VATS right upper lobe bronchial sleeve resection

Abstract

Background

The aim of this study is to discuss video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) sleeve bronchial lobectomy when handling the locally advanced central lung cancer (involving the trachea and/or main bronchus).

Methods

A 2.5 cm × 1.0 cm mass was found in the right upper lobe. Bronchoscopy demonstrated the tumor obstructing the right upper lobe bronchus and involved the right main bronchus and bronchus intermedius. Interrupted sutures were chosen for bronchial anastomosis. Bronchial membrane was sutured first, and then circumference end-to-end anastomoses were carried out using 3-0 absorbable sutures.

Results

There were no complications and the patient was discharged 8 days postoperatively.

Conclusions

The third intercostal space of the anterior axillary line was suggested for right upper lobe bronchial sleeve resection. This incision can reduce the distance and angle between the anastomosis to the incision, and facilitate anastomosis. This approach can also prevent operator from fatigue for keeping one posture for a long time. Clearance of the mediastinal lymph nodes before cutting the bronchus was helpful for exposing the right main bronchus, the upper lobe bronchus and bronchus intermedius satisfied. And this option would avoid pulling bronchial anastomosis during mediastinal lymph nodes clearance. Interrupted suture was safe and effective for VATS bronchial anastomosis.

Introduction

Surgery for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) involving proximal bronchi can be challenging. Pneumonectomy is associated with high rate of complications, especially for patients with compromised pulmonary function (1,2). Sleeve lobectomy can save noninvolved lung parenchyma for improving quality of life postoperatively. In 1952, Allison performed the first successful right upper lobe sleeve lobectomy for a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma (3). With the development of video-assisted thoracoscopy surgery (VATS), locally advanced lung cancer, has been adapted for thoracoscopic lung resection and has obtained worldwide acceptance (4-10). However, central lung cancer was still considered a contraindication of thoracoscopic surgery (11,12). Thoracoscopic bronchial sleeve resection has only been reported in limited studies (13-16). This report describes a minimally invasive technique for VATS right upper lobe bronchial sleeve resection.

Clinical data

A 66 years old men was admitted for coughing for two months. He had smoked for 30 years, 20 packs a day. Chest CT revealed a 2.5 cm × 4.5 cm mass in the right upper lobe (Figure 1). Bronchoscopy demonstrated the tumor obstructing the right upper lobe bronchus and involved the right main bronchus and bronchus intermedius. Pathology was squamous cell carcinoma. He received two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (Gemcitabine 2.0 g Day 1, 8 + Cisplain 40 mg day 1–3). The lesion’s size reduced to 2.5 cm × 1.0 cm (Figure 2). There were no positive past medical history and co-morbidities. His pulmonary function result was FEV1: 1.91 L (64.7% predicted); FVC: 4.36 L. He was selected to be candidate for VATS sleeve resection.

Figure 1.

Chest CT revealed a 4.5 cm × 2.5 cm mass in the right upper lobe.

Figure 2.

The lesion’s size was reduced to 2.5 cm × 1.0 cm after two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Operative techniques

Under general anesthesia with double-lumen endotracheal intubation and left lung ventilation, left lateral decubitus position was chosen. His arms extended to 90° and the elbows flexed to 90°. And the operative table was flexed to maximize the intercostal space. The first 1.5-cm incision was selected in the eighth intercostal space in the midaxillary line, and was used for the camera (30 degree 10 mm high definition video thoracoscope). A 4-cm long incision was made in the third intercostal space in the preaxillary line (Figure 3). A third 1.5-cm incision was performed in the ninth intercostal space in the post-axillary line for assistant.

Figure 3.

A 4-cm long incision was made in the third intercostal space in the pre-axillary line.

First, pulmonary ligament and the entire right hilum was mobilized with combination of sharp and blunt dissection. Second, Pulmonary vein is the most forward hilar structure, sometimes immediately prior pulmonary trunk. The right upper lobe vein was transected with a vascular stapler (ETHICON 45 mm white stapler). Third, Truncus and posterior ascending pulmonary artery were then divided and transected with a vascular stapler. Injury of the adjacent structures like azygos vein, phrenic and recurrent laryngeal nerves must be avoided during this step. Fourth, major and minor fissures were stapled by 60 mm green linear stapler. Following clearance of the mediastinal lymph nodes of level 7, the bronchial sleeve resection and reconstruction began. Excision of these lymph nodes will facilitate exposure of the bronchus. The distal right main bronchus and bronchus intermedius were fully mobilized to ensure adequate surgical exposure. Traction sutures were routinely placed on the lateral walls to reduce tension. Attention was then turned to bronchial anastomosis. Interrupted sutures were chosen for bronchial anastomosis. Bronchial membrane was sutured first, and then circumference end-to-end anastomoses were carried out using 3-0 absorbable sutures. The specimen was removed with a bag, and two sides of the bronchial resection margins were confirmed negative by frozen pathology. Afterwards, level 4R, 2R, and 3A were cleared (Figure 4). Bronchial anastomosis was confirmed without air leakage by water test. Finally, a 32-F chest tube was placed from the 1.5 cm incision (eighth intercostal space in the midaxillary line). Final pathology revealed T3N0M0 stage IIA squamous carcinoma.

Figure 4.

VATS right upper lobe bronchial sleeve resection (17). Available online: http://www.asvide.com/articles/1109

Postoperative chest X-ray showed right middle and lower lobe reexpanded. Analgesia, antibiotics are used for three days. There were no complications and the patient was discharged 8 days postoperatively.

Comments

The incision of third intercostal space in the anterior axillary line can reduce the distance and angle between the anastomosis and chest wall. Clearance of the mediastinal lymph nodes before cutting the bronchus was helpful for good exposure of the right mainstem bronchus, upper lobe bronchus and bronchus intermedius. And this approach would avoid pulling bronchial anastomosis during mediastinal lymph nodes clearance. Interrupted suture was safe and effective for VATS bronchial anastomosis.