Table 2.
Predictors for CD4+ T-cell recovery from baseline to 3 months on ART
| Variable | Univariate Coef. (95% CI) | p value | Multivariate Coef. (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline CD4+ T-cell count, per 100 cells/μL | 0.90 (0.84,0.96) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.779, 0.966) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Log (Baseline viral load, per 100,000 copies/mL) | 0.0 (−0.00001, 0.00003) | 0.312 | … | … |
|
| ||||
| Time-dependent covariate viral load, per 100,000 copies/mL | −6.81 (−17.17, 3.56) | 0.198 | −2.23 (−8.035, 3.568) | 0.45 |
|
| ||||
| Age at ART initiation, year | −0.076 (−1.87, 1.72) | 0.933 | … | … |
|
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| ART regimen | ||||
| NNRTI regimena | … | … | … | … |
| PI regimen | −57.84 (−103.74, −11.94) | 0.014 | −38.81 (−67.39, −10.23) | 0.008 |
| Triple NRTI regimen | −79.49 (−184.03, 25.06) | 0.136 | −20.53 (−114.54, 73.47) | 0.669 |
|
| ||||
| Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole at ART initiation | −170.81 (−204.91, −136.71) | <0.001 | −17.63 (−47.59, 12.32) | 0.249 |
|
| ||||
| Pre-ART LPS level, per 100 pg/mL | −27.75 (−56.49, 1.00) | 0.059 | −3.32 (−22.19, 15.54) | 0.73 |
|
| ||||
| Post-ART LPS level, per 100 pg/mL | −26.26 (−103.92, 51.40) | 0.507 | … | … |
|
| ||||
| Log (Pre-ART sCD14 level, per 100,000 pg/mL) | −144.99 (−204.19, −85.78) | <0.001 | 13.69 (−30.32, 57.72) | 0.542 |
|
| ||||
| Log (Post-ART sCD14 level, per 100,000 pg/mL) | 93.62 (20.97, 166.27) | 0.012 | −9.61 (−61.7, 42.48) | 0.718 |
|
| ||||
| Previous AIDS-defining illness | ||||
| Yesa | … | … | … | … |
| No | 73.51 (31.70, 115.32) | 0.001 | 15.65 (−13.20, 44.50) | 0.288 |
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| Gender | ||||
| Malea | … | … | … | … |
| Female | −33.84 (−99.47, 31.79) | 0.312 | … | … |
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| Positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) | 53.81 (−21.96, 129.58) | 0.164 | −26.38 (−69.09, 16.34) | 0.226 |
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| Positive for hepatitis C virus antibody (Anti-HCV) | −64.00 (−126.85, −1.15) | 0.046 | 15.22 (−32.48, 62.93) | 0.532 |
|
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| Mode of transmission | ||||
| MSMa | … | … | … | … |
| IDU | −118.40 (−266.80, 29.30) | 0.118 | −63.33 (−160.14, 33.48) | 0.200 |
| MSM + IDU | −119.30 (−284.86, 46.27) | 0.158 | 79.55 (−27.84, 186.95) | 0.147 |
| Transfusion | −166.00 (−314.40, −17.60) | 0.028 | −58.89 (−221.99, 104.20) | 0.479 |
| Unknown | −108.31 (−156.14, −60.48) | <0.001 | −13.72 (−47.15, 19.72) | 0.421 |
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| CD14 SNP (C-260T) | ||||
| CC | −25.03 (−67.54, 17.49) | 0.249 | 16.64 (−11.48, 44.76) | 0.246 |
| T-carriagea | … | … | … | … |
|
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| TLR4 SNPs (A+896G & C+1196T)b | ||||
| AA/CC | … | … | … | … |
| AG/CT | 1.85 (−63.89, 67.58) | 0.956 | −6.01 (−51.55, 39.53) | 0.796 |
Univariate analyses by generalised estimating equation (GEE) using mixed-effect modelling were performed to identify potential predictors of CD4 recovery starting from baseline to 3 months post-ART. Variable for which p<0.2 were considered as candidates. The candidate predictors were then included in a multivariate GEE mixed-effect model and variables for which p<0.05 were considered as independent predictors.
ART, antiretroviral therapy; coef., coefficient; CI, confidence interval; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; sCD14, soluble CD14; IDU, injecting drug use; MSM, men having sex with men; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4.
reference group
both TLR4 SNPs (A+896G & C+1196T) are co-segregated