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. 2016 Aug 22;12(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s12992-016-0186-4

Influential journals in health research: a bibliometric study

José M Merigó 1, Alicia Núñez 1,
PMCID: PMC4994291  PMID: 27550071

Abstract

Background

There is a wide range of intellectual work written about health research, which has been shaped by the evolution of diseases. This study aims to identify the leading journals over the last 25 years (1990–2014) according to a wide range of bibliometric indicators.

Methods

The study develops a bibliometric overview of all the journals that are currently indexed in Web of Science (WoS) database in any of the four categories connected to health research. The work classifies health research in nine subfields: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Health Management and Economics, Health Promotion and Health Behavior, Epidemiology, Health Policy and Services, Medicine, Health Informatics, Engineering and Technology, and Primary Care.

Results

The results indicate a wide dispersion between categories being the American Journal of Epidemiology, Environmental Health Perspectives, American Journal of Public Health, and Social Science & Medicine, the journals that have received the highest number of citations over the last 25 years. According to other indicators such as the h-index and the citations per paper, some other journals such as the Annual Review of Public Health and Medical Care, obtain better results which show the wide diversity and profiles of outlets available in the scientific community. The results are grouped and studied according to the nine subfields in order to identify the leading journals in each specific sub discipline of health.

Conclusions

The work identifies the leading journals in health research through a bibliometric approach. The analysis shows a deep overview of the results of health journals. It is worth noting that many journals have entered the WoS database during the last years, in many cases to fill some specific niche that has emerged in the literature, although the most popular ones have been in the database for a long time.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12992-016-0186-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Keywords: Health, Bibliometrics, Journals, Web of Science

Background

The scope of public health history is dynamic and has been shaped by the evolution of diseases. In the last decades, health research has moved from the study of sanitary reforms and the control of infectious diseases, to the study of the impact of epidemic and contagious diseases, and to the inclusion of social action initiatives taken in response of epidemic disasters. Thus, the scope of health research has been expanded and broadened from a range of intellectual disciplines including the study of health economics [1], and social and political relations of health [2]. These intellectual contributions have been well documented in a range of professional journals.

The oldest continuously published medical journal was introduced in 1812 by the Massachusetts Medical Society and was called The New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and the Collateral Branches of Science, which in 1828 became The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal and later The New England Journal of Medicine. From that period of time many other medical associations and journals started to emerge including the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1883, Milbank Quarterly in 1923, Public Health Economics and Medical Care Abstracts (today’s Medical Care Research and Review) in 1944, Inquiry and Medical Care in 1963, Health Service Research in 1966, and Social Science and Medicine in 1967. Healthcare Financial Management and the International Journal of Health Services appeared in the 70’s, and also the Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Health Care Management Review, Hospital and Health Services Administration, the Journal of Ambulatory Care Management and, and Health Care Financing Review. In the 80’s there was an explosion of new journals such as the Journal of Public Health Policy, Health Affairs, Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, Health Care Strategic Management, Frontier of Health Services Management, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Health Care Financing Review, and the International Journal for Quality in Health Care. The first issue of the Journal of Health Services Research and Policy was published in 1996, and in the 2000s the Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology appeared [3].

For this reason, there is a wide range of intellectual work written about health research and it is time to evaluate its development and main characteristics. Bibliometric analysis can help determine trends and patterns of publications within a research discipline, identifying the focus of research and the national and international strengths and biases [4, 5]. Over the course of the past few decades, several bibliometric analyses have been published regarding diverse topics in the literature of health research, including medicine and international health, where studies have tried to evaluate the contribution of different world regions in research production in infection diseases in terms of both quantity and quality [6], in respiratory research productivity where countries from Western Europe, Canada and Oceania had the best performance after adjustment for population and gross national income per capita [7], in cardiovascular research production where the results showed a promising trend of research productivity for developing world regions with the exception of Africa [8], and also look at the bibliometric profile of tropical medicine and international health [9]. In health informatics studies have included an up-to-date view of the telemedicine and telehealth literature analyzing the changes in content themes [10], assessing the impact of grants in the contribution to scientific knowledge of health information technologies on patient safety and quality of care outcomes [11], quantifying the number of publications on electronic health records and their changes over time [12], and studying the contribution of individual countries to leading journals in medical informatics [13]. Among occupational health, articles have helped to identify the most pertinent journals in the practice of occupational health and to develop search strategies that facilitate finding occupational health intervention studies [1416]. There are also bibliometric analysis published in health management that investigate the attention and progress of strategic management in the literature [17], in health economics, studies have reported the growth of health economics literature and the change in topics and geographical focus of health economics [1820]. Bibliometric studies in health service research have looked for trends, gaps and characteristics when comparing among different regions [21, 22], in the same line other studies have assessed the scientific production in health policy [23, 24], in primary health [25, 26], in epidemiology [27, 28], in environmental health [2931], in public health and preventive medicine [32, 33], in preventive medicine, occupational and environmental medicine, epidemiology, and public health [34], and also public in health research in specific countries or regions [3542]. This literature has become relevant today perhaps due to the diverse disciplines that are engaged in health research and its importance in order to monitor and disseminate the scientific achievements from the research work.

In this current study we aim to expand the scope of analysis of health research even more, identifying and quantifying the scholarly publications in the field and subfield approaches of public health, environmental and occupational health, health management and economics, health promotion and health behavior, epidemiology, health policy and services, medicine, health informatics, engineering and technology and primary care. Our main goal is to produce an overview of the leading journals in health research literature in the world for a time frame of 25 years from 1990 to 2014. There are many aspects that can indicate the value of a journal; in this study we use the number of citations and their impact factor to reflect the quality of the review process and its popularity in the scientific community. Findings from this research may assist researchers to identify top performance journals in a subject area, learn more about the subfields of health research, and identify emerging areas of research to locate areas of potential study.

Methods

There are different approaches for classifying the bibliographic material. Bibliometrics is one of the most common approaches [43, 44]. In order to represent the results, the analysis uses a wide range of indicators that measure the quality of the publications. Currently, there is no general agreement on the optimal method for measuring research because depending on the perspective considered an indicator may be better than another one. Therefore, the current literature deals with many indicators that have appeared during the last years [4547]. In this study, the aim is to provide a general picture in order to get a complete overview that can adapt to the interests and perspectives of each specific reader. Thus, several indicators are considered including the total number of publications and citations, the citations per paper, the h-index [48] and the number of papers that a journal has among the most cited ones in a specific field. Note that the most cited papers are found in Web of Science (WoS) by ordering the results of a search from the most cited papers to the less cited [49].

The study uses the WoS database in order to search for the information. WoS is usually regarded as the most influential database for scientific research because it includes those journals that are generally recognized with the highest quality. It was originally created by Eugene Garfield with the name of Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Later, Thomson & Reuters bought the ISI, renaming it ISI Web of Knowledge and later WoS. Note that other databases are available and could also be used in the analysis including Scopus and Google Scholar. Scientific research is divided in 251 categories in WoS. Four of them involve health research: Public, Environmental & Occupational Health, Health Policy & Services, Health Care Sciences & Services, and Primary Health Care. Note that the first one appears both in the Science Citation Index and in the Social Science Citation Index. These four categories encompass 363 journals. Since these four categories are very broad, the study divides health research in nine categories in order to get a deeper picture of the leading journals in each subfield. However, it is worth noting that sometimes it was not clear where to classify a journal because its scope may include two or three subfields. In any case, the analysis considers a Global Ranking (GR) where all the journals are ranked together. This allows comparison between subfields when needed. The nine categories are:

  • Public Health

  • Environmental and Occupational Health

  • Health Management and Economics

  • Health Promotion and Health Behavior

  • Epidemiology

  • Health Policy and Services

  • Medicine

  • Health Informatics, Engineering and Technology

  • Primary Care

Although the work considers many indicators, the ranking is carried out according to the total number of citations. The main reason for this is that the citations measure the influence that a journal has in absolute terms. Other alternatives could be considered including the citations per paper and the h-index. The main limitation of this indicator is that it does not take into account the number of papers that have generated the number of cites. However, the rest of indicators included in the tables allow the reader to get a comprehensive overview of each journal although the ranking is focused on the number of citations.

The analysis focuses on the last 25 years (1990–2014). The main reason is because this time period is representative of the latest developments of the field. In order to take into account the influence from a classical perspective, the study includes an indicator that shows the number of articles that a journal has among the 200 most cited articles published before 200. This allows the reader to see those journals that were very influential before and see if they are still leading the field or not. Note that the search process carried out in WoS has been developed between March and August 2015. The types of documents considered are: articles, reviews, notes and letters.

Results

This section presents the main bibliometric results found in WoS for 363 health research journals from 1990 to 2014. The results are ordered by category and each table contains the 20 or 10 most cited journals of each category (see the Additional file 1 for the full list of journals).

Public health

Public health refers to the activities to prevent diseases, promote health, and prolong life for the whole population [50]. Therefore, the main objective of public health is assuring conditions for the people in order to be healthy. It is at the core of health research and consequently there are many journals devoted to increase knowledge and raise awareness on this topic. Table 1 shows the most influential journals among this category.

Table 1.

Most influential journals in Public Health Research

R Journal name TC TP H TC/TP Year Volume IF IF5 T50 T200 T200* GR First year
1 American Journal of Public Health 302196 9203 198 32,84 1991 81 4,229 4,997 15 9 1 3 1911
2 Social Science & Medicine 281663 9656 163 29,17 1990 31 2,558 3,568 17 14 0 4 1967
3 Bulletin of The World Health Organization 80812 2597 110 31,12 1990 68 5,112 6,372 8 7 14 22 1948
4 BMC Public Health 60880 7434 64 8,19 2001 1 2,321 2,781 0 0 0 31 2001
5 Public Health Nutrition 46882 2988 84 15,69 1999 2 2,483 2,798 1 1 0 41 1998
6 Drug Safety 46562 2005 87 23,22 1990 5 2,620 3,424 0 0 0 42 1986
7 Annual Review of Public Health 39592 595 104 66,54 1991 12 6,627 7,984 4 4 1 51 1980
8 Public Health Reports 34617 2064 67 13,29 1990 105 1,644 1,791 1 1 2 61 2001
9 Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 22531 2219 54 10,15 1996 20 1,897 1,835 0 0 0 82 1977
10 Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique 20835 2515 44 8,28 1990 81 1,094 1,325 1 1 0 88 1997
11 European Journal of Public Health 20399 1851 51 11,02 1997 7 2,459 2,743 0 0 0 91 1991
12 Public Health 20393 2488 48 8,2 1990 104 1,475 1,514 0 0 0 92 1888
13 Revista de Saude Publica 18366 2810 41 6,54 1990 24 1,219 1,587 0 0 0 97 1967
14 Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 17440 1568 50 11,12 1999 27 3,125 2,570 0 0 0 103 1973
15 Journal of American College Health 15664 1011 57 15,49 1994 43 1,397 2,223 2 1 0 109 1978
16 Journal of Safety Research 13917 1070 47 13,01 1990 21 1,303 1,940 0 0 0 116 1982
17 Public Health Nursing 11167 1373 37 8,13 1990 7 0,886 1,131 0 0 0 137 1984
18 Maternal and Child Health Journal 9992 1434 36 6,97 2004 8 2,015 2,318 0 0 0 143 1997
19 Salud Publica de Mexico 8805 2008 30 4,38 1993 35 1,034 1,221 0 0 0 154 1997
20 Ethnicity & Disease 7952 1285 32 6,19 2004 14 0,921 1,233 0 0 0 160 2003

Abbreviations: TC Total citations, TP Total papers, H Hirsch index, TC/TP Average citations per paper, IF Impact factor, IF5 5-year impact factor, T50 Number of papers among the 50 most cited of the category, T200 and T200* Number of papers among the 200 most cited in all fields of health between 1990–2014 and before 1990, GR Global ranking considering all the journals

The journal that has received more citations and the higher h-index in this field is the American Journal of Public Health with 302,196 citations and an h-index of 198; followed by Social Science & Medicine with 281,663 citations and an h-index of 163. These two journals dominate the number of citations in the field with more than 50 % of all the cites. Despite these elevated numbers, the highest average citation rate per paper, impact factor, and 5-year impact factor is for the Annual Review of Public Health.

Analyzing the T50 and T200 ranking results, Social Science & Medicine is in the top positions with 17 papers or 34 % of the papers in the T50 ranking of the category, followed by the American Journal of Public Health with 30 % of the papers in the T50. The same journals have 9 and 14 papers respectively in the T200 ranking. Note that all the journals of the category have an h-index bigger than 20, reflecting its influence and productivity.

Environmental and occupational health

Environmental health studies the impact of our surroundings in health, while occupational health studies all aspects of health and safety in the workplace. This category includes journals regarding the understanding of the impact and control of environmental and occupational hazards on human health and society. Table 2 presents the results for this category.

Table 2.

Most influential journals in Environmental and Occupational Health Research

R Journal name TC TP H TC/TP Year Volume IF IF5 T50 T200 T200* GR First year
1 Environmental Health Perspectives 311509 8066 192 38,62 1990 89 7,029 7,607 40 22 3 2 1972
2 Occupational and Environmental Medicine 71955 3211 98 22,41 1994 51 3,234 3,466 0 0 1 26 1944
3 American Journal of Industrial Medicine 62605 3745 76 16,72 1990 18 1,590 1,899 1 1 1 29 1980
4 Environmental Research 62104 2695 91 23,04 1990 53 3,951 4,033 1 0 0 30 1967
5 Accident Analysis and Prevention 60584 3760 83 16,11 1990 22 2,571 3,096 0 0 0 32 1969
6 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 57259 4235 80 13,52 1990 32 1,797 2,09 0 0 1 34 1959
7 Radiation Protection Dosimetry 53396 9063 55 5,89 1990 30 0,861 0,981 0 0 0 36 1981
8 Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health 44939 1853 83 24,25 1990 16 3,095 3,869 3 1 0 45 1975
9 International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 37358 2381 66 15,69 1990 62 2,198 2,199 1 1 0 56 1930
10 Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 34588 4265 51 8,11 1990 61 0,782 0,998 0 0 0 62 1930
11 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 22748 1844 52 12,34 1990 34 2,068 2,148 0 0 0 79 1958
12 Indoor Air 20871 948 62 22,02 1994 4 4,904 - 0 0 0 87 1991
13 Health & Place 19584 1384 58 14,15 1995 1 2,435 3,003 0 0 0 95 1995
14 Occupational Medicine-Oxford 19400 2080 53 9,33 1992 42 1,472 1,682 1 0 0 96 1948
15 Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A-Current Issues 17092 1670 44 10,23 1998 53 1,834 1,868 0 0 0 104 1975
16 International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 15445 1080 51 14,3 2000 203 3,276 3,331 0 0 0 110 2000
17 Toxicology and Industrial Health 15004 1429 49 10,5 1990 6 1,710 1,591 3 0 0 115 1985
18 Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes 13210 1901 34 6,95 1990 25 1,234 1,129 0 0 0 122 1976
19 Environmental Geochemistry and Health 12095 1093 42 11,07 1990 12 2,573 2,534 0 0 0 128 1979
20 Industrial Health 10652 1444 35 7,38 1990 28 1,045 1,132 0 0 0 140 1963

Abbreviations: TC Total citations, TP Total papers, H Hirsch index, TC/TP Average citations per paper, IF Impact factor, IF5 5-year impact factor, T50 Number of papers among the 50 most cited of the category, T200 and T200* Number of papers among the 200 most cited in all fields of health between 1990–2014 and before 1990, GR Global ranking considering all the journals

The journal Environmental Health Perspectives has the highest results in all the measures, with 311,509 citations that are far from any other journal in the category, an h-index of 192, and an impact factor of 7.029. It has also 80 % of the papers in the T50 ranking, and 22 papers in the T200 ranking of the most cited papers in all fields of health.

Health management and economics

This category includes journals related to the economics and management of health and healthcare (see Table 3).

Table 3.

Most influential journals in Health Management and Economics Research

R Journal name TC TP H TC/TP Year Volume IF IF5 T50 T200 T200* GR First year
1 Medical Care 162015 3890 145 41,65 1990 28 2,941 3,714 31 16 10 9 1963
2 Risk Analysis 50164 2716 85 18,47 1990 10 1,974 2,546 5 2 1 38 1981
3 Journal of Health Economics 39818 1400 85 28,44 1990 9 2,254 3,159 5 3 1 49 1982
4 Pharmacoeconomics 37078 2163 69 17,04 1993 4 3,338 3,509 2 0 0 57 1992
5 Medical Decision Making 34695 1511 80 22,96 1990 10 2,698 3,083 5 1 1 59 1981
6 Health Economics 32797 1643 72 19,96 1994 3 2,137 2,570 2 0 0 65 1992
7 BMC Health Services Research 25343 3474 49 7,3 2001 1 1,659 2,188 0 0 0 72 2001
8 American Journal of Managed Care 24099 2483 57 9,71 1997 3 2,166 2,688 0 0 0 76 1995
9 Inquiry-The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing 9704 711 43 13,65 1990 97 0,564 0,793 0 0 0 146 1964
10 Health Care Management Review 6392 702 32 9,11 1994 19 1,642 2,071 0 0 0 179 1976
11 American Journal of Medical Quality 5264 698 30 7,5 1999 14 1,776 1,821 0 0 0 189 1986
12 Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 4630 616 31 7,52 2006 12 2,682 2,858 0 0 0 198 1995
13 Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 3661 865 21 4,23 2005 11 0,84 1,198 0 0 0 211 1995
14 International Journal of Health Planning and Management 3470 512 26 6,78 1994 9 0,971 1,029 0 0 0 213 1985
15 Economics & Human Biology 3326 348 29 9,56 2006 4 2,461 2,878 0 0 0 217 2003
16 Journal of Healthcare Management 2919 514 24 5,68 1998 43 0,96 0,977 0 0 0 224 2007
17 European Journal of Health Economics 2403 495 19 4,85 2007 8 1,913 1,865 0 0 0 230 2000
18 Australian Health Review 2098 669 17 3,14 2007 31 1,000 1,127 0 0 0 236 1978
19 Human Resources for Health 2048 371 20 5,52 2008 6 1,922 2,392 0 0 0 237 2003
20 International Journal for Equity in Health 1761 458 16 3,84 2008 7 1,589 1,925 0 0 0 247 2002

Abbreviations: TC Total citations, TP Total papers, H Hirsch index, TC/TP Average citations per paper, IF Impact factor, IF5 5-year impact factor, T50 Number of papers among the 50 most cited of the category, T200 and T200* Number of papers among the 200 most cited in all fields of health between 1990–2014 and before 1990, GR Global ranking considering all the journals

Medical Care is the journal positioned number one in this category according to the number of citations, h-index, average citations per paper, and 5-year impact factor. It has 62 % of the papers among the 50 most cited in the category, and 16 out of the 200 most cited in all fields of health. However, the highest impact factor in the category is for Pharmaeconomics, positioned fourth according to the total number of citations.

Health promotion and health behavior

Health promotion and health behavior refers to the role of behavioral and social influences to address current and emerging public health problems. Table 4 shows the most influential journals in this category.

Table 4.

Most influential journals in Health Promotion and Health Behavior

R Journal name TC TP H TC/TP Year Volume IF IF5 T50 T200 T200* GR First year
1 American Journal of Preventive Medicine 115942 3947 133 29,37 1990 6 4,281 5,092 13 5 5 12 1985
2 Preventive Medicine 111066 4186 122 26,53 1990 19 2,932 3,917 4 3 3 14 1972
3 Journal of Adolescent Health 78449 3676 96 21,34 1990 11 2,748 3,753 2 0 0 23 1980
4 Patient Education and Counseling 59813 3611 83 16,56 1990 15 2,598 3,158 2 0 0 33 1978
5 Medical Education 50964 3253 79 15,67 1990 24 3,617 3,963 0 0 0 37 1966
6 Journal of Health and Social Behavior 45820 728 107 62,94 1990 31 2,951 4,457 8 4 4 44 1960
7 Supportive Care in Cancer 39781 3384 62 11,76 1993 1 2,495 2,845 0 0 0 50 1993
8 AIDS Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV 39017 2795 66 13,96 1992 4 2,194 2,454 1 1 1 53 1989
9 American Journal of Community Psychology 33534 1259 84 26,64 1990 18 1,968 2,888 1 1 0 63 1973
10 Tobacco Control 32078 1641 74 19,55 1998 7 5,150 4,532 1 0 0 66 1992
11 Health Education Research 31136 1594 73 19,53 1991 6 1,944 2,508 0 0 0 67 1986
12 Qualitative Health Research 28115 1864 58 15,08 1995 5 1,441 - 1 1 0 70 1991
13 Psychology & Health 24761 1407 57 17,6 1992 7 2,255 2,107 5 1 1 74 1987
14 Medical Teacher 24402 3370 52 7,24 1990 12 2,045 2,170 1 1 1 75 1979
15 Sociology of Health & Illness 23121 1134 65 20,39 1990 12 2,014 2,62 0 0 0 77 1979
16 AIDS and Behavior 22636 1863 55 12,15 2003 7 3,312 3,977 0 0 0 81 1997
17 American Journal of Health Promotion 21372 1072 63 19,94 1995 9 1,762 2,389 4 2 2 83 1986
18 AIDS Education and Prevention 20901 1123 57 18,61 1992 4 1,505 2,298 0 0 0 86 1989
19 Journal of School Health 20436 1887 56 10,83 1990 60 1,659 2,132 0 0 0 90 1930
20 AIDS Patient Care and STDs 20210 1622 49 12,46 1996 10 3,576 3,255 0 0 0 93 1987

Abbreviations: TC Total citations, TP Total papers, H Hirsch index, TC/TP Average citations per paper, IF Impact factor, IF5 5-year impact factor, T50 Number of papers among the 50 most cited of the category, T200 and T200* Number of papers among the 200 most cited in all fields of health between 1990–2014 and before 1990, GR Global ranking considering all the journals

As we can see in Table 4, there are two journals leading the citation ranking: the American Journal of Preventive Medicine and Preventive Medicine with 115,942 and 111,066 citations respectively. Also these two journals have an h-index over 100. The Tobacco Control Journal has the highest impact factor of 5150; however, the American Journal of Preventive Medicine has the highest 5-year impact factor. Additionally, the American Journal of Preventive Medicine has 13 studies in the T50 ranking and five in the T200.

Epidemiology

Epidemiology is a basic science of public health. It studies the distributions and determinants of health problems in different groups of people. Epidemiological information is used to plan and evaluate strategies to control or prevent diseases. Table 5 presents the main journals in this category.

Table 5.

Most influential journals in Epidemiology

R Journal name TC TP H TC/TP Year Volume IF IF5 T50 T200 T200* GR First year
1 American Journal of Epidemiology 357243 8162 211 43,77 1990 131 4,975 6,067 11 8 49 1 1921
2 Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 207614 6073 147 34,19 1991 1 4,324 4,647 2 1 0 5 1991
3 Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 168450 4502 167 37,42 1990 43 5,478 5,898 17 16 2 7 1955
4 Statistics in Medicine 148692 6505 140 22,86 1990 9 2,037 2,828 0 0 6 10 1982
5 International Journal of Epidemiology 140691 4335 134 32,45 1990 19 9,197 8,000 3 0 3 11 1972
6 Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 99343 3939 117 25,22 1990 44 3,294 3,667 2 2 3 15 1947
7 Epidemiology 93837 3124 126 30,04 1991 2 6,178 6,894 1 1 0 16 1990
8 Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 86969 4588 100 18,96 1990 11 3,938 4,423 5 3 0 18 1980
9 Cancer Causes & Control 83834 3003 112 27,92 1990 1 2,961 3,434 1 1 0 21 1990
10 Epidemiology and Infection 73121 4117 85 17,76 1990 104 2,491 2,671 0 0 0 25 1901
11 European Journal of Epidemiology 46372 2896 71 16,01 1990 6 5,147 4,245 1 1 0 43 1985
12 Annals of Epidemiology 43089 2002 83 21,52 1996 6 2,145 2,895 0 0 0 48 1990
13 Genetic Epidemiology 38300 2040 77 18,77 1990 7 2,951 3,489 1 1 1 54 1984
14 Epidemiologic Reviews 34630 456 93 75,94 1990 12 7,333 12,344 4 3 5 60 1979
15 Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 33089 1726 66 19,17 1990 18 1,944 2,491 0 0 0 64 1973
16 Neuroepidemiology 24773 1314 62 18,85 1990 9 2,476 2,863 0 0 0 73 1982
17 Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 21249 1228 59 17,3 1994 8 2,811 2,796 0 0 0 84 1987
18 Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 18231 1274 54 14,31 1998 75 1,943 2,517 0 0 0 99 1925
19 Statistical Methods in Medical Research 11801 490 44 24,08 1999 8 2,957 3,155 2 2 0 131 1992
20 BMC Medical Research Methodology 8936 979 39 9,13 2007 7 2,168 3,024 0 0 0 153 2001

Abbreviations: TC Total citations, TP Total papers, H Hirsch index, TC/TP Average citations per paper, IF Impact factor, IF5 5-year impact factor, T50 Number of papers among the 50 most cited of the category, T200 and T200* Number of papers among the 200 most cited in all fields of health between 1990–2014 and before 1990, GR Global ranking considering all the journals

The American Journal of Epidemiology is in the first place of this category, and also among all the categories according to the global ranking (GR). It has also the highest h-index of all categories, reflecting his influence and impact. It is followed by the Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention and the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology that occupy positions 5 and 7 in the GR. The highest impact factor and 5-year impact factor is for the Epidemiology journal with values of 6178 and 6894 respectively. Regarding the T50 ranking, the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology has 46 % of the most cited papers in this category and the American Journal of Epidemiology has 22 %. In the T200 ranking, this category has 39 out of the 200 most cited journals in all the fields, eight are from the American Journal of Epidemiology and 16 of the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.

Health policy and services

This category includes journals from multidisciplinary fields of scientific investigation that study among others the rising demand for health services, how to improve their quality and efficiency, and rigorous policy analysis that ultimately impact our health and well-being (see Table 6).

Table 6.

Most influential journals in Health Policy and Services

R Journal name TC TP H TC/TP Year Volume IF IF5 T50 T200 T200* GR First year
1 Health Affairs 85858 5495 106 15,62 1990 9 4,321 4,402 11 1 1 19 1981
2 Quality of Life Research 65856 2697 102 24,42 1993 2 2,864 3,270 15 3 3 28 1992
3 Health Services Research 44904 1997 82 22,49 1990 24 2,491 2,772 4 0 0 46 1967
4 Health Policy 29530 1646 53 11,16 1990 14 1,725 1,923 1 1 1 68 1980
5 Milbank Quarterly 22965 605 69 37,96 1990 68 5,391 6,513 8 3 3 78 1923
6 Health Policy and Planning 20646 1306 56 15,81 1991 6 3,442 3,703 1 0 0 89 1986
7 International Journal for Quality in Health Care 18340 1299 54 14,12 1995 7 1,584 2,296 1 0 0 98 1989
8 Value in Health 18129 1403 53 12,92 2002 5 2,891 3,174 3 0 0 100 1998
9 Community Mental Health Journal 15045 1391 49 10,82 1990 26 1,146 1,422 0 0 0 113 1965
10 Medical Care Research and Review 13328 636 55 20,96 1995 52 2,600 3,638 2 0 0 119 1944
11 Hastings Center Report 11744 2179 47 5,39 1990 20 1,080 1,131 0 0 0 132 1971
12 International Journal of Health Services 11664 1102 46 10,58 1990 20 0,988 1,236 2 0 0 133 1971
13 Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 11595 1199 44 9,67 2006 4 2,099 3,152 0 0 0 135 2003
14 Journal of Aging and Health 11313 857 45 13,2 1995 7 1,832 2,057 0 0 0 136 1989
15 Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law 10243 1023 41 10,01 1990 15 0,962 1,169 0 0 0 141 1976
16 Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 9865 1466 35 6,73 1995 6 0,902 1,394 0 0 0 144 1990
17 Journal of Community Health 9787 1247 39 7,85 1994 19 1,573 1,765 0 0 0 145 1975
18 Psychology Public Policy and Law 9354 508 45 18,41 1995 1 1,723 2,697 2 0 0 149 1995
19 Journal of Rural Health 8759 943 37 9,29 1996 12 1,771 1,844 0 0 0 156 1985
20 Gesundheitswesen 5518 1610 23 3,43 2000 62 0,624 0,621 0 0 0 187 1946

Abbreviations: TC Total citations, TP Total papers, H Hirsch index, TC/TP Average citations per paper, IF Impact factor, IF5 5-year impact factor, T50 Number of papers among the 50 most cited of the category, T200 and T200* Number of papers among the 200 most cited in all fields of health between 1990–2014 and before 1990, GR Global ranking considering all the journals

Even though Health Affairs is the most cited journal, the Milbank Quarterly has the highest TC/TP ratio, impact factor, and 5-year impact factor, being the most influential in the category. It is also worthiest to notice that Quality of Life Research has 15 out of the 50 most influential papers in the category, followed by Health Affairs with 11 and Milbank Quarterly with eight. Quality of Life Research and Milbank Quarterly have three papers each in the T200 ranking.

Medicine

Medicine is one of the world’s oldest categories in the arena of health research, allowing scientists and physicians to communicate their advances. The results of this category are displayed in Table 7.

Table 7.

Most influential journals in Medicine

R Journal name TC TP H TC/TP Year Volume IF IF5 T50 T200 T200* GR First year
1 American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 178865 7809 120 22,9 1990 42 2,736 2,947 9 1 1 6 1921
2 Journal of General Internal Medicine 114351 4688 120 24,39 1990 5 3,423 3,744 14 3 3 13 1986
3 Academic Medicine 92662 7000 98 13,24 1990 65 3,468 3,654 12 1 1 17 1926
4 Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84422 4933 83 17,11 1990 84 1,931 2,453 1 0 0 20 1908
5 Psychiatric Services 74932 4731 91 15,84 1995 46 1,987 2,807 6 0 0 24 1950
6 Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 71194 3586 95 19,85 1991 6 2,737 3,240 2 0 0 27 1986
7 Tropical Medicine & International Health 56435 3196 74 17,66 1996 1 2,302 2,953 0 0 0 35 1996
8 Nicotine & Tobacco Research 28496 1975 61 14,43 2003 5 2,805 3,125 2 0 0 69 1999
9 Palliative Medicine 25715 1711 63 15,03 1995 9 2,845 3,565 0 0 0 71 1987
10 Journal of Womens Health 20943 1932 49 10,84 1997 6 1,896 1,989 1 0 0 85 1992
11 Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 18094 2429 45 7,45 1990 13 1,248 1,471 1 1 1 101 1978
12 Annals of Human Biology 15402 1414 44 10,89 1990 17 1,148 1,515 0 0 0 111 1974
13 Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 13335 1785 44 7,47 1999 5 1,580 1,534 0 0 0 118 1995
14 Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 13124 1248 41 10,52 2003 3 2,531 2,635 0 0 0 124 2001
15 Journal of Public Health Dentistry 11983 1012 46 11,84 1990 50 1,644 1,653 0 0 0 130 1941
16 Journal of Palliative Medicine 11142 1586 39 7,03 2005 8 2,063 2,446 0 0 0 138 1987
17 European Journal of Cancer Care 9674 1056 40 9,16 1999 8 1,762 1,813 0 0 0 147 1992
18 Journal of Medical Screening 9179 675 41 13,6 1998 5 2,722 2,234 0 0 0 150 1994
19 Implementation Science 8777 883 39 9,94 2006 1 3,470 4,098 1 0 0 155 2006
20 Medical Anthropology Quarterly 8041 608 40 13,23 1990 4 0,607 1,117 0 0 0 159 1987

Abbreviations: TC Total citations, TP Total papers, H Hirsch index, TC/TP Average citations per paper, IF Impact factor, IF5 5-year impact factor, T50 Number of papers among the 50 most cited of the category, T200 and T200* Number of papers among the 200 most cited in all fields of health between 1990–2014 and before 1990, GR Global ranking considering all the journals

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene is the most influential according to its total number of citations of 178,865. However, the h-index is the same for the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene and the Journal of General Internal Medicine, but the TC/TP ratio and impact factor is higher for the latter. The highest impact factor and 5-year impact factor is for the Implementation Science journal. In the T50 ranking, Academic Medicine appears with 12 papers, the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene with 9, and the Journal of General Internal Medicine has 14 in this ranking and three in the T200 ranking.

Health informatics, engineering and technology

This category involves the research and integration of resources, devices, and methodologies to optimize the use of information to provide a better healthcare. The Top ten journals in this category are shown in Table 8.

Table 8.

Most influential journals in Health Informatics, Engineering and Technology

R Journal name TC TP H TC/TP Year Volume IF IF5 T50 T200 T200* GR First year
1 Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 47258 3139 94 15,06 2000 7 3,932 4,182 26 0 0 40 1994
2 Health Physics 39417 4799 62 8,21 1990 58 0,774 1,105 4 1 1 52 1958
3 International Journal of Medical informatics 22736 1696 55 13,41 1997 44 2,716 - 5 0 0 80 1970
4 Methods of information in Medicine 17886 1704 47 10,5 1990 24 1,083 1,448 3 0 0 102 1962
5 Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 16334 1980 45 8,25 1998 4 1,736 1,661 0 0 0 106 1995
6 Journal of Medical Internet Research 15683 1271 53 12,34 1999 1 4,669 5,724 4 0 0 108 1999
7 International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 15141 1346 45 11,25 1995 11 1,556 1,565 3 0 0 112 1985
8 Health Technology Assessment 13181 650 56 20,28 2004 8 5,116 5,404 5 1 0 123 1997
9 Journal of Medical Systems 5709 1188 26 4,81 1992 16 1,372 1,482 0 0 0 186 1977
10 International Journal of Health Geographics 4350 485 28 8,97 2007 6 1,967 2,675 0 0 0 202 2002

Abbreviations: TC Total citations, TP Total papers, H Hirsch index, TC/TP Average citations per paper, IF Impact factor, IF5 5-year impact factor, T50 Number of papers among the 50 most cited of the category, T200 and T200* Number of papers among the 200 most cited in all fields of health between 1990–2014 and before 1990, GR Global ranking considering all the journals

The Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association is the most influential in this category with the highest number of citations, h-index, TC/TP ranking, impact factor, 5-year impact factor. Additionally, it has 52 % of the papers among the 50 most cited of the category, but none in the T200. Health Physics and Health Technology Assessment have one paper each in the T200 ranking.

Primary care

Primary care is all the regular health services and social services that are available for the population, and its research is at the cornerstone for building a strong healthcare system. Table 9 presents the Top ten journals in this category.

Table 9.

Most influential journals in Primary Care

R Journal name TC TP H TC/TP Year Volume IF IF5 T50 T200 T200* GR First year
1 British Journal of General Practice 47635 5770 74 8,26 1990 40 2,356 2,516 8 0 0 39 1953
2 American Family Physician 43288 5726 62 7,56 1990 41 1,818 2,056 4 0 0 47 1970
3 Journal of Family Practice 37511 3371 78 11,13 1990 30 0,735 0,729 17 1 1 55 1974
4 Family Practice 35533 2322 66 15,3 1990 7 1,842 2,071 6 0 0 58 1984
5 Annals of Family Medicine 16159 666 59 24,26 2004 2 4,570 5,250 9 0 0 107 2003
6 Canadian Family Physician 13319 5046 35 2,64 1990 36 1,403 1,646 0 0 0 120 1955
7 Family Medicine 10804 1546 38 6,99 2000 32 0,851 1,284 3 1 1 139 1981
8 Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 9132 866 35 10,55 1995 13 1,610 1,889 0 0 0 152 1983
9 Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 7230 898 32 8,05 2006 19 1,848 2,064 2 0 0 168 1988
10 Primary Care 6856 1244 28 5,51 1990 17 0,833 1,084 1 0 0 174 1974

Abbreviations: TC Total citations, TP Total papers, H Hirsch index, TC/TP Average citations per paper, IF Impact factor, IF5 5-year impact factor, T50 Number of papers among the 50 most cited of the category, T200 and T200* Number of papers among the 200 most cited in all fields of health between 1990–2014 and before 1990, GR Global ranking considering all the journals

The most cited journal is the British Journal of General Practice, followed by the American Family Physician, the Journal of Family Practice, and Family Practice. The highest h-index is for the Journal of Family Practice. While these four papers are the most cited, Annals of Family Medicine is the journal with the highest impact factor, and 5-year impact factor. Among the 50 most cited papers in this category, the Journal of Family Practice has 34 % of them, followed by Annals of Family Medicine with 18 %, the British Journal of General Practice with 16 %, and Family Practice with 12 %. There are two journals in the T200 ranking with one paper each, which are the Journal of Family Practice and Family Medicine.

Comparison between fields

Finally, let us provide a general picture of the publication and citation structure of each health category. Table 10 presents the results.

Table 10.

Global results for each category

Category name NJ H TC TP TC/TP T200 T200*
Public Health 61 261 1.237.899 83.365 14,85 38 28
Environmental and Ocupational Health 47 215 1.091.045 73.649 14,81 25 6
Health Management and Economics 29 188 474.540 28.547 16,62 22 13
Health Promotion and Health Behaviour 73 218 1.156.553 78.542 14,73 21 19
Epidemiology 25 325 1.806.202 66.097 27,33 39 69
Health Policy and Services 40 172 484.055 37.911 12,77 8 8
Medicine 51 184 951.188 69.198 13,75 6 6
Health Informatics, Engineering and Technology 18 123 214.135 21.205 10,10 2 1
Primary Health Care 18 113 250.486 34.269 7,31 2 2

Note that the columns of the T200 and the T200* do not sum up to 200 because some of the most cited papers were published in journals that currently are not indexed in WoS for several reasons

Abbreviations: NJ Number of journals

Epidemiology is the most influential category over the last 25 years with the highest number of citations, citations per paper, h-index and the largest number of articles among the 200 most cited before and after 1990. Public Health also obtains very remarkable results being the category with the largest number of articles. However, the category with the highest number of journals is Health Promotion and Health Behavior.

Discussion and conclusions

This study showed some remarkable viewpoints about health journals currently indexed in WoS database between 1990 and 2014. This analysis shows the results obtained by health journals under a wide range of bibliometric indicators. This is very useful to see the general results from a broader perspective than the Journal Citation Reports of WoS. Particularly, this is very useful for PhD students and newcomers in the field in order to get a general orientation of the leading journals in health research.

The results provide a general picture of the current position of the leading journals in this field for the nine categories analyzed, which can be rank in terms of total papers as follows: (1) Public Health, (2) Health Promotion and Health Behavior, (3) Medicine, (4) Environmental and Occupational Health, (5) Epidemiology, (6) Health Policy and Services, (7) Health Management and Economics, (8) Health Informatics, Engineering and Technology, and (9) Primary Care. The results indicate that Epidemiology is the most influential category although Public Health is the largest one. Focusing on journals, the American Journal of Epidemiology, Environmental Health Perspectives, American Journal of Public Health, and Social Science & Medicine, have the highest number of citations which shows the largest influence in absolute terms. However, some other journals achieve better results when looking to other indicators. For example, according to the citations per paper ratio, the leading journals are Epidemiologic Reviews, Annual Review of Public Health, and Journal of Health and Social Behavior. This indicates that the journals considered in the study have different profiles with a wide variety of objectives. Almost all the leading journals are published in English although some journals may also publish in some other popular European languages including German, Spanish, French and Italian. Note that many journals have entered the WoS database during the last years although the most popular ones have been in the database for a long time.

In conclusion, by bibliometric methodology, the findings and suggestions of this study can help scientific researchers understand the performance and trends of health research globally. With the help of these findings researchers can make informed decisions of their research directions, in terms of identifying top journals of the discipline, and choose exchange platforms for their research. This study also helps to learn more about the subfields of health research, and identify emerging areas of research today such as public health, health promotion and health behavior and epidemiology, and also how most areas of health research have started to decline in number of citations from 2006.

From a general perspective, health research is a very broad area that includes a wide range of topics. This article classifies the material according to some of the most significant topics. However, it is worth noting that more specific topics could also be considered because each journal considers specific topics that do not depend on the topics followed by other journals. Moreover, the study assigns each journal to one category but sometimes the journal could also be considered in another category. For solving this issue, the last column of each table (GR) considers the global ranking that each journal obtains when merging all the journals in the same list and ordering according to the number of citations. This allows comparison between journals from different categories. But note that each category or group of journals may have a different profile with a different volume of publications and citations. Therefore, it is not easy to compare journals with different topics and categories. Finally, recall that WoS has several limitations when classifying bibliographic material that should also be considered in this article [49]. Additionally, many other issues may affect research in this field including open access and electronic journals. Note that only those included in WoS are considered in the analysis.

Acknowledgments

Not applicable for this manuscript.

Funding

The authors have no support or funding to report.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information file “Additional file 1”.

Authors’ contribution

The contribution of the author was as followed: JM developed the original research idea and questions, obtained the data for this study, conducted data analysis, interpreted the results, and wrote the manuscript. AN contributed to the original research idea and questions, conducted data analysis, interpreted the results, and contributed to the writing and revisions of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ information

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

GR

Global Ranking

WoS

Web of Science

Additional file

Additional file 1: (153.3KB, docx)

Table S1. Public Health. Table S2. Environmental and Occupational Health. Table S3. Health Management and Economics. Table S4. Health Promotion and Health Behavior. Table S5. Epidemiology. Table S6. Health Policy and Services. Table S7. Medicine. Table S8. Health Informatics, Engineering and Technology (e-health). Table S9. Primary Health Care. (DOCX 153 kb)

Contributor Information

José M. Merigó, Phone: +11-562-2977-2164, Email: jmerigo@fen.uchile.cl

Alicia Núñez, Phone: +11-562-2978-3443, Email: anunez@fen.uchile.cl.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information file “Additional file 1”.


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