vitro studies are required to clarify the underlying mechanisms.

In conclusion, our results demonstrate that SNPs of EGFR (rs6950826 and rs2227983) and SYNE2 (rs4027405, rs1890908 and rs8010699) are associated with p21 expression in HBV-related HCC. rs4027405 and rs1890908 are potential biomarkers for clinical outcome of HBV-related HCC Chinese patients after hepatectomy in Guangxi. In GWAS, TP53 expression as a covariate, and hence, our findings indicate that variants of EGFR and SYNE2 genes may play important roles in the regulation of p21 expression and affect the outcome of HBV-related HCC via TP53-indenpdent manner.

Methods

Ethic statement

All experimental protocols were approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Approval Number: 2015 [KY-E-032]). The methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before study.

Study population

A total of 426 patients with pathologically proven HBV-related HCC were enrolled from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University between 2005 and 2014. HCC tissues were collected during surgery and immediately stored at −80 °C until the DNA extraction. Total DNA was extracted using the TIANamp Genomic DNA Kit (TIANGEN BIOTECH [BEIJING] CO, LTD). DNA concentration and purity were measured with the NanoDrop2000 system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waktham, MA, USA). Immunohistochemical staining of p21 and TP53 in HCC tissues was done in the Department of Pathology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. Finally, 114 patients were found to be positive for p21 expression and 312 negative for p21 expression. Patients with p21 positive expression were included in positive group and those negative for p21 expression of patients in negative group.

According to previous findings30, the TP53 249Ser mutation was evidence of AFB1 exposure and detected by sanger sequencing after amplification with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Sequencing primers in Supplementary Table 1).

The clinicopathological characteristics of included patients were obtained from medical records and pathological reports, including age, gender, smoking status, drinking status, pathological grade, biobehaviors of the cancer, serum AFP level, hepatic cirrhosis, radical resection and use of transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Tumor status was classified according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system58. Child-pugh class was defined as previously published59. Portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) was determined according to previous classifications60: vp1 = PVTT in distal to second order portal branches; vp2 = PVTT in second order portal branches; vp3 = PVTT in first order branches; vp4 = PVTT in main trunk. Smoking status, drinking status and radical resection were defined as previously reported61.

Immunohistochemistry

Paraffin embedded HCC tissues were used in immunohistochemistry for p21 and TP53 with general two-step method. Briefly, the antigen retrieval was done with EDTA Tris at a high temperature for 2.5 min. Then, sections were treated with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min to inactivate endogenous peroxidase. After washing thrice with PBS, the mouse against human p21 (1:150) (ZSGB-BIO ORIGENE, Beijing, China) and mouse against human TP53 (1:150) (ZSGB-BIO ORIGENE, Beijing, China) antibodies were independently added, followed by incubation overnight at 4 °C. The sections were incubated with secondary antibody (Dako Cytomation, Glostrup, Denmark) at 37 °C for 30 min. Finally, these sections were visualized with DAB (Dako Cytomation) and counterstained with hematoxylin. Positive and negative controls were included in each immunohistochemical reaction. All the sections were reviewed and scored by two pathologists independently who were blind to the clinical characteristics of patients. At least 10 fields were randomly selected at a high-power (x400 magnifications) at the regions distant from necrotic areas, and the proportion of positive cells was calculated with the following formula: (number of positive cells/total number of the cells ×100%). Positive cells had brown granules in the nucleus. According to previous criteria, positive p21 expression was defined as the presence of ≥5% positive cancer cells28,62, and positive staining of TP53 as ≥10% positive cancer cells28,63,64 (Fig. 7).

Figure 7. Expression of p21 and TP53 in four hepatocellular carcinoma tissues (Immunohistochemistry).

Figure 7

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(background: 100×; left down corner: 400×) Fig. 1.

Genotyping

All samples were genotyped using the Illumina HumanExome BeadChip-12-1_A, which includes 242,901 markers on the protein-altering variants. These markers include non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), SNPs in splice sites, stop variants, SNPs in promoter regions, SNPs in extended MHC region, GWAS tag markers, HLA tags, etc. Details about SNPs can be found at the exome array design webpage. Samples were processed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Genotype calling was carried out using the Genotyping Module v1.0 in GenomeStudio version 2011.1, and average call rate was 99.84%. A total of 50 samples (>10%) were randomly selected and sequenced for the candidate loci using the ABI Prism 3100 (Applied Biosystems, Shanghai Sangon Biological Engineering Technology & Services Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China). The candidate loci and primers used for sequencing are shown in Supplementary Table 1. The results of sequencing are 100% concordant with the results of genotyping by BeadChip-12-1A.

Follow up

All patients were followed up via telephone or hospital visit until death or the last time follow-up was done in September 2014. The median follow-up period in 426 patients was 41 months (ranging: 3–123 months), and the median survival time (MST) was 47 months.

Statistical analysis

Quality Control

A quality control (QC) procedure was used before association analysis as follows: 1. The sample was removed if they (i) had an overall genotyping rate of <95%; (ii) had ambiguous gender; (iii) had genome-wide identity-by-descent (IBD) >0.1875; (iv) were outliers in principal components analysis (PCA) for ancestry and population stratification. 2. The SNP was excluded if they had (i) a call rate of <95%; (ii) a P value in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) <1 × 10−6; (iii) a Minor allele frequencies (MAF) <0.05. 3. PCA: Guangxi in Southern China is a multi-ethnic region. An analysis of population stratification by PCA65 was performed to eliminate the multi-ethnic interference using the EIGENSOFT package. Genomic inflation factors (GIF)66 was used to investigate the residual population stratification, which was calculated with MATLAB 7.0 (see URLs). The procedure was performed with the Plink version 1.07, R 3.0.1 and EIGENSOFT package67.

Association Analysis

The association analysis was evaluated using Single Variant Test68 (chose Logistic Score Test) with EPACTS package version 3.2.6 (see URLs), after adjustment for age, gender, BCLC stage, TP53 expression status, TACE status before hepatectomy, pathological grade and hepatic cirrhosis. The Chi-squared test and logistic regression model were independently used to analyze the association of genetic model of SYNE2 and EGFR with p21 expression. Local linkage disequilibrium (LD) and recombination patterns nearby SYNE2 and EGFR were analyzed using the LocusZoom69 (see URLs).

Survival Analysis

Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from hepatetomy to death or the last follow-up. MST was calculated for all variables, univariate and multivariate survival analysis were done using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. Hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated from the Cox proportional hazards regression model with adjustment for age, gender, race, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, drinking status, TACE status, serum AFP level, BCLC stage, child-pugh class, radical resection, pathological grade, hepatic cirrhosis and PVTT. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, US).

Additional Information

How to cite this article: Han, C. et al. EGFR and SYNE2 are associated with p21 expression and SYNE2 variants predict post-operative clinical outcomes in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci. Rep. 6, 31237; doi: 10.1038/srep31237 (2016).

Supplementary Material

Supplementary Information
srep31237-s1.doc (101.5KB, doc)

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No: 81560535, 81072321, 30760243, 30460143 and 30560133), 2009 Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET), Guangxi Nature Sciences Foundation (No: GuiKeGong 1104003A-7), and Guangxi Health Ministry Medicine Grant (Key-Scientific-Research-Grant Z201018). The authors thank Prof. Yanling Hu for her contribution to data analysis guidance, and Prof. Minhao Peng, Kaiyin Xiao, Xigang Chen, Zhixiong Su, Ming Su, Bin Chen and Xinping Ye for their contribution to sample collection.

Footnotes

Author Contributions C.Y.H., X.W.L. and T.P. designed this manuscript. C.Y.H., X.W.L., W.Q., L.Y., X.G.L., Z.T.L., S.C.L., Z.W.C., H.S., G.Z.Z., Z.L.L., G.C., Z.M.L., X.Q., Y.G., Z.N.M., L.Q.L. and T.P. conducted the study, collected the data, and analyzed the data. C.Y.H. wrote this manuscript.

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