Group I mGluR Induced LTD of NMDAR-synaptic Transmission at the Schaffer Collateral but not Temperoammonic Input to CA1

Abstract

NMDA receptors are composed of multiple subunits and are crucial in the induction of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. In this study, application of the group I mGlu receptor agonist, DHPG, caused LTD of NMDA-EPSCs (DHPG-LTD_NMDA) of the Schaffer collateral, but not of NMDA-EPSCs of the temperoammonic pathway onto CA1 neurons of the hippocampus. DHPG-LTD_NMDA did not alter the sensitivity of NMDA-EPSC to the GluN2B-antagonist, Ro25-6981, indicating that the postsynaptic NMDA receptor subunit composition remained unchanged following DHPG-LTD_NMDA. Furthermore, blockade of GluN2B receptors did not affect the induction of DHPG-LTD_NMDA. These results demonstrate a difference in the plasticity of NMDA receptors between two synapses onto the same CA1 neuron, but indicate that the subunit composition of NMDA receptors does not account for this difference.

Introduction

Principal neurons of the CA1 region receive input from the entorhinal cortex (EC) via two pathways [1]: (i) The direct temperoammonic (TA) pathway, which consists of afferents from layer III of EC and forms synapses with CA1 neurons in the stratum lacunosum moleculare; and (ii) the indirect pathway, which originates from layer II of EC and forms part of the trisynaptic pathway that terminates in Schaffer collateral (SC) synapses on CA1 neurons in the stratum radiatum.

NMDARs are heteromeric assemblies [2] of two essential GluN1 subunits and two GluN2 or GluN3 subunits. There are four GluN2 subunits (A–D) of which the GluN2A and GluN2B predominate in the forebrain. NMDARs are generally thought to be minimally active during basal synaptic transmission, but they have a key role to play during the induction of synaptic plasticity [3]. Although classically regarded as relatively stationary at the synapse, NMDA receptors undergo lateral diffusion [4] and various forms of plasticity [5-8]. Furthermore, the subunit composition of NMDA receptors can vary with development [9, 10] and following different forms of synaptic activity [11, 12].

Recently we have shown that LTD of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission can be induced by theta frequency stimulation at SC but not TA synapses and involves activation of group I mGluRs (termed mGluR-LTD; [13]). The reason for the lack of activity-dependent mGluR-LTD at TA-CA1 synapses is not clear but could be due to the afferent stimulation patterns in TA-CA1 not being ideal to activate group I mGluRs. Therefore to overcome this issue we have now used pharmacological activation of group I mGluRs to investigate whether LTD can be induced at TA-CA1 hippocampal synapses and furthermore to probe the role of GluN2B subunits in DHPG-LTD_NMDA.

Here we demonstrate that pharmacological activation of group I mGluRs induces synaptic plasticity of NMDA receptors at the SC pathway [14] but fails to induce LTD in the TA-CA1 pathway. In addition, the NR2B-selective antagonist Ro25-6981 was used to show that the subunit composition of NMDARs remains unchanged following group I mGluR-induced LTD.

Materials and Methods

P14 male Wistar rats were killed by cervical dislocation in accordance with United Kingdom Animal (Scientific Procedures) legislation. Brains were removed and placed in ice-cold aCSF consisting of the following (in mM): NaCl 124, KCl 3, NaHCO₃ 26, NaH₂PO₄ 1.25, CaCl₂ 2, MgSO₄ 1,D-glucose 10 (bubbled with 95% O₂/5% CO₂). Parasaggital slices (400 μm) were cut and the hippocampus isolated. Each “n” value is from a slice from a different animal. Standard techniques were used to record excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSC) in response to stimulation (100 μs, 3–10 V) of the SC or TA pathways. In those experiments in which both SC-CA1 and TA-CA1 inputs were studied, alternate stimulation of both pathways was conducted in each slice. Electrodes (4 –7 M) were filled with (in mM): CsMeSO₄, 130, NaCl 8, Mg-ATP 4, Na-GTP 0.3, EGTA 0.5, HEPES 10, QX-314 5, pH adjusted to 7.2–7.3 using CsOH and osmolarity to 275–290 mOsm with sucrose. CA1 pyramidal cells were voltage-clamped at -40 mV. Picrotoxin (50 μM) and NBQX (5 μM) were applied to isolate EPSC_NMDA. Responses were recorded and analyzed using WinLTP [15]. (RS)-DHPG (100 μM; Tocris Bioscience) was used to activate group I mGluRs and Ro25-6981 ([16]; 5 μM; Tocris Bioscience) as an antagonist of GluNB receptors. Experiments were carried out at room temperature (19-23 °C). Changes in synaptic strength were expressed relative to the normalized baseline (mean ± SEM) and significance tested using Student’s t-tests 30 min after LTD induction or 50 min following application of Ro25-6981. The Group II mGluR agonist DCG-IV was applied at the end of experiments to ensure selective stimulation of TA and SC inputs [17].

Results

DHPG Causes LTD of NMDA Receptor-Mediated EPSCs in the SC but not the TA Pathway

After a baseline period of 10 minutes, the group I mGluR agonist (RS)-DHPG (100 μM; 10 minutes) was applied. An initial depression of NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs (EPSC_NMDA) was observed in both pathways (at the end of DHPG application responses were: SC 53.1 ± 3.3%; TA 33.5 ± 4.4% below baseline; P < 0.05 compared to baseline; n = 18; Fig. 1). Thirty minutes following washout of DHPG, LTD of EPSC_NMDA (LTD_NMDA) was observed at the SC pathway (34.9 ± 2.7% depression; p=0.0012; n=18), which was consistent with published findings [14, 18, 19]. However, EPSC_NMDA evoked by TA pathway stimulation recovered to baseline levels following DHPG washout (15.2 ± 4.2% below baseline; p = 0.764; n = 18).

Fig. (1).

DHPG-LTD_NMDA in the SC-CA1 Pathway. DHPG (100 μM; 10 min as indicated by bar) causes LTD of EPSC_NMDA in the SC-CA1 pathway (red circles; 34.9 ± 2.7% depression; p=0.0012; n=18) but not the TA-CA1 pathway (blue circles; 15.2 ± 4.2% depression; p = 0.764; n = 18) pathways. Data is normalised to the mean peak amplitude measured during the baseline period. Representative traces are shown in the bottom left corner (pink/light blue: baseline SC/TA, respectively; red/dark blue: post-DHPG SC/TA, respectively). Traces are averages of the 10 min of data from baseline and from the last 10 min of the experiment. Inset: diagram of the parasagittal hippocampal slice preparation, including the positions of stimulating electrodes and recording pipette in the layers of the CA1 region during recording conditions. SP stratum pyramidale; SR stratum radiatum and SLM stratum lacunosum moleculare. The dotted line represents the portion of the slice that was cut during CA3 excision. Scale bar: 250 ms, 50 pA.

The Population of NMDA Receptor Subunits is Similar Between Pathways

The difference in LTD_NMDA between SC-CA1 and TA-CA1 might be due to differences in NMDAR subunits at the different synapses. Different NMDA receptor subunits are associated with different EPSC characteristics and the EPSC decay time constant (τ) can therefore be used as an indication of receptor subunit population at the synapse [20]. We have previously shown that the decay constant of EPSC_NMDA in TA and SC synapses is similar [13], indicating a similar population of NMDA receptor subunits at the two synapses. In order to clarify this further, Ro25-6981 (Ro; a potent and selective GluN2B receptor antagonist) was applied (1 μM) and a depression of EPSC_NMDA was observed in both pathways (Fig. 2). After a period of 1 hour, EPSC_NMDA at the SC and the TA pathways had reduced by similar amounts (SC: 55.8 ± 7.0%; TA: 43.3 ± 5.2%; p = 0.18, n = 6), confirming our previous work suggesting that a similar population of NMDA receptor subunits are expressed at these two synaptic populations [13].

Fig. (2).

Ro25-6981 Depresses EPSC_NMDA in both Pathways. Bath application of the GluN2B antagonist Ro25-6981 (5 μM; 50 min) causes a similar depression (p = 0.18, n = 6) of EPSC_NMDA in the SC-CA1 (red circles; 55.8 ± 7.0%) and the TA-CA1 (blue circles; 43.3 ± 5.2%) pathways. Data is normalised to the mean peak amplitude measured during the baseline period. Representative traces are shown in the top right corner (pink/light blue: baseline SC/TA, respectively; red/dark blue: following Ro25-6981 application in the SC/TA, respectively). Traces are averages of the 10 min of data from baseline and from the last 10 min of the experiment.Scale bar: 250 ms, 50 pA.

DHPG-LTDNMDA of the SC Pathway is Unaffected by RO25-6981

The above result suggests that it is unlikely that differences in NMDAR subunit composition within the TA-CA1 and SC-CA1 synapses explain the difference in LTD_NMDA between the two inputs. However, the role of NMDA receptor subunits in the induction of LTD was not clear. Therefore, to examine directly whether the induction of LTD in the SC pathway was dependent on GluN2B activation, DHPG was applied in the presence of Ro (after 1 hour Ro application). DHPG again caused a depression of the SC pathway (30.5 ± 9.6%; Fig. 3) that was not significantly different from DHPG-LTD_NMDA induced 
under control conditions (p = 0.617). This suggests that

Fig. (3).

DHPG-LTD_NMDA Unchanged in the Presence of Ro25-6981. A Following bath application of the GluN2B antagonist Ro25-6981 (5 μM; 50 min), DHPG (100 μM; 10 min) caused a depression (30.5 ± 9.6%, n = 6) of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs in the SC-CA1 that was not significantly different (p = 0.617) from the magnitude of DHPG-LTD_NMDA in the absence of Ro25-6981 (34.9 ± 2.7%). B Graph comparing the magnitude of DHPG-LTD_NMDA before (pink circles) and after (red circles) application of Ro25-6981. Data is normalised to the mean peak amplitude measured during the baseline (pre-DHPG) period. Representative traces are shown in the top right corner (light pink: baseline; dark pink: following Ro25-6981 application; red: following Ro25-6981 and DHPG). Traces are averages of the 10 min of data from baseline, last 10 min of Ro25-6981 and from the last 10 min of the experiment. Scale bar: 250 ms, 50 pA.

DHPG-LTD_NMDA in the SC pathway is independent of GluN2B subunit activation.

RO25-6981 Causes a Similar Depression

of Both Pathways Following DHPG Application

To examine whether there was a change in NMDAR subunit composition following LTD at the SC synapse, we compared the effect of Ro before and following DHPG-LTD; a change in efficacy of GluN2B-selective antagonists is often taken as an indication of a change in subunit composition of NMDARs (i.e. an increase or decrease in the complement of GluN2B receptors; e.g. [11]).

Thus, thirty minutes following DHPG application (100 μM; 10 minutes) when LTD was stably expressed, Ro25-6981 (1 μM; 1 hour) was bath applied. Application of DHPG caused LTD_NMDA (34.0 ± 4.3% depression). Following Ro25-6981 application, a further depression of EPSC_NMDA was observed (63.5 ± 4.2% of pre-DHPG level; Fig. 4) that was not significantly different to the depression caused by Ro25-6981 under control conditions (p = 0.589), indicating that a change in GluN2B subunit composition does not occur as a result of DHPG-LTD_NMDA.

Fig. (4).

Efficacy of Ro25-6981 Unchanged Following DHPG-LTD_NMDA. A Following DHPG-LTD_NMDA, Ro25-6981 (5 μM; 50 min) caused a depression of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs in the SC-CA1 (63.5 ± 4.2%, n = 6)_that was not significantly different (p = 0.589) from the magnitude of depression caused by Ro25-6981 during control conditions (55.8 ± 7.0%, n=6). B Graph comparing the effect of Ro25-6981 before (pink circles) and after (red circles) DHPG-LTD_NMDA. Data is normalised to the mean peak amplitude measured during the baseline period. Representative traces are shown in the top right corner (light pink: baseline; dark pink: following DHPG-LTD_NMDA; red: following DHPG_NMDA and Ro25-6981). Traces are averages of the 10 min of data from baseline, 10 min prior to Ro25-6981 application and from the last 10 min of the experiment. Scale bar: 250 ms, 50 pA.

Discussion

Recently we have demonstrated a form of LTD_NMDA that can be induced by synaptic stimulation at SC but not TA synapses in the hippocampus, using a short theta frequency stimulation (TFS; [13]). This form of LTD involves activation of group I mGluRs and produces metaplasticity such that the induction of subsequent LTP at the SC input is inhibited. In the current study we have utilised pharmacological activation of group I mGluRs using the agonist DHPG to elucidate whether the lack of mGluR-LTD of EPSC_NMDA at the TA input to CA1 in P14 animals is due to insufficient activation of mGluRs by TFS. We now show that even with agonist activation of group I mGluRs, LTD of EPSC_NMDA is not seen at the TA input. Instead, despite an initial transient depression, responses recover to baseline levels upon washout of the agonist. A previous study, using 4 - 6 week old animals, has shown that LTD can be induced by DHPG at TA-CA1 input (although of smaller magnitude than at SC synapses; [19]). This raises the possibility that either developmental changes may impact on the ability to induce mGluR-LTD of EPSC_NMDA at TA-CA1 synapses or that there is a difference in the ability to induce LTD of EPSC_NMDA versus LTD of EPSC_AMPA at TA-CA1 synapses. However, it is not possible at this stage to be able to make conclusive statements as to the impact of development on mGluR-LTD of EPSC_NMDA or differences between LTD of EPSC_NMDA versus LTD of EPSC_AMPA at TA-CA1 synapses.

Plasticity of EPSC_NMDA may involve a subunit switch in NMDAR subunits [11, 21]. As such, the ability to induce such plasticity may be dependent on the subunit composition of NMDARs in the basal state. Use of GluN2B subunit-selective antagonists, such as ifenprodil and Ro25-6981, readily allows comparison of subunit composition [11, 21]. We found that Ro25-6981 produced the same the magnitude of depression in SC and TA inputs. Similar to our previous work where we found no difference in the decay time constant of EPSC_NMDA at the two inputs to CA1 [13], this suggests that the inability to induce LTD_NMDA at TA-CA1 synapses is not due to differences in GluN2B NMDA subunit composition.

The sensitivity of EPSC_NMDA to Ro25-6981 in the SC input was not altered following induction of LTD_NMDA by DHPG. Thus, a change in relative GluN2A/GluN2B subunit expression, which is seen in some forms of plasticity [11], does not underlie LTD. The precise mechanism of this form of LTD has not yet been studied. mGluR-LTD of EPSC_AMPA has been extensively investigated although there is no consensus on the precise mechanism of LTD and multiple signalling cascades have been implicated [22]. LTD_NMDA induced by TFS is expected to be postsynaptically expressed, as this form of LTD is specific for EPSC_NMDA vs EPSC_AMPA; postsynaptic expression of pharmacologically-induced LTD_NMDA has also been demonstrated [14, 18].

The function of LTD_NMDA is not currently known. However, it affects subsequent induction of long-term potentiation (LTP; [13]) and is therefore a form of metaplasticity that will regulate the acquisition of hippocampal-dependent spatial information [23]. Future work will aim to elucidate the precise signalling and expression mechanisms underlying this LTD as well as its role in learning and memory.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.