Abstract
Background
Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure of children due to parental tobacco use is a particularly prevalent health issue and is associated with adverse health outcomes. Following the US Clinical Practice guidelines, pediatricians in the United States deliver 5A’s (ask, advise, assess, assist, and arrange) counseling to smoking parents which has proven to be effective. We examined Chinese pediatricians’ adherence to the clinical practice guidelines for smoking cessation (i.e. 5A’s counseling practices) with smoking parents, and identified factors associated with these practices.
Methods
A cross-sectional paper-and-pencil survey of pediatricians was conducted in twelve conveniently selected southern Chinese hospitals. Factors associated with any of the 5A’s smoking cessation counseling practices were identified by logistic regression.
Results
Of respondents (504/550), only 26 % routinely provided 5A’s smoking cessation counseling to smoking parents. More than 80 % of pediatricians didn’t receive formal training in smoking cessation and had not read China smoking cessation guidelines; 24 % reported being “very confident” in discussing smoking or SHS reduction with parents. Pediatricians who had never smoked (OR: 2.29, CI:1.02-5.12), received training in smoking cessation (OR: 2.50, CI:1.40-4.48), had read China smoking cessation guidelines (OR: 2.17, CI:1.10-4.26), and felt very (OR: 7.12, CI:2.45-20.70) or somewhat (OR: 3.05, CI:1.11-8.37) confident in delivering cessation counseling were more likely to practice 5A’s. Pediatricians who reported “it is hard to find a time to talk with parents” (OR: 0.32, CI: 0.11-0.92) or “lack of a standard of care requiring pediatricians to provide smoking cessation or SHS exposure reduction intervention” (OR: 0.45, CI: 0.21-0.98) as a barrier were less likely to follow the 5A’s guidelines.
Conclusions
Smoking cessation counseling to address parental smoking is infrequent among Chinese pediatricians. There is a need to develop and test intervention strategies to improve the delivery of 5A’s smoking cessation counseling to parental smokers.
Keywords: Pediatrician, 5A’s, Smoking cessation, Counseling, Chinese
Background
Assisting smoking parents to quit and eliminating secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure of children is a global health priority. SHS exposure of children due to parental tobacco use is a particularly prevalent health issue in China [1] and is associated with adverse health outcomes [2–5]. The high prevalence of adult smoking in China (52.9 % in male and 2.4 % in female) reflect the fact that many children are exposed to SHS from parental smoking at home, underscoring the need for urgent public health intervention [6]. However, identifying appropriate opportunities to assist smoking parents in quitting has been a challenge. Parental smokers often see their child’s doctor more frequently than their own, with an average of over 10 visits in the first two years of a child’s life [7, 8]. Due to China’s one child policy, most Chinese parents have only one child, leading to enhanced attention to health-related concerns and frequent pediatrician visits. A child’s clinic visit could be a teachable moment to address SHS exposure of children and parental smoking cessation [9]. In earlier studies, the majority of smoking parents believed that talking about parental smoking cessation [10, 11] or SHS exposure reduction to child [12] was the responsibility of pediatricians. Pediatricians are in a key position to influence parental smoking behavior in a repeated and consistent manner [13]. In the United States, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that pediatricians follow clinical practice guidelines for smoking cessation and provide SHS exposure reduction and smoking cessation counseling to parents [14–17]. The clinical practice guidelines recommended five specific steps for brief counseling interventions by providers, commonly referred to as the 5A’s (ask, advise, assess, assist, and arrange) [17]. Healthcare providers are encouraged to help smokers quit smoking by implementing the 5A’s strategies as follows: Ask - Systematically identify all tobacco smokers at every visit; Advise – Strongly urge all tobacco users to quit; Assess- Determine the patient’s willingness to make a quit attempt; Assist – Aid the patient in quitting by offering counseling and/or pharmacotherapy; Arrange – Arrange for follow-up. These five steps are designed to be brief, but the full implementation of all 5A’s provides the necessary tools for parents to quit successfully [18].
Health systems in many high income countries have implemented the 5A’s and reported its effectiveness [19–23]. Little is known about the use of 5A’s by healthcare professionals in low- and middle-income countries. Following the 2006 US clinical practice guidelines [14], China developed Chinese smoking cessation guidelines in 2007 [24] and explored different initiatives to promote their use by healthcare professionals. However, adherence to the 5A’s by different types of healthcare professionals is not known. No previous studies in China have examined the delivery of 5A’s within the pediatric setting. Given that pediatricians are in a key position to address parental smoking cessation by incorporating the child’s health concerns as motivation [5], understanding the current pattern of 5A’s use by pediatricians and identifying the associated facilitators and barriers may help develop targeted initiatives to promote parental smoking cessation in this clinical context. We assessed the 5A’s counseling practices of Chinese pediatricians and examined the factors associated with 5A’s smoking cessation counseling practices.
Methods
Sample
Participants were pediatricians working in the conveniently selected twelve hospitals (six grade III and six grade II) in four major cities of Guangxi province (a Southern Chinese province), the People’s Republic of China. Hospital systems in China follow a grading system. The higher the grade, the larger the hospital and the more sophisticated the facility is. Grade III hospitals are general or comprehensive hospital at national, provincial or city level (>500 beds); Grade II hospitals are hospitals of medium size at city, county and district level (between 100 and 500 beds); and level one hospitals are the township hospitals (<100 beds). The size and characteristics of the pediatric departments and the patient population within different levels of hospital differs according to the grade of the hospital. Although, selected conveniently, these hospitals should be representative of similar grade hospitals in South China.
Data collection
A standardized Mandarin Chinese language questionnaire was used for data collection. Questionnaires were distributed through the director of pediatrics department in each of the participating hospitals. The director’s designate distributed a copy of the questionnaire to each pediatrician working in his or her department and requested them to put the completed questionnaire in a sealed envelope and drop the questionnaire in the designated box kept in the doctor’s office. Pediatricians needed to write down their name and contact telephone number in the questionnaire for further clarification and payment of incentives. Our study coordinator then collected the sealed questionnaire from each of the directors. For clarity on any unfinished questions, our study coordinator contacted the individual pediatrician by telephone. To compensate for their time, each participant was given a cash amount of RMB 100 ($15). The study was approved by the institutional review board of Guangxi Medical University (No. IRB-Int-2013 (315-1)).
Questionnaire
The questionnaire was developed with reference to the questionnaires previously used by the investigators team in the United States [9] and in China [25]. The details of the questionnaire have been described elsewhere [26]. Briefly, the questionnaire obtained information on the subject’s demographic and medical training background, smoking behavior (smoker, non-smoker), counseling practices for smoking cessation and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure to children and other relevant factors.
Pediatricians’ use of the 5 A’s for smoking cessation was assessed by asking pediatricians to estimate how often in the past 30 work days they had asked about the smoking status of their patients’ parents, advised smoking parents to quit, assessed smoking parents willingness to quit, assisted smoking parents with a quit plan, or arranged follow-up contact. Responses to the questionnaire items were recorded in a 5-point Likert scale with response categories of “Always, Often, Sometimes, Seldom or Never”. We defined responses of “always” or “often” as “routine practice” and “sometimes, seldom or never” as non-routine practice.
Analyses
Two members of the research team coded each questionnaire and entered all data with Epidata 3.1, and then made a data consistency check. The SPSS 16.0 statistical package was used for data analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios with 95 % confidence interval (CI) for describing differences between pediatricians who routinely provided any of the 5A’s smoking cessation counseling (e.g., any of the A’s were part of their routine practice) and those who did not routinely provide any of the 5A’s smoking cessation counseling. A p-value of <0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant.
Results
Demographic and other characteristics
A total of 504/550 (92 %) of pediatricians surveyed completed questionnaires. Response rates were almost identical in all the hospitals. As shown in Table 1, the majority of respondents were female (64 %), non-smokers (83 %), and received 5 years of education at medical school (77 %). Fewer than half of the respondents had appropriate knowledge about health risk of smoking (47 %) and secondhand smoke (44 %). More than two thirds of the respondents (68 %) had not heard about third hand smoke. Eighty one percent of the subjects received no formal training on smoking cessation and 85 % had not heard about or read about the China smoking cessation guidelines. Only 26 % of pediatricians followed any of the 5A’s for smoking cessation counseling in their practice.
Table 1.
Demographic and other characteristics of survey sample, Guangxi, China 2013 (n = 504)
| Variables | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic and work environment characteristics | ||
| Gender | ||
| Male | 182 | 36 |
| Female | 322 | 64 |
| Age | ||
| 20-30 | 215 | 43 |
| 31-40 | 159 | 31 |
| 41-50 | 89 | 18 |
| Above 50 | 41 | 8 |
| Physician type a | ||
| Resident Physician | 223 | 45 |
| Attending Physician | 151 | 30 |
| Chief or Associate Chief Physician | 130 | 25 |
| Number of years studied at medical school b | ||
| 5 Years | 388 | 77 |
| More than 5 years | 116 | 23 |
| Tobacco use related characteristics | ||
| Smoking status | ||
| Current smokers | 82 | 17 |
| Non-smokers | 400 | 83 |
| Heard about e-cigarettes | ||
| No | 178 | 35 |
| Yes | 326 | 65 |
| Heard about third hand smoke | ||
| No | 342 | 68 |
| Yes | 162 | 32 |
| Received cigarettes as gift or gave cigarettes as gifts to others | ||
| No | 423 | 84 |
| Yes | 81 | 16 |
| Hospital policy characteristics | ||
| Have smoke-free policy in the hospital | ||
| No policy | 8 | 2 |
| Have policy | 496 | 98 |
| Hospital have any policy to advise smokers to quit | ||
| No | 219 | 43 |
| Yes | 285 | 57 |
| Training and work attitudes | ||
| Received formal training in smoking cessation | ||
| No | 399 | 81 |
| Yes | 96 | 19 |
| Have read China smoking cessation guidelines | ||
| No/never heard | 427 | 85 |
| Yes | 77 | 15 |
| Have read international (i.e. US, UK) smoking cessation guidelines | ||
| No/never heard | 468 | 93 |
| Yes | 36 | 7 |
| Believe that it is pediatricians professional responsibility to discuss smoking cessation | ||
| No | 275 | 55 |
| Yes | 229 | 45 |
| Level of confidence discussing smoking cessation or SHS exposure reduction with patients’ parents | ||
| Not at all confident | 66 | 13 |
| Somewhat confident | 316 | 63 |
| Very confident | 122 | 24 |
| Beliefs regarding effectiveness of physician counseling for smoking cessation | ||
| Disagree/strongly disagree | 200 | 40 |
| Agree/strongly agree | 304 | 60 |
| Beliefs regarding effectiveness of pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation | ||
| Disagree/strongly disagree | 238 | 47 |
| Agree/strongly agree | 266 | 53 |
| Appropriate knowledge about health risk of smoking | ||
| No | 267 | 53 |
| Yes | 237 | 47 |
| Appropriate knowledge about health risk of secondhand smoking | ||
| No | 284 | 56 |
| Yes | 220 | 44 |
| Followed any of the 5As | ||
| Always or often | 131 | 26 |
| Otherwise | 373 | 74 |
Notes: Due to the missing values in some variables, the total number may not equal to the same
aResident physicians are medical graduates who works in the department of pediatrics under the supervision of fully licensed physicians (i.e. Attending or Chief Physicians). Attending physicians has completed residency and practices medicine in the hospital, who can also supervise resident physician. Chief or Associate Chief Physicians are the most senior physician with management responsibility
bIn China, the length of medical education is for 5 years or 6-8 years, depending on the University one attends
Patterns of 5A’s cessation counselling practices among Chinese pediatricians
Table 2 shows the patterns of 5A’s cessation counseling practices among Chinese pediatricians. When pediatricians were asked about their use of the 5A’s, 12.9 % reported they “always or often” asked about household members who smoke, and 22.4 % reported they “always or often” advised smoking parents to quit. Pediatricians were even less likely to indicate use of other effective practices, such as assessing smoking parents’ willingness to quit (5.8 %), assisting with a quit plan (5.8 %), or making follow-up arrangements (3.8 %).
Table 2.
Patterns of 5A’s cessation counseling practices (always or often) among pediatricians, Guangxi, China 2013
| Variables | Asked about household members who smoke n (%) |
Advised to quit n (%) |
Assessed willingness to quit n (%) |
Assisted with a quit plan n (%) |
Arranged follow-up contact n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 65 (12.9) | 113 (22.4) | 29 (5.8) | 29 (5.8) | 19 (3.8) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 17 (9.3) | 36 (19.8) | 11 (6.0) | 11 (6.0) | 6 (3.3) |
| Female | 48 (14.9) | 77 (23.9) | 18 (5.6) | 18 (5.6) | 13 (4.0) |
| Ages | |||||
| 20-30 | 33 (15.3) | 48 (22.3) | 14 (6.5) | 12 (5.6) | 9 (4.2) |
| 31-40 | 18 (11.3) | 36 (22.6) | 8 (5.0) | 7 (4.4) | 6 (3.8) |
| 41-50 | 6 (6.7) | 19 (21.3) | 5(5.6) | 3 (3.4) | 2 (2.2) |
| Above 50 | 8 (19.5) | 10 (24.4) | 2 (4.9) | 7 (17.1) | 2 (4.9) |
| Physician type | |||||
| Resident Physician | 34 (15.2) | 49 (22.0) | 15 (6.7) | 11 (4.9) | 9 (4.0) |
| Attending Physician | 17 (11.3) | 35 (23.2) | 7 (4.6) | 12 (7.9) | 6 (4.0) |
| Chief or Associate Chief Physician | 14 (10.8) | 29 (22.3) | 7 (5.4) | 6 (4.6) | 4 (3.1) |
| Number of years studied at medical school | |||||
| 5 Years | 44 (11.3) | 85 (21.9) | 22 (5.7) | 24 (6.2) | 16 (4.1) |
| More than 5 years | 21 (18.1) | 28 (24.1) | 7 (6.0) | 5 (4.3) | 3 (2.6) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Current smoker | 2 (2.4) | 10 (12.2) | 2 (2.4) | 4 (4.9) | 2 (2.4) |
| Nonsmoker | 58 (14.5) | 98 (24.5) | 26 (6.5) | 25 (6.3) | 17 (4.3) |
| Heard about e-cigarettes | |||||
| No | 20 (11.2) | 28 (15.7) | 7 (3.9) | 8 (4.5) | 5 (2.8) |
| Yes | 45 (13.8) | 85 (26.1) | 22 (6.7) | 21 (6.4) | 14 (4.3) |
| Heard about third hand smoke | |||||
| No | 40 (11.7) | 65 (19) | 18 (5.3) | 18 (5.3) | 11 (3.2) |
| Yes | 25(15.4) | 48 (29.6) | 11 (6.8) | 11 (6.8) | 8 (4.9) |
| Received cigarettes as gift or gave cigarettes as gifts to others | |||||
| No | 56 (13.2) | 95 (22.5) | 23 (5.4) | 25 (5.9) | 14 (3.3) |
| Yes | 9 (11.1) | 18 (22.2) | 6 (7.4) | 4 (4.9) | 5 (6.2) |
| Have smoke-free policy in the hospital | |||||
| No policy | 1 (12.5) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) |
| Have policy | 64 (12.9) | 112 (22.6) | 29 (5.8) | 28 (5.6) | 19 (3.8) |
| Hospital have any policy to advise smokers to quit | |||||
| No | 27 (12.3) | 33 (15.1) | 8 (3.7) | 6 (2.7) | 5 (2.3) |
| Yes | 38 (13.3) | 80 (28.1) | 21 (7.4) | 23 (8.1) | 14 (4.9) |
| Received formal training in smoking cessation | |||||
| No | 42 (10.5) | 69 (17.3) | 11 (2.8) | 16 (4.0) | 8 (2.0) |
| Yes | 21 (21.9) | 41 (42.7) | 18 (18.8) | 13 (13.5) | 11 (11.5) |
| Have read China smoking cessation guidelines | |||||
| No/never heard | 45 (10.5) | 73 (17.1) | 15 (3.5) | 16 (3.7) | 11 (2.6) |
| Yes | 20 (26.0) | 40 (51.9) | 14 (18.2) | 13 (16.9) | 8 (10.4) |
| Have read international (i.e. US, UK) smoking cessation guidelines | |||||
| No/never heard | 55 (11.8) | 94 (20.1) | 19 (4.1) | 22 (4.7) | 11 (2.4) |
| Yes | 10 (27.8) | 19 (52.8) | 10 (27.8) | 7 (19.4) | 8 (22.2) |
| Believe that it is pediatricians professional responsibility to discuss smoking cessation | |||||
| No | 24 (8.7) | 47 (17.1) | 7 (2.5) | 9 (3.3) | 4 (1.5) |
| Yes | 41 (17.9) | 66 (28.8) | 22 (9.6) | 20 (8.7) | 15 (6.6) |
| Level of confidence discussing smoking cessation or SHS exposure reduction with patients’ parents | |||||
| Not at all confident | 1 (1.5) | 5 (7.6) | 3 (4.5) | 3 (4.5) | 0 (0) |
| Somewhat confident | 32 (10.1) | 53 (16.8) | 9 (2.8) | 12 (3.8) | 8 (2.5) |
| Very confident | 32 (26.2) | 55 (45.1) | 17 (13.9) | 14 (11.5) | 11 (9.0) |
| Beliefs regarding effectiveness of physician counseling for smoking cessation | |||||
| Disagree/strongly disagree | 27 (13.5) | 40 (20.0) | 9 (4.5) | 10 (5.0) | 8 (4.0) |
| Agree/strongly agree | 38 (12.5) | 73 (24.0) | 20 (6.6) | 19 (6.3) | 11 (3.6) |
| Beliefs regarding effectiveness of pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation | |||||
| Disagree/strongly disagree | 31 (13.0) | 49 (20.1) | 13 (5.5) | 12 (5.0) | 9 (3.8) |
| Agree/strongly agree | 34 (12.8) | 64 (24.1) | 16 (6.0) | 17 (6.4) | 10 (3.8) |
| Appropriate knowledge about health risk of smoking | |||||
| No | 30 (11.2) | 57 (21.3) | 12 (4.5) | 17 (6.4) | 9 (3.4) |
| Yes | 35 (14.8) | 56 (23.6) | 17 (7.2) | 12 (5.1) | 10 (4.2) |
| Appropriate knowledge about health risk of secondhand smoking | |||||
| No | 30 (10.6) | 57 (20.1) | 11 (3.9) | 12 (4.2) | 12 (4.2) |
| Yes | 35 (15.9) | 56 (25.5) | 18 (8.2) | 17 (7.7) | 7 (3.2) |
| Parents are resistant to discuss about smoking | |||||
| Is a barrier | 60 (12.7) | 103 (21.9) | 26 (5.5) | 28 (5.9) | 19 (4.0) |
| Is not a barrier | 5 (15.2) | 10 (30.3) | 3 (9.1) | 1 (3.0) | 0 (0) |
| It is hard to find a time to talk with parents | |||||
| Is a barrier | 58 (12.2) | 99 (20.8) | 22 (4.6) | 24 (5.0) | 15 (3.2) |
| Is not a barrier | 7 (25.0) | 14 (50.0) | 7 (25.0) | 5 (17.9) | 4 (14.3) |
| Pediatricians are not trained to discuss smoking cessation with adults | |||||
| Is a barrier | 59 (12.4) | 104 (21.9) | 24 (5.1) | 24 (5.1) | 16 (3.4) |
| Is not a barrier | 6 (20.0) | 9 (30.0) | 5 (16.7) | 5 (16.7) | 3 (10.0) |
| Lack of a standard of care requiring pediatricians to provide smoking cessation or SHS exposure reduction intervention | |||||
| Is a barrier | 53 (12.2) | 88 (20.3) | 22 (5.1) | 18 (4.1) | 11 (2.5) |
| Is not a barrier | 12 (20.0) | 25 (41.7) | 7 (11.7) | 11 (11.7) | 8 (13.3) |
| Lack of insurance coverage for smoking cessation medication | |||||
| Is a barrier | 53 (13.0) | 84 (20.6) | 20 (4.9) | 21 (5.2) | 12 (2.9) |
| Is not a barrier | 12 (12.4) | 29 (29.9) | 9 (9.3) | 8 (8.2) | 7 (7.2) |
| It is hard to make system changes at our hospital | |||||
| Is a barrier | 56 (12.3) | 97 (21.2) | 21 (4.6) | 21 (4.6) | 14 (3.1) |
| Is not a barrier | 9 (19.1) | 16 (34.0) | 8 (17.0) | 8 (17.0) | 5 (10.6) |
| Not convinced that advice and/or available therapies would work | |||||
| Is a barrier | 57 (13.1) | 93 (21.3) | 19 (4.4) | 20 (4.6) | 14 (3.2) |
| Is not a barrier | 8 (11.8) | 20 (29.4) | 10 (14.7) | 9 (13.2) | 5 (7.4) |
Note: Due to the missing values in some variables, the total number may not equal to the same
Factors associated with 5A’s smoking cessation counselling practices among Chinese pediatricians
As shown in Table 3, factors that were associated with delivering 5A’s smoking cessation counseling included: being a never smoker (OR = 2.40), receiving formal training on smoking cessation (OR = 2.54), having read the China smoking cessation guidelines (OR = 2.11), being very confident (OR = 7.64) or somewhat confident (OR = 3.32) in discussing smoking or SHS exposure reduction with parents. Additionally, the following two variables significantly decreased the odds of often or always following the 5A’s guidelines: reporting: it is hard to find time to talk with parents.(OR = 0.32), and reporting lack of a standard of care requiring pediatricians to provide smoking cessation or SHS exposure reduction intervention (OR = 0.45).
Table 3.
Prevalence and odds of providing any of the 5As by the Chinese pediatricians, Guangxi 2013
| Variables | Followed any of the 5As (always or often) n (%) |
Followed any of the 5As (Otherwise) n (%) |
OR (95 % CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male (referent) | 40 (22) | 142 (78) | 1 |
| Female | 91 (28) | 231 (72) | 1.31 (0.74,2.35) |
| Ages | |||
| 20-30 (referent) | 61 (28) | 154 (72) | 1 |
| 31-40 | 38 (24) | 121 (76) | 0.57 (0.27,1.20) |
| 41-50 | 19 (21) | 70 (79) | 0.44 (0.16,1.22) |
| Above 50 | 13 (32) | 28 (68) | 0.61 (0.19,1.93) |
| Physician type | |||
| Resident Physician (referent) | 62 (28) | 161 (72) | 1 |
| Attending Physician | 38 (25) | 113(75) | 0.96 (0.46,2.03) |
| Chief or Associate Chief Physician | 31 (24) | 99 (76) | 1.48 (0.57,3.82) |
| Number of years studied at medical school | |||
| 5 Years (referent) | 98 (25) | 290 (75) | 1 |
| More than 5 years | 33 (28) | 83 (72) | 1.14 (0.64,2.04) |
| Smoking status* | |||
| Current smoker (referent) | 11 (13) | 71 (87) | 1 |
| Nonsmoker | 114 (29) | 286 (71) | 2.40 (1.05,5.50) |
| Heard about e-cigarettes | |||
| No (referent) | 34 (19) | 144 (81) | 1 |
| Yes | 97 (30) | 229 (70) | 1.54(0.90,2.62) |
| Heard about third hand smoke | |||
| No (referent) | 80 (23) | 262 (77) | 1 |
| Yes | 51 (31) | 111 (69) | 1.24 (0.74,2.10) |
| Received cigarettes as gift or gave cigarettes as gifts to others | |||
| No (referent) | 112 (26) | 311 (74) | 1 |
| Yes | 19 (23) | 62 (77) | 0.87 (0.42,1.82) |
| Have smoke-free policy in the hospital | |||
| No policy (referent) | 2 (25) | 6 (75) | 1 |
| Have policy | 129 (26) | 367 (74) | 0.33 (0.05,2.30) |
| Hospital have any policy to advise smokers to quit | |||
| No (referent) | 46 (21) | 173 (79) | 1 |
| Yes | 85 (30) | 200 (70) | 1.25 (0.75,2.08) |
| Received formal training in smoking cessation** | |||
| No (referent) | 83 (21) | 316 (79) | 1 |
| Yes | 45 (47) | 51 (53) | 2.54 (1.38,4.67) |
| Have read China smoking cessation guidelines* | |||
| No/never heard (referent) | 90 (21) | 337 (79) | 1 |
| Yes | 41 (53) | 36 (47) | 2.11 (1.05,4.21) |
| Have read international (i.e. US, UK) smoking cessation guidelines | |||
| No/never heard (referent) | 111 (24) | 357 (76) | 1 |
| Yes | 20 (56) | 16 (44) | 1.88 (0.74,4.77) |
| Believe that it is pediatricians professional responsibility to discuss smoking cessation | |||
| No (referent) | 55 (20) | 220 (80) | 1 |
| Yes | 76 (33) | 153 (67) | 1.35 (0.83,2.21) |
| Level of confidence discussing smoking cessation or SHS exposure reduction with patients’ parents** | |||
| Not at all confident (referent) | 5 (8) | 61 (92) | 1 |
| Somewhat confident | 71 (22) | 245 (78) | 3.32 (1.17,9.44) |
| Very confident | 55 (45) | 67 (55) | 7.64 (2.53,23.09) |
| Beliefs regarding effectiveness of physician counseling for smoking cessation | |||
| Disagree/strongly disagree (referent) | 51 (26) | 149 (74) | 1 |
| Agree/strongly agree | 80 (26) | 224 (74) | 0.67 (0.40,1.13) |
| Beliefs regarding effectiveness of pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation | |||
| Disagree/strongly disagree (referent) | 61 (26) | 177 (74) | 1 |
| Agree/strongly agree | 70 (26) | 196 (74) | 0.71 (0.43,1.19) |
| Appropriate knowledge about health risk of smoking | |||
| No (referent) | 68 (25) | 199 (75) | 1 |
| Yes | 63 (27) | 174 (73) | 0.77 (0.45,1.31) |
| Appropriate knowledge about health risk of secondhand smoking | |||
| No (referent) | 67 (24) | 217 (76) | 1 |
| Yes | 64 (29) | 156 (71) | 1.23 (0.72,2.08) |
| Parents are resistant to discuss about smoking | |||
| Is not a barrier (referent) | 10 (30) | 23 (70) | 1 |
| Is a barrier | 121 (26) | 350 (74) | 0.76 (0.29,2.01) |
| It is hard to find a time to talk with parents* | |||
| Is not a barrier (referent) | 15 (54) | 13 (46) | 1 |
| Is a barrier | 116 (24) | 360 (76) | 0.32 (0.11,0.92) |
| Pediatricians are not trained to discuss smoking cessation with adults | |||
| Is not a barrier (referent) | 10 (33) | 20 (67) | 1 |
| Is a barrier | 121 (26) | 353 (74) | 2.43 (0.72,8.22) |
| Lack of a standard of care requiring pediatricians to provide smoking cessation or SHS exposure reduction intervention* | |||
| Is not a barrier (referent) | 20(33) | 40 (67) | 1 |
| Is a barrier | 101 (23) | 333 (77) | 0.45 (0.21,0.98) |
| Lack of insurance coverage for smoking cessation medication | |||
| Is not a barrier (referent) | 31 (32) | 66 (68) | 1 |
| Is a barrier | 100 (25) | 307 (75) | 1.42 (0.68,2.97) |
| It is hard to make system changes at our hospital | |||
| Is not a barrier (referent) | 16 (34) | 31 (66) | 1 |
| Is a barrier | 115 (25) | 342 (75) | 1.32 (0.47,3.75) |
| Not convinced that advice and/or available therapies would work | |||
| Is not a barrier (referent) | 21 (31) | 47 (69) | 1 |
| Is a barrier | 110 | 326 (75) | 0.94 (0.46,1.93) |
Note: CI Confidence interval; OR Odds ratio.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01
Patterns of tobacco use reduction or cessation services provided by pediatricians
Table 4 shows patterns of tobacco use reduction or cessation services provided by pediatricians. Only one fifth of pediatricians always or often talked to smoking parents about secondhand smoke and its effect on child health. Pediatricians were far less likely to “always or often” refer smoking parents to a Quitline or some other smoking cessation services (3 %), suggest that they use some form of pharmacological support (3.4 %), or prescribe medications (i.e. nicotine replacement therapy) to help them quit smoking (0.4 %).
Table 4.
Patterns of tobacco use reduction or cessation services provided by pediatricians
| Types of cessation services provided | Always or often n (%) |
Otherwise n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Talked to them about secondhand smoke and its effect on health | 101 (20.0) | 403 (80.0) |
| Suggested that they should use some form of pharmacological support | 17 (3.4) | 487 (96.6) |
| Prescribed medications (patch, gum, inhaler, zyban, varenicline) | 2 (0.4) | 502 (99.6) |
| Referred to a Quitline or other available smoking cessation service | 15 (3.0) | 489 (97.0) |
Discussion
In this study, we found that few Chinese pediatricians reported implementing commonly recommended 5A’s smoking cessation practices for smoking parents. Overall, routinely advising smoking parents to quit was the most common practice, with practices pertaining to asking about household smokers, assessing smoking parents’ willingness to quit, assisting with a quit plan, and arranging follow-up contact showing much lower rates of endorsement.
Providing other tobacco use reduction or cessation services, such as, talking to smoking parents about SHS and its effect on health, referring smoking parents to a Quitline or other smoking cessation services, was also not common.
The smoking rate of pediatricians in the current study (17 %) is lower than the other recent reports among physicians. In a study 2007 by Abdullah et al., [25], overall current smoking prevalence among Chinese physician (Guangxi province) was 26 % (men, 35 %; women, 3 %). In another China nationwide study by Jiang et al. [27], the overall prevalence was 23 % (41 % for men and 1 % for women). The low rate in the current study is due to the larger proportion of female doctors (64 %) in the sample population.
In this study, few reported feeling very confident in their ability to deliver smoking cessation counseling, and more than four fifths of pediatricians reported not being trained to discuss smoking cessation with the parents. Pediatricians’ degree of confidence in delivering smoking cessation counseling appeared to be a significant factor in their use of the 5A’s counseling steps with smoking parents. Research had shown that pediatricians who received formal training in smoking cessation counseling reported higher levels of self-efficacy for smoking cessation [19] and provided more smoking cessation counseling to their patients [20]. A survey in China reported higher confidence to provide smoking cessation service among physicians who received training on tobacco use prevention and cessation [26]. At the same time, only less than half of pediatricians had appropriate knowledge about health risk of smoking and SHS, and about half of the pediatricians did not believe the fact that smoking cessation counseling and medication are effective in promoting smoking cessation. These knowledge gaps about the harms of smoking and SHS, and misconceptions about the effectiveness of counseling and medication may reflect the need for more trainings on SHS exposure reduction and smoking cessation counseling among Chinese pediatricians.
Our study found that the majority of pediatricians did not read the China smoking cessation guidelines, and fewer than half of respondents believed that it is the pediatrician’s professional responsibility to discuss smoking cessation with their patients’ parents. If pediatricians do not perceive smoking cessation counseling as highly relevant to their practice then their interest to read any guidelines is likely to be low. On the other hand, unlike the American Academy of Pediatrics [14], there were no recommendations made by the Chinese Pediatric Society (CPS) to follow clinical guidelines for smoking cessation. Also the guidelines were not widely disseminated to all physicians. We also found that lack of a standard of care requiring pediatricians to provide smoking cessation or SHS exposure reduction intervention was a factor to limited pediatricians’ use of the 5A’swith smoking parents. Better coordination among different Chinese medical professional societies is needed to promote the Chinese clinical practice guidelines for smoking cessation. Training pediatricians systematically on the CEASE program had led to an increase in the provision of cessation assistance in the United States [28, 29]. Similar approaches to train Chinese pediatricians should be considered to reduce children’s exposure to SHS from parental smoking.
The scarcity of Quitline, insurance coverage for NRT, or other smoking cessation programs available in China may have been part of the cause for Chinese Pediatrician’s lack of referral to other smoking cessation services or not prescribing any medications. Certain types of scattered smoking cessation services, including Quitline [30] and smoking cessation clinic [31], are now available only in the major cities of Beijing and Shanghai with very limited cessation programs available in other cities. Although the reach and effectiveness of these programs are not known, low cost Quitline [32] and clinic based smoking cessation services [33] were effective among the Hong Kong Chinese. To facilitate referral by clinicians and support those smokers who want to quit smoking, it may be important to promote organized smoking cessation services within the healthcare system and through other population-based programs.
Limitations
Several factors may limit the generalizability of the findings. First, the sample may not be representative of the whole pediatrician population in China. Although it is expected that the characteristics of pediatricians working in all the similar grade (grade III or grade II) level hospitals would be similar, there may be regional variations. However, responses to key items did not differ as a function of hospital type or physician type so this is unlikely to have affected the results. Second, all the responses are self-reported behavior or estimates made by the pediatricians without any validation from the clinical chart or patients’ parents. It is possible that pediatricians overestimated the frequency of preventive services that they had actually provided. Third, we assessed 5A’s utilization based on the presence of any of the 5A’s in their routine practice. This was the minimum expectation of 5A’s utilization, which have overestimated the 5A’s practice in the Chinese pediatric setting. Fourth, although we have assessed the implementation of 5A’s by pediatricians, in the current Chinese healthcare delivery system which lacks organized smoking cessation programs and insurance coverage for cessation medications, there are difficulties in fully implementing the 5A’s by healthcare providers. At the same time, the current medical curriculum or the specialist training program do not have a training component for smoking cessation, which leave pediatricians to seek for training opportunities by their own.
Conclusion
The findings from this study suggest that many pediatricians are not addressing the SHS exposure of their pediatric patients – missing an important opportunity for intervention. Pediatricians appear to lack skills and training to implement smoking cessation counseling with smoking parents. Training pediatricians in smoking cessation counseling will build their capacity and, hence, the level of confidence to provide smoking cessation and SHS exposure reduction counseling to parents. Adopting evidence-based system strategies for increasing implementation of all 5A’s, such as electronic reminder systems to provide the 5 A’s, and availability of resources and feedback to pediatricians [18, 34] could facilitate pediatrician delivery of the 5A’s in routine practice. A multi-faceted approach would include creation of a smokefree hospital environment and culture. This approach should include, at least, the following components: requiring smoking status as a vital sign to be noted on the patient registration form; the provision of designated smoking cessation team composed of nurses and/or patient educators; and availability and insurance coverage for nicotine replacement therapy or other pharmacological products [35–37].
Acknowledgements
We thank all the subjects for their participation in the study.
Funding
This study was supported by a grant (principal investigator: Abu S. Abdullah) from the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute, USA, to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Julius B. Richmond Center. We thank the pediatricians who gave their time to contribute to this study.
Availability of data and material
All relevant data are within the paper. Additional data could be available upon request to the corresponding author.
Authors’ contributions
JL took part in designing the study, drafted the manuscript, carried out the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of the data. ASA conceptualized and designed the whole study, supervised and instructed data collection and analysis, reviewed and revised the manuscript. KH coordinated and supervised data collection, carried out the initial analyses. LY and ZZ contributed to the overall design of the study, commented on the data collection instrument, critically reviewed the manuscript. JPW contributed to the overall design of the study, critically reviewed the manuscript. GN contributed to the overall design of the study and data interpretation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
All authors provided consent for this publication.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the institutional review board of Guangxi Medical University (No. IRB-Int-2013 (315-1)).
Abbreviations
- CEASE
Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure
- OR
Odds Ratio
- SHS
Second-hand Smoke
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