Abstract
Objective
Platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy is a standard treatment strategy for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This study aimed to investigate the long-term efficacy and tolerability of inductive chemotherapy with docetaxel plus carboplatin (TC) or 5-fluorouracil plus carboplatin (FC) followed by concurrent radiation therapy in patients with NPC.
Methods
Patients (N=88) were randomized to receive TC or FC as inductive therapy followed by concurrent radiotherapy (60–70 Gy) with two cycles of carboplatin (area under the curve =5 mg·h/L). Patients were followed up for 8 years. Primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS), toxicity, tumor response, distant metastasis-free survival, and local recurrence-free survival.
Results
At the end of the follow-up period, 31 patients died, 32 had disease progression, eleven had cancer recurrence, and 25 had distant metastasis. Overall, there was no difference between treatment groups with regard to response or survival. We found that following induction and concurrent chemoradiotherapy, the majority of patients showed a complete response (~96%–98% for induction therapy and 82%–84% for comprehensive therapy) to both therapies. PFS and OS were also similar between groups. The rate of PFS was 63.6% for both FC and TC and that of OS was 65.9% and 63.5%, respectively. The overall incidence of grade 3–4 adverse events in the TC group (20.5%) was higher than in the FC group (10.7%). Neutropenia and leukopenia were the most common grade 3–4 adverse events in the TC group, and mucositis was the most common in the FC group.
Conclusion
These data indicate that TC and FC therapies have similar efficacy in treating locally advanced NPC and both are well tolerated.
Keywords: nasopharyngeal cancer, carboplatin, 5-fluorouracil, docetaxel, tolerability
Introduction
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common malignancy of the head and neck in southern part of the People’s Republic of China.1,2 Approximately 21.4/100,000 persons per year will develop NPC in the People’s Republic of China, which is higher than the worldwide rate of incidence (<1/100,000 persons per year).1,2 The gold standard of NPC treatment is a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, commonly involving 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin.3–6 Treatment failure for primary NPC is common, with failure rates of 7%–13% for residual tumor and 15%–58% for recurrent NPC.4,7 Treatment of recurrent or residual NPC is even more difficult with an average 5-year survival rate of 20%.7
The use of induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemotherapy is of great interest.6 Several studies have found that adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy followed by concurrent platinum-based chemoradiotherapy showed survival benefits in patients with NPC.8–10
Docetaxel is a chemotherapeutic that is widely used in therapy of head and neck cancer.11 The administration of docetaxel is simple, and duration of docetaxel therapy is short. One study found that the 2-year survival rate and disease-free survival rate in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC treated with docetaxel plus carboplatin (TC) for two courses of inductive therapy followed by concurrent cisplatin treatment and radiotherapy were 91.8% and 78.5%, respectively.12 Although a number of studies have compared the efficacy and tolerability of cisplatin plus docetaxel with cisplatin plus 5-FU in NPC, only one short-term (1 year) study has compared the efficacy and tolerability of TC with that of 5-FU plus carboplatin (FC) as inductive therapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy in treating locally advanced NPC.13 The aim of this Phase II study was to compare the long-term efficacy and tolerability between FC and TC as inductive therapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy in Chinese patients with locoregionally advanced NCP.
Methods
This prospective, parallel, open-label, randomized Phase II study compared the longterm clinical efficacy and safety of induction chemotherapy with TC (TC group) and FC (FC group) in patients with locally advanced NPC. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study and protocol were approved by the ethics committee of Sun Yat-sen University, and all patients gave their written informed consent.
Study population
Eligible patients were aged 18–60 years with pathologically diagnosed differentiated nonkeratinizing carcinoma or undifferentiated nonkeratinizing carcinoma (World Health Organization [WHO] staging system) of stage T3-4N0-3M0 (UICC2002 staging system). Included patients had not received initial therapy, chemotherapy, surgical intervention, or radiotherapy for their disease prior to study enrollment. Patients had to have a favorable overall health, no contraindications for chemotherapy, a Karnofsky score ≥80, and a performance score ≤2. Included patients had normal hematological values: absolute neutrophil count was ≥2×109/L, platelet count was ≥100×109/L, and hemoglobin was ≥9 g/dL; total bilirubin was greater than the upper limit of normal (ULN); and aspartate transaminase and/or alanine transaminase was >1.5 times the ULN and alkaline phosphatase was >2.5 times the ULN.
Patients were excluded if the pathological findings indicated that they had type I NPC (WHO staging system) or adenocarcinoma, serious liver or kidney dysfunction, or heart disease. Patients with metastasis before therapy and those with other diseases or conditions that may impact the study results were also excluded.
Patients were withdrawn from the study at the discretion of the clinician if there was evidence of disease progression and for being noncompliant. Patients were also allowed to withdraw from the study for participating in another trial, receiving other chemotherapeutics, a need to undergo surgery, or if they were intolerant to the chemotherapy.
Treatment regimens
In TC group, patients were treated with docetaxel (70 mg/m2) plus carboplatin (area under the curve =5 mg·h/L) for two courses (3 weeks per course) followed by two courses (3 weeks per course) of carboplatin (area under the curve =5 mg·h/L) alone. Patients received concomitant radiotherapy during chemotherapy. Radiotherapy was conducted with cobalt 60 or photon beams (6 or 8 MV) of linear accelerator five times weekly (2.0 Gy per irradiation) for 6–9 weeks. The total dose of irradiation was 60–78 Gy administered at the nasopharynx and 60–70 Gy for radical therapy of the neck lymph nodes. Determination of the target volume for radiation and location of prophylactic irradiation are described in Table S1.
In FC group, patients were administered 5-FU (120-hour intravenous infusion of 4 g/m2 as one cycle and stopped till the third week, and then next cycle was started) plus carboplatin. Treatment otherwise was the same as the TC group. Oral dexamethasone (7.5 mg) was given twice daily before, during, and after chemotherapy with docetaxel to prevent drug-induced retention of water and sodium.
Dose adjustment of chemotherapeutics was based on the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) 3.0 (Table S2).
Concomitant therapies
One hour before chemotherapy, a 5-HT3 antagonist was used for antiemetic therapy followed within 5–15 minutes by oral or intravenous administration of dexamethasone (15–20 mg). Starting on the second day of chemotherapy, dexamethasone (7.5 mg) and metoclopramide (20 mg; or a 5-HT3 antagonist) were administered twice daily for 3 days.
Application of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was not recommended unless the white blood cell count or absolute neutrophil count dropped. If neutropenia of grade 3–4, as defined by CTCAE, or fever due to neutropenia (ie, oral temperature ≥38.3°C [axillary temperature ≥37.8°C] or oral temperature ≥38°C [axillary temperature ≥37.5°C] for longer than 1 hour) occurred, secondary treatment with G-CSF was given at the discretion of the physician. In addition, the dosage of the chemotherapeutic was adjusted. G-CSF therapy was administered ≥24 hours following completion of chemotherapy.
Supportive therapy, such as pain medication, blood transfusion, and intravenous nutrition, was administered as necessary. Patients were not allowed to receive treatment with other drugs or undergo other radiotherapy/chemotherapy procedure during the study. However, other antitumor therapies were used if the patients showed signs of disease progression with study treatment.
Assessment of efficacy and tolerability
Physical examination, nasopharyngeal fiberscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging were employed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy for lifelong follow-up. The evaluations of the therapeutic efficacy started at 1 and 3 months after chemotherapy. Then, they were done once every 3 months till the end of third year after chemotherapy, twice a year till the end of the fifth year after chemotherapy, and once a year from the sixth year after chemotherapy. According to the WHO Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (2003), the therapeutic efficacy was classified as complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 5, and up to 8 years.
Safety was assessed throughout the study using CTCAE 3.0.
Statistical analysis
A sample size of 44 patients per group was necessary based on our clinical research experience of a 5-year PFS rate of 70% in patients with late-stage nasopharyngeal cancer and who were receiving combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy for local-regional treatment. The power calculations used a group difference of 0.1, a type I error of 0.05, a power of 0.8, a 3-year enrollment period, a 5-year follow-up duration, and a dropout rate of 8%.
All the patients meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to the TC group or FC group at a ratio of 1:1. Dynamic randomization (Pocock and Simon minimization method) was employed to randomize patients.13 The randomization in this study was conducted in a concentrated manner, and randomization was performed centrally.
The primary end point of this trial was PFS. Secondary end points included OS, toxicity, tumor response, distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS). Duration of event (ie, PFS, OS, DMFS, LRFS) was calculated from the date of randomization to the date of event occurring or censoring.
The intention-to-treat population included all patients randomly assigned. The safety population included all randomized patients who completed radical radiotherapy. Kaplan–Meier curves were generated to estimate the rates of PFS, OS, DMFS, and LRFS, and group differences in these end points were compared by log-rank test. Mean, standard deviation, and range were computed for age. Count (%) was calculated for all other variables. A two-sided P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. All statistics were two-sided, and analyses were performed using SPSS version 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Patient demographics and baseline characteristics
A total of 88 patients were enrolled from November 1, 2005 to December 1, 2009 and randomly assigned to one of the two study arms (n=44 per arm). Baseline demographics and disease characteristics were similar between the TC and FC treatment groups (Table 1). In both treatment groups, the mean age waŝ45 years, and ~76% were male. Most patients in both groups had stage III (58.0%), T3–T4 (83.0%), and N1–N2 (69.3%) cancer.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 88 patients* receiving TC or FC
| Characteristics | TC group (n=44) | FC group (n=44) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| Mean (standard deviation) | 45.3 (8.4) | 44.6 (8.9) |
| Range | 25–60 | 29–60 |
| Sex, n % | ||
| Male | 34 (77.3) | 33 (75.0) |
| Female | 10 (22.7) | 11 (25.0) |
| Stage, n % | ||
| III | 25 (56.8) | 26 (59.1) |
| IVa | 12 (27.3) | 13 (29.5) |
| IVb | 7 (15.9) | 5 (11.4) |
| T stage, n % | ||
| T1 | 5 (11.4) | 0 (0) |
| T2 | 4 (9.1) | 6 (13.6) |
| T3 | 23 (52.3) | 27 (61.4) |
| T4 | 12 (27.2) | 11 (25.0) |
| N stage, n % | ||
| N0 | 5 (11.4) | 10 (22.7) |
| N1 | 16 (36.4) | 15 (34.1) |
| N2 | 16 (36.4) | 14 (31.8) |
| N3 | 7 (15.8) | 5 (11.4) |
Note:
All patients were at stage M0.
Abbreviations: FC, 5-fluorouracil plus carboplatin; TC, docetaxel plus carboplatin.
Treatment completion
Almost all patients in both arms completed the scheduled two cycles of chemotherapy except one patient in the FC group who withdrew from chemotherapy during cycle 2 (Table 2). Of the original 88 patients, 83% completed cycle 3, and 70.5% completed cycle 4. A similar percentage of patients completed chemotherapy in both groups (P≥0.161).
Table 2.
Number of patients completing chemotherapy
| Chemotherapy cycles | TC (n=44) | FC (n=44) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cycle 1 | 44 (100.0) | 44 (100.0) | NA |
| Cycle 2 | 44 (100.0) | 43 (97.7) | 0.999 |
| Cycle 3 | 38 (86.4) | 35 (79.5) | 0.395 |
| Cycle 4 | 34 (77.3) | 28 (63.6) | 0.161 |
Note: Data are presented as n (%) and were tested by chi-square test.
Abbreviations: FC, 5-fluorouracil plus carboplatin; NA, not applicable; TC, docetaxel plus carboplatin.
Toxicity
No severe adverse events (AEs) occurred during the study (Table 3). During induction therapy, eight grade 3–4 leukopenia (five in the TC group and three in the FC group), ten grade 3–4 neutropenia (six in the TC group and four in the FC group), and one grade 3–4 thrombocytopenia (in the FC group) event were reported. The number of grade 3–4 AEs increased during chemoradiotherapy. The types and frequency of AEs that occurred during chemoradiotherapy differed between groups. Of grade 3–4 AEs, the most common in the TC group were leukopenia (61.4%), neutropenia (56.8%), and alopecia (52.3%), followed by mucositis (31.8%) and thrombocytopenia (2.3%). In the FC group, mucositis (45.5%) was the most common grade 3–4 AE, followed by leucopenia (25%), neutropenia (25%), and thrombocytopenia (11.4%). The difference between groups in some of the AEs was significant. A greater percentage of patients treated with FC had leukopenia (P=0.002), neutropenia (P=0.004), and alopecia (P=0.002) of grade 3–4 compared with the TC group. A higher percentage of patients in the TC group had grade 3–4 thrombocytopenia (P=0.04). A lower percentage of patients in the TC group than in the FC group had nausea (52.3% vs 77.3%, respectively), emesis (20.5% vs 45.5%, respectively), diarrhea (0% vs 15.9%, respectively), and mucositis (0% vs 20.5%, respectively) of grade 1–2 during the induction therapy, but significantly higher proportion of grade 1–2 alopecia was found in the TC group (100% in the TC group and 4.5% in the FC group).
Table 3.
Drug-related toxicity according to treatments groups
| Therapy | TC group (n=44)
|
FC group (n=44)
|
P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G0 | G1–2 | G3–4 | G0 | G1–2 | G3–4 | ||
| During induction therapy | |||||||
| Leukopenia | 25 (56.8) | 14 (31.8) | 5 (11.4) | 30 (68.2) | 11 (25.0) | 3 (6.8) | 0.518 |
| Neutropenia | 26 (59.1) | 12 (27.3) | 6 (13.6) | 27 (61.4) | 13 (29.5) | 4 (9.1) | 0.795 |
| Hypochromia | 29 (65.9) | 15 (34.1) | 0 (0) | 32 (72.7) | 12 (27.3) | 0 (0) | 0.488 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 43 (97.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 40 (90.9) | 3 (6.8) | 1 (2.3) | 0.131 |
| Nausea | 21 (47.7) | 23 (52.3) | 0 (0) | 10 (22.7) | 34 (77.3) | 0 (0) | 0.015 |
| Emesis | 35 (79.5) | 9 (20.5) | 0 (0) | 24 (54.5) | 20 (45.5) | 0 (0) | 0.048 |
| Diarrhea | 44 (100.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 37 (84.1) | 7 (15.9) | 0 (0) | 0.022 |
| Mucositis | 44 (100.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 35 (79.5) | 9 (20.5) | 0 (0) | 0.007 |
| Liver dysfunction | 37 (84.1) | 7 (15.9) | 0 (0) | 38 (86.4) | 6 (13.6) | 0 (0) | 0.949 |
| Renal dysfunction | 39 (88.6) | 5 (11.4) | 0 (0) | 40 (90.9) | 4 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 0.725 |
| Alopecia | 0 (0) | 44 (100) | 0 (0) | 42 (95.5) | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| During radiotherapy and chemotherapy | |||||||
| Leukopenia | 5 (11.4) | 12 (27.3) | 27 (61.4) | 8 (18.2) | 25 (56.8) | 11 (25.0) | 0.002 |
| Neutropenia | 9 (20.5) | 10 (22.7) | 25 (56.8) | 9 (20.5) | 24 (54.5) | 11 (25.0) | 0.004 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 38 (86.3) | 5 (11.4) | 1 (2.3) | 28 (63.6) | 11 (25.0) | 5 (11.4) | 0.040 |
| Hypochromia | 13 (29.5) | 31 (70.5) | 0 (0) | 19 (43.2) | 25 (56.8) | 0 (0) | 0.275 |
| Nausea | 26 (59.1) | 18 (40.9) | 0 (0) | 24 (54.5) | 20 (45.5) | 0 (0) | 0.556 |
| Emesis | 42 (95.5) | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 40 (90.9) | 4 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 0.327 |
| Mucositis | 0 (0) | 30 (68.2) | 14 (31.8) | 0 (0) | 24 (54.5) | 20 (45.5) | 0.274 |
| Liver dysfunction | 34 (77.3) | 10 (22.7) | 0 (0) | 35 (79.5) | 9 (20.5) | 0 (0) | 0.539 |
| Renal dysfunction | 36 (81.8) | 8 (18.2) | 0 (0) | 37 (84.1) | 7 (15.9) | 0 (0) | 0.777 |
| Alopecia | 0 (0) | 21 (47.7) | 23 (52.3) | 8 (18.2) | 36 (81.8) | 0 (0) | 0.002 |
Notes: Data are shown as n (%) and were tested by chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. P-values shown in bold are significant (P<0.05).
Abbreviations: FC, 5-fluorouracil plus carboplatin; G, grade; TC, docetaxel plus carboplatin.
Efficacy
No difference in treatment response between the two arms was found for cancer present at the nasopharynx and/or lymph node (as defined by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1)14 (P≥0.222) (Table 4). After the induction therapy, for cancer present in the nasopharynx or lymph nodes, most patients in the TC and FC groups achieved PR, and the PR was higher for nasopharyngeal cancer than lymph node cancer (95.5% and 97.7% for nasopharyngeal cancer and 71.8% and 70.6% for the lymph nodes in the TC and FC groups, respectively). In the TC group, 4.5% of patients achieved SD for nasopharyngeal cancer, and 12.8% and 15.4% achieved CR and SD, respectively, for lymph node cancer. In the FC group, 2.3% of patients achieved CR for nasopharyngeal cancer, and 23.5% and 5.9% achieved CR and SD, respectively, for lymph node cancer. No patients had SD for nasopharyngeal cancer. When combining the findings for both the nasopharynx and lymph nodes, most patients had a partial response (95.5% for TC and 97.7% for FC), and there was no difference between groups.
Table 4.
Best response
| Response | TC group
|
FC group
|
P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NP (n=44) | LN (n=39†) | NP (n=44) | LN (n=34†) | ||
| After induction therapy | 0.222‡/0.263§ | ||||
| Complete response | 0 (0) | 5 (12.8) | 1 (2.3) | 8 (23.5) | |
| Partial response | 42 (95.5) | 28 (71.8) | 43 (97.7) | 24 (70.6) | |
| Stable disease | 2 (4.5) | 6 (15.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.9) | |
| Combined response (NP + LN) | 0.616 | ||||
| Complete response | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | |||
| Partial response | 42 (95.5) | 43 (97.7) | |||
| Stable disease | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| After comprehensive treatment | 0.694‡/0.815§ | ||||
| Complete response | 41 (93.2) | 34 (87.2) | 40 (90.9) | 29 (85.3) | |
| Partial response | 3 (6.8) | 5 (12.8) | 4 (9.1) | 5 (14.7) | |
| Combined response (NP + LN) | 0.777 | ||||
| Complete response | 36 (81.8) | 37 (84.1) | |||
| Partial response | 8 (18.2) | 7 (15.9) | |||
Notes: Data are shown as n (%) and were tested by chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.
Data on response to LN from 15 patients with stage N0 were unavailable.
P-value for response rate of NP.
P-value for response rate of LN.
Abbreviations: FC, 5-fluorouracil plus carboplatin; LN, lymph node; NP, nasopharynx; TC, docetaxel plus carboplatin.
After the comprehensive (inductive and chemoradiation therapy) treatment, the majority of patients had CR for the combination of nasopharyngeal and lymph node cancers with both TC (81.8%) and FC (84.1%) treatment. In both groups, a greater percentage of patients had CR for nasopharyngeal cancer (93.2% for TC and 90.9% for FC) than for lymph node cancer (87.2% for TC and 85.3% for FC).
Survival analysis
At the end of the trial, of the entire study population, 31 patients died, 32 had disease progression, eleven had cancer recurrence, and 25 had distant metastasis. Kaplan–Meier curves for PFS, OS, DMFS, and LRFS are presented in Figure 1. The PFS rate in the FC group decreased over the follow-up period (86.4% at Year 1, 70.5% at Year 3, 65.9% at Year 5, and 63.6% at Year 8 [end of the trial]) (Figure 1A). The decrease in rate of PFS was higher at the beginning of the study for the TC group (88.6% at Year 1 and 63.6% at Year 3) compared with the FC group but remained stable thereafter such that but both groups had similar rate of PFS at the end of the study. Both FC and TC groups had similar rate of OS, DMFS, DFS, and LRFS. The OS rate in the FC and TC groups was, respectively, 95.5% and 100% at Year 1 81.8% and 72.5% at Year 3, 70.5% and 65.9% at Year 5, and 65.9% and 63.5% at the end of the trial (Figure 1B).
Figure 1.
Kaplan–Meier curves.
Notes: (A) Progression-free survival. (B) Overall survival. (C) Distant metastasis-free survival. (D) Local recurrence-free survival.
Abbreviations: FC, 5-fluorouracil plus carboplatin; TC, docetaxel plus carboplatin.
The rate of DMFS in the FC group was 95.5% and 72.7% after 1 and 3 years following treatment, respectively, and remained at 70.2% for another 5.7 years. In the TC group, the DMFS rate was 93.1% after 1 year of treatment, then dropped to 71.4% at 30 months following treatment, and remained relatively stable thereafter (Figure 1C). All events of local recurrence were reported within 4 years following treatment. The rates of 1-year, 3-year, and final LRFS were 97.7%, 92.6%, and 84.2% in the FC group and 95.5%, 87.8%, and 87.8% in the TC group, respectively (Figure 1D).
Discussion
Platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy is a standard treatment strategy for locoregionally advanced NPC.4,15–17 In the present study, the long-term efficacy and tolerability of induction chemotherapy with TC or FC followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy were evaluated. At the end of the trial, 31 patients died, 32 had disease progression, eleven had cancer recurrence, and 25 had distant metastasis. Overall, there was no difference between treatment groups with regard to response or survival outcomes. We found that following induction and comprehensive therapy, the majority of patients in both treatment groups had CR (~96%–98% for induction therapy and 82%–84% for comprehensive therapy). PFS, OS, DMFS, and LRFS were also similar between groups. The rate of PFS was 63.6% for both FC and TC and that of OS was 65.9% and 63.5%, respectively, at the end of the study. The rate of DMFS was 70.2% and 71.4% and that of LRFS was 84.2% and 87.8% in the FC and TC groups, respectively. The overall incidence of grade 3–4 AEs in the TC group (20.5%) was higher than in the FC group (10.7%). During concurrent chemoradiotherapy, a greater percentage of patients treated with TC had leukopenia (P=0.002), neutropenia (P=0.004), and alopecia (P=0.002) of grade 3–4 compared with the FC group, and a greater percentage of patients in the FC group had grade 3–4 thrombocytopenia (P=0.04). In general, these data indicate that TC and FC therapies have similar efficacy in treating NPC and both are well tolerated.
One prior study by Calais et al compared the short-term (1-year) efficacy and tolerability of TC and FC inductive therapies followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced NPC (N=58).13 Similar to our long-term study, they found that there was no difference between treatment regimens with regard to CR and PR immediately following inductive therapy and at 3 months. Immediately following inductive therapy, they found that ~95% of patients treated with TC and FC had PR, and at 3 months after concurrent chemoradiation therapy, ~95% achieved CR. These values were comparable to ours in that in our study, following inductive therapy, the great majority of patients (96%–98%) had PR in both treatment groups. Also, similar to our study, both regimens were well tolerated, and they also found a higher incidence of grade 3–4 AEs in the TC group compared with the FC group (72.4% vs 37.9%). They also found that TC was associated with a greater incidence of leukopenia and neutropenia of grade 3–4, and the FC was associated with a higher rate of grade 3–4 thrombocytopenia. In contrast to our findings, they found that FC was also associated with a higher frequency of emesis compared with TC. Differences between studies may be due to the fact our study followed patients for over 8 years.
Our findings with TC therapy are similar to two other studies that evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of neoadjuvant chemotherapy involving docetaxel and cisplatin followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy.18,19 Both studies followed patients for ~3 years. In the study of Genet et al, patients were treated with docetaxel and cisplatin followed by concurrent cisplatin plus radiation therapy.18 They found that after chemotherapy, the rates of CR and PR were 28.3% and 56.5%, respectively, and following chemotherapy and concurrent radiotherapy, the rates were 91.3% and 8.7%.17 Posner et al compared the efficacy and tolerability of sequential neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel plus cisplatin followed by concurrent cisplatin–radiotherapy (CRT) and CRT alone.19 Hui et al9 found that docetaxel and cisplatin were associated with a high rate of neutropenia (97%) during neoadjunctive therapy but found no difference in toxicities between the two treatment arms during CRT.19 The rate of 3-year PFS was greater with the neoadjunctive plus radiotherapy treatment arm (88.2%) compared with the CRT arm (59.6%), as also was the rate of OS (94.1% vs 67.7%, respectively).19 Similar to our study, the studies of Zhong et al20 and Hui et al9 found that neutropenia was one of the most common grade 3–4 AEs.
The use of induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemotherapy is of great interest.6,20 Several studies have assessed the efficacy and safety of the combination of cisplatin, docetaxel, and 5-FU followed by CRT in treating NPC or head and neck cancer.20–25 Overall, the studies found that inductive chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemo-radiation was well tolerated and produced clinical benefits in patients with locally advanced NPC.
Limitations
The findings of this study are limited by the sample size. In addition, the study was conducted in a single site and included only Chinese patients. Hence, it is unclear how generalizable the findings are, particularly to different ethnic groups. Larger, multinational studies are necessary to further explore the use of TC inductive therapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy in patients with locally advanced NPC.
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that inductive platinum-based chemotherapy followed by concurrent radiotherapy may show survival benefit in patients with locally advanced NPC, although findings from this Phase II study are preliminary. We also found that there was no difference in efficacy or tolerability between treatment regimens containing docetaxel and 5-FU. Large, randomized, multicenter studies are needed to further explore the optimal treatment regimen for patients with NPC.
Supplementary materials
Table S1.
Neck region requiring prophylactic irradiation
| Neck region with metastatic lymph nodes | Neck region requiring prophylactic irradiation (CTV2 in the neck) |
|---|---|
| N0 | Bilateral II, III, Va |
| II | Ipisilateral II, III, IV, Va, Vb |
| III | Ipisilateral II, III, IV, Va, Vb |
| Va | Ipisilateral II, III, IV, Va, Vb |
| IV | Ipisilateral II, III, IV, Va, Vb, supraclavicular region |
| Vb | Ipisilateral II, III, IV, Va, Vb, supraclavicular region |
| Unilateral neck | Bilateral II, III, Va |
Notes: III region is included for CTV2 when the following conditions are present: (1) Va region with metastatic lymph nodes is ≥3 cm; (2) IV region with metastatic lymph nodes has extracapsular involvement; (3) Vb region shows the pushing of the submandibular gland by metastatic lymph nodes or unclear borderline with the submandibular gland; and (4) several regions (four or more) show lymph node metastasis.
Abbreviation: CTV2, clinical target volume 2.
Table S2.
Dose adjustment of chemotherapy due to adverse events as defined by the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 3.0
| Serious AE | Dose adjustment |
|---|---|
| Homological toxicity | |
| Fever due to agranulocytosis | 75% of standard dose |
| Neutropenia (grade 3–4, temperature ≥38.5°C, or with concomitant bleeding) | 75% of standard dose |
| Gastrointestinal toxicity | |
| Vomiting/nausea (grade 3 following preventive or symptomatic treatment) | 75% of standard dose |
| Vomiting/nausea (grade 3 following preventive or symptomatic treatment) | 50% of standard dose |
| Kidney | |
| Creatinine clearance – calculated value 35–49 mL/min | 50% of standard dose, and the longest time interval to delayed chemotherapy was 2 weeks |
| Creatinine clearance – measured value 45–59 mL/min | Discontinuation of chemotherapy if toxicity was not resolved |
| Liver | |
| Grade 3 toxicity | No adjustment |
| Grade 4 toxicity | Discontinue chemotherapy |
Notes: Data from the website of the National Cancer Institute (http://www.cancer.gov). Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0 (CTCAE); published August 9, 2006. Available from: http://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/ctcaev3.pdf. Accessed July 6, 2016.1
Abbreviation: AE, adverse event.
Reference
- 1.National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0 (CTCAE) [Accessed July 6, 2016]. published August 9, 2006. Available from: http://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/ctcaev3.pdf.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81172041 and 81472525) and National Natural Science Funds for Young Scholar (81201630).
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
References
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Table S1.
Neck region requiring prophylactic irradiation
| Neck region with metastatic lymph nodes | Neck region requiring prophylactic irradiation (CTV2 in the neck) |
|---|---|
| N0 | Bilateral II, III, Va |
| II | Ipisilateral II, III, IV, Va, Vb |
| III | Ipisilateral II, III, IV, Va, Vb |
| Va | Ipisilateral II, III, IV, Va, Vb |
| IV | Ipisilateral II, III, IV, Va, Vb, supraclavicular region |
| Vb | Ipisilateral II, III, IV, Va, Vb, supraclavicular region |
| Unilateral neck | Bilateral II, III, Va |
Notes: III region is included for CTV2 when the following conditions are present: (1) Va region with metastatic lymph nodes is ≥3 cm; (2) IV region with metastatic lymph nodes has extracapsular involvement; (3) Vb region shows the pushing of the submandibular gland by metastatic lymph nodes or unclear borderline with the submandibular gland; and (4) several regions (four or more) show lymph node metastasis.
Abbreviation: CTV2, clinical target volume 2.
Table S2.
Dose adjustment of chemotherapy due to adverse events as defined by the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 3.0
| Serious AE | Dose adjustment |
|---|---|
| Homological toxicity | |
| Fever due to agranulocytosis | 75% of standard dose |
| Neutropenia (grade 3–4, temperature ≥38.5°C, or with concomitant bleeding) | 75% of standard dose |
| Gastrointestinal toxicity | |
| Vomiting/nausea (grade 3 following preventive or symptomatic treatment) | 75% of standard dose |
| Vomiting/nausea (grade 3 following preventive or symptomatic treatment) | 50% of standard dose |
| Kidney | |
| Creatinine clearance – calculated value 35–49 mL/min | 50% of standard dose, and the longest time interval to delayed chemotherapy was 2 weeks |
| Creatinine clearance – measured value 45–59 mL/min | Discontinuation of chemotherapy if toxicity was not resolved |
| Liver | |
| Grade 3 toxicity | No adjustment |
| Grade 4 toxicity | Discontinue chemotherapy |
Notes: Data from the website of the National Cancer Institute (http://www.cancer.gov). Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0 (CTCAE); published August 9, 2006. Available from: http://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/ctcaev3.pdf. Accessed July 6, 2016.1
Abbreviation: AE, adverse event.