Fig. 2.

Cluster dendrogram of biomarkers of EE/EED. This hierarchical analysis of biomarkers can accommodate a mixture of quantitative and qualitative variables and classify those strongly correlated or similar biomarkers into the same clusters using homogeneity criterion. Adjacent markers are the most closely correlated, while increased distance indicates decreasing correlations. Biological samples (blood or urine) were collected at 6, 12 and/or 18 weeks of age in the PROVIDE study. Cytokines were collected at 18 weeks of age, and analyzed as the association of 50–75th percentile as (2), and 75–100th percentile as (3). Biomarkers were well differentiated by the 3 major clusters, consisting cluster 1 (systemic inflammation in red), cluster 2 (enteric inflammation and malabsorption in black) and cluster 3 (maternal health in green). Adapted from the paper by Naylor et al. (Naylor et al., 2015).

Abbreviations, IL, interleukin; TNF, Tissue necrosis factor; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; CRP, C-reactive protein; sCD, soluble cluster of differentiation; MPO, myeloperoxidase; Reg, regenerating islet derived protein; RBP, retinol binding protein; HAZ, height-for-age Z-score; WAZ, weight-for-age Z-score; WHZ, weight-for-height Z score.