Abstract
AIM: To test the hypothesis that lethal synergy in the chick embryo model may occur between nicotine and bacterial products (cell-free extracellular toxins and cell lysates) of five putative periodontopathogens. METHODS: The lethality of cell-free extracellular toxins and cell lysates of five periodontal species was assessed with or without nicotine in the chick embryo assay system. Ten putative periodontopathogens (five species) were studied: Prevotella intermedia (n = 5), Porphyromonas gingivalis (n = 1), Porphyromonas asaccharolytica (n = 1), Fusobacterium nucleatum (n = 2), and Fusobacterium necrophorum (n = 1). RESULTS: Simultaneous testing of cell-free extracellular toxins from isolates W50, PS2, PS3, PS4, and PS5 and nicotine resulted in a percentage kill significantly greater than expected (Fisher's Exact test). Simultaneous testing of cell lysates from isolates W50, PS2, and PS5 and nicotine resulted in a percentage kill significantly greater than expected (Fisher's Exact test). CONCLUSIONS: Lethal synergy in the chick embryo model may occur between nicotine and toxins from putative periodontopathogens (both cell-free extracellular toxins and cell lysates). This may be an important mechanism by which smoking increases the severity of periodontal disease.
Full text
PDF




Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Agarwal S., Piesco N. P., Johns L. P., Riccelli A. E. Differential expression of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 in human monocytes in response to lipopolysaccharides from different microbes. J Dent Res. 1995 Apr;74(4):1057–1065. doi: 10.1177/00220345950740040501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beck J. D., Koch G. G., Zambon J. J., Genco R. J., Tudor G. E. Evaluation of oral bacteria as risk indicators for periodontitis in older adults. J Periodontol. 1992 Feb;63(2):93–99. doi: 10.1902/jop.1992.63.2.93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bergström J. Cigarette smoking as risk factor in chronic periodontal disease. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1989 Oct;17(5):245–247. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1989.tb00626.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bergström J., Eliasson S. Cigarette smoking and alveolar bone height in subjects with a high standard of oral hygiene. J Clin Periodontol. 1987 Sep;14(8):466–469. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1987.tb02253.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bergström J., Eliasson S., Preber H. Cigarette smoking and periodontal bone loss. J Periodontol. 1991 Apr;62(4):242–246. doi: 10.1902/jop.1991.62.4.242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. I., Ebersole J. L. Production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines by human gingival fibroblasts following bacterial challenge. J Periodontal Res. 1996 Feb;31(2):90–98. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00469.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drucker D. B., Aluyi H. S., Morris J. A., Telford D. R., Gibbs A. Lethal synergistic action of toxins of bacteria isolated from sudden infant death syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 1992 Sep;45(9):799–801. doi: 10.1136/jcp.45.9.799. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fujiwaka H., Igarashi H., Usami H., Tanaka S., Tamura H. Clearance of endotoxin from blood of rabbits injected with staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. Infect Immun. 1986 Apr;52(1):134–137. doi: 10.1128/iai.52.1.134-137.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gomes B. P., Drucker D. B., Lilley J. D. Associations of specific bacteria with some endodontic signs and symptoms. Int Endod J. 1994 Nov;27(6):291–298. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.1994.tb00271.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Haber J., Kent R. L. Cigarette smoking in a periodontal practice. J Periodontol. 1992 Feb;63(2):100–106. doi: 10.1902/jop.1992.63.2.100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnson B. D., Engel D. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. A review of diagnosis, etiology and treatment. J Periodontol. 1986 Mar;57(3):141–150. doi: 10.1902/jop.1986.57.3.141. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lemanske R. F., Jr Mechanisms of airway inflammation. Chest. 1992 Jun;101(6 Suppl):372S–377S. doi: 10.1378/chest.101.6_supplement.372s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lindemann R. A., Kjeldsen M., Cabret M. Effect of whole oral bacteria and extracted lipopolysaccharides on peripheral blood leukocyte interleukin-2 receptor expression. J Periodontal Res. 1995 Jul;30(4):264–271. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1995.tb02132.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lumsden D. V., Wright R. C., Whiteman T. M., Byrnes J. W. ETHYLENE INJURY TO CUT FLOWERS IN COLD STORAGE ROOMS. Science. 1940 Sep 13;92(2385):243–244. doi: 10.1126/science.92.2385.243. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MacFarlane G. D., Herzberg M. C., Wolff L. F., Hardie N. A. Refractory periodontitis associated with abnormal polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis and cigarette smoking. J Periodontol. 1992 Nov;63(11):908–913. doi: 10.1902/jop.1992.63.11.908. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marrack P., Kappler J. The staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives. Science. 1990 May 11;248(4956):705–711. doi: 10.1126/science.2185544. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McKendrick N., Drucker D. B., Morris J. A., Telford D. R., Barson A. J., Oppenheim B. A., Crawley B. A., Gibbs A. Bacterial toxins: a possible cause of cot death. J Clin Pathol. 1992 Jan;45(1):49–53. doi: 10.1136/jcp.45.1.49. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meghji S., Henderson B., Kirby A., Newman H. N., Wilson M. Serum antibody response to surface-associated material from periodontopathogenic bacteria. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1995 Jan;10(2):101–108. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1995.tb00017.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Osterberg T., Mellström D. Tobacco smoking: a major risk factor for loss of teeth in three 70-year-old cohorts. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1986 Dec;14(6):367–370. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1986.tb01093.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pabst M. J., Pabst K. M., Collier J. A., Coleman T. C., Lemons-Prince M. L., Godat M. S., Waring M. B., Babu J. P. Inhibition of neutrophil and monocyte defensive functions by nicotine. J Periodontol. 1995 Dec;66(12):1047–1055. doi: 10.1902/jop.1995.66.12.1047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Payne J. B., Johnson G. K., Reinhardt R. A., Dyer J. K., Maze C. A., Dunning D. G. Nicotine effects on PGE2 and IL-1 beta release by LPS-treated human monocytes. J Periodontal Res. 1996 Feb;31(2):99–104. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00470.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Petsios A., Nakou M., Manti F. Microflora in adult periodontitis. J Periodontal Res. 1995 Sep;30(5):325–331. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1995.tb01283.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Preber H., Bergström J., Linder L. E. Occurrence of periopathogens in smoker and non-smoker patients. J Clin Periodontol. 1992 Oct;19(9 Pt 1):667–671. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1992.tb01716.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rivera-Hidalgo F. Smoking and periodontal disease. A review of the literature. J Periodontol. 1986 Oct;57(10):617–624. doi: 10.1902/jop.1986.57.10.617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Riviere G. R., Smith K. S., Tzagaroulaki E., Kay S. L., Zhu X., DeRouen T. A., Adams D. F. Periodontal status and detection frequency of bacteria at sites of periodontal health and gingivitis. J Periodontol. 1996 Feb;67(2):109–115. doi: 10.1902/jop.1996.67.2.109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sayers N. M., Drucker D. B., Morris J. A., Telford D. R. Lethal synergy between toxins of staphylococci and enterobacteria: implications for sudden infant death syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 1995 Oct;48(10):929–932. doi: 10.1136/jcp.48.10.929. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sayers N. M., Drucker D. B., Morris J. A., Telford D. R. Significance of endotoxin in lethal synergy between bacteria associated with sudden infant death syndrome: follow up study. J Clin Pathol. 1996 May;49(5):365–368. doi: 10.1136/jcp.49.5.365. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sayers N. M., Drucker D. B., Telford D. R., Morris J. A. Effects of nicotine on bacterial toxins associated with cot death. Arch Dis Child. 1995 Dec;73(6):549–551. doi: 10.1136/adc.73.6.549. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Scragg R., Mitchell E. A., Taylor B. J., Stewart A. W., Ford R. P., Thompson J. M., Allen E. M., Becroft D. M. Bed sharing, smoking, and alcohol in the sudden infant death syndrome. New Zealand Cot Death Study Group. BMJ. 1993 Nov 20;307(6915):1312–1318. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6915.1312. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Socransky S. S., Haffajee A. D. The bacterial etiology of destructive periodontal disease: current concepts. J Periodontol. 1992 Apr;63(4 Suppl):322–331. doi: 10.1902/jop.1992.63.4s.322. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stoltenberg J. L., Osborn J. B., Pihlstrom B. L., Herzberg M. C., Aeppli D. M., Wolff L. F., Fischer G. E. Association between cigarette smoking, bacterial pathogens, and periodontal status. J Periodontol. 1993 Dec;64(12):1225–1230. doi: 10.1902/jop.1993.64.12.1225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stone R. L., Schlievert P. M. Evidence for the involvement of endotoxin in toxic shock syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1987 Apr;155(4):682–689. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.4.682. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tipton D. A., Dabbous M. K. Effects of nicotine on proliferation and extracellular matrix production of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. J Periodontol. 1995 Dec;66(12):1056–1064. doi: 10.1902/jop.1995.66.12.1056. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]