Skip to main content
PMC home page
European Journal of Medical Research logoLink to European Journal of Medical Research
. 2016 Aug 31;21(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s40001-016-0229-6

Safety of outpatient anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Dexiang Ban 1, Yang Liu 1, Taiwei Cao 1, Shiqing Feng 1,✉
PMCID: PMC5007863  PMID: 27582129

Abstract

Background

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is one of the most prevalent spine surgeries and neurosurgical procedures performed to treat a variety of disorders in the cervical spine. Over the last several years, ACDF has been done in the outpatient setting for less invasive approaches and exposures, as well as modified anesthetic and pain management techniques. Despite the fact that it may be innocuous in other parts of the body, complications in the spine can literally be fatal. The objective of this article is to evaluate the safety of outpatient surgery compared with inpatient surgery in the cervical spine for adult patients.

Methods

The multiple databases including Pubmed, Springer, EMBASE, EBSCO and China Journal Full-text Database were adopted to search for the relevant studies in English or Chinese. Full-text articles involving to the safety of outpatient cervical spine surgery were selected. Review Manager 5.0 was adopted to estimate the effects of the results among selected articles. Forest plots, sensitivity analysis and bias analysis for the articles included were also conducted. Chi-square tests were conducted with SPSS 20.0 software.

Results

Finally, 12 articles were included. The results of meta-analysis suggested that in the articles included, no death occurred, and compared with inpatient surgery, outpatient surgery has a similar risk (RR = 0.99, 95 % CI [0.98, 1.00], P = 0.02; P for heterogeneity = 0.47, I2 = 0 %). An I2 value of 0 % indicates no heterogeneity observed. All complications were occurred in both outpatients and inpatients. Among the studies selected, after the outpatient spine surgery, the highest incidences of complication were dysphagia (18/29) and hematoma (4/29). Compared with the overall complication rate in inpatient group, no significant difference was observed (x2 = 1.820, P = 0.177).

Conclusion

In this study, outpatient surgery has a similar risk with inpatient surgery, and no difference of morbidity between outpatient and inpatient was found. Because of short operative time and moderate postoperative pain, we believe that outpatient cervical spine surgery is a safe and convenient alternative procedure, which also decrease the cost of care. Besides, postoperative complications including dysphagia and hematoma should be noticed.

Keywords: ACDF, Outpatient, Inpatient, Complication

Background

The number of surgeries performed for degenerative cervical spine disease each year continues to increase, and an overall increase in cervical spine surgery in recent years have been observed [1, 2]. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), one of the most prevalent spine surgeries and neurosurgical procedures, is performed to treat a variety of disorders in the cervical spine [3, 4]. ACDS is widely used to treat nerve root or spinal cord compression by decompressing the spinal cord and nerve roots of the cervical spine with a discectomy to stabilize the corresponding vertebrae. Since originally described by Smith [5] in 1958, ACDF has been considered as the gold standard for many degenerative cervical spine diseases owing to its relative simplicity, minimal risk, and reliability [6]. As the aging population is growing, the frequency of its performance increases rapidly.

Traditionally, spine surgery in inpatient setting is well established [7–10]. But with the increasing medical costs and the mounting number of surgery procedures, outpatient surgeries have become increasingly important [11], and some studies [12–14] suggested that ACDF may be well-suited to be performed in the outpatient setting, concerning trends in spinal surgery towards less invasive approaches and exposures, as well as modified anesthetic and pain management techniques.

Existing studies have proven that there is no compromise in safety and efficacy of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion when performed as an outpatient [14, 15]. Complications occurred in these studies were not due to the outpatient setting or influenced in any way by the outpatient setting. But the application of outpatient ACDF remains controversial, which is mainly about the incidence of complications. Despite the fact that it may be innocuous in other parts of the body, complications in the spine can literally be fatal. After cervical spine surgery, a common complication like hematoma may compromise the airway and result in hypoxic complications if not addressed rapidly. The potential problems make ambulatory surgery with an anterior approach potentially problematic. For this reason most spine surgeons hesitated to do the procedure on an outpatient basis initially.

The objective of this article is to evaluate the safety of outpatient surgery compared with inpatient surgery in the cervical spine for adult patients. To compare the incidence of complications between outpatient surgery and inpatient surgery, it is necessary to perform a comprehensive literature search and meta-analysis. Further investigations about the safety and complication rates of ambulatory surgery will undoubtedly increase surgeon confidence of both medical staffs and patients.

Methods

Search strategy

Related citations about the outpatient cervical spine surgery were systematically searched and a systematic review of the literature was undertaken for articles published through February 2016 among multiple electronic databases including Pubmed, Springer, EMBASE, EBSCO and China Journal Full-text Database. The comparative studies evaluating the safety of inpatient versus outpatient surgery in the cervical spine were selected in all publication status including published, unpublished, in press and in progress. Two authors (Yang Liu and Taiwei Cao) in our team searched the literature independently. The following keywords were used in our search work: (1) outpatient OR ambulatory; (2) anterior cervical discectomy and fusion OR ACDF OR cervical spine surgery; (3) complication. All these keywords were assembled with the Boolean operator “and” to search for the articles related in the multiple electronic databases. All the citations searched out were screened for the further selection.

Citation selection

Another two researchers selected the citations in this process, independently and attentively. All the primary searched results (full text or abstract) were screened to identify the corresponding studies that may require further retrieval. These relevant studies included in this study must meet the following inclusion criteria: (1) the study must be a randomized control trials study; (2) outpatient spine surgery conduct; (3) complications involved; (4) outpatient spine surgery versus inpatient spine surgery; (5) patients with 18 years of age or older; (6) availability of full text.

Two authors (Dexiang Ban and Yang Liu) scanned the titles and abstracts of the identified articles to check whether the study was likely to be relevant. Studies that were considered to be included in the study were obtained as full text articles and independently assessed for inclusion by the same two authors. After the primary selection, these two researches met and reviewed their selections for agreement. If any difference existed, a third person (Shiqing Feng) was involved to discussion. At last, 12 relevant original articles were selected in this study.

Data extraction

Coding sheets in Microsoft Excel 2010 were developed before data extracting. Another two reviewers independently read the full text of the articles and extracted the characteristics from each study. In the first part, the meta-analysis about complications of outpatient surgery and inpatient surgery was conducted, and the first author’s name, year of publication, year of onset, follow-up time, events without complications, total sample size and matched factors of related articles were collected. In the second part, the amount and type of complications in different citations was summarized. If any problems of poor agreement occurred, these two reviewers solved after a discussion with a third investigator.

Statistical analysis

Review Manager 5.0 (The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011) was adopted to estimate the effects of outpatient spine surgery among selected articles. Related risk (RR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated. Heterogeneity was investigated with the heterogeneity I2 statistic in this study. The value of I2 statistic reflects the levels of heterogeneity. In general, I2 value at 25, 50 and 75 % were considered as the boundary value of low, moderate and high amounts of heterogeneity, respectively. When the moderate or high heterogeneity was obtained, which means the heterogeneity I2 statistic >50 %, a random-effect model was adopted, otherwise a fixed-effect model was chose. The P values reported in this meta-analysis are carried out from the x2 test. All these P values are two-sided and P < 0.05 was considered to represent statistically significant. In addition, sensitivity analysis and bias analysis of the articles were conducted to examine the quality of articles and the influence on the meta-analysis. To estimate possible publication bias, a funnel plot was used.

A comparison of the complication rates between the outpatient group and meta-analysis derived comparison group was carried out using x2 test with SPSS 20.0 software (IBM Corporation, 2013). Statistically significance was defined at P < 0.05.

Results

Search results

A total of 397 articles were initially located in these electronic databases after the primary selection. Twelve [16–27] of those met all of the inclusion criteria. The other 388 articles were excluded for duplication, irrelevant studies, inappropriate data, inappropriate comparison, reviews, without a control group or not a full-text. Among these nine included articles, seven involved in the comparison of the complication rate between outpatient surgery setting and inpatient surgery setting. Figure 1 shows the flow diagram that reflects the search process. Among the 12 article, seven [16, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27] were subsumed into the meta-analysis, and the other five [17, 19, 20, 23, 26] were included to present the complications of the outpatient surgery.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Open in a new tab

Flow diagram of the study selection which shows the number of citations identified, excluded and included in final analysis

Characteristics of included studies

In the meta-analysis, a total of 3435 patients were included in the seven studies. Thousand seven hundred and two were treated in outpatient surgery setting, while the other 1733 were in inpatient surgery setting. Detailed characteristics of the included studies were provided in Table 1. The first author’s name, year of publication, year of onset, follow-up time, events without complications, total sample size and matched factors were presented in the table. All these articles were published from 1996 to 2016. The sample size ranges from 86 to 1442. All patients in these studies were adults.

Table 1.

Characteristic of the included studies

Author Year Year of onset Follow-up time Inpatient Outpatient Matched factors
Events Total Events Total
Adamson [16] 2014 2006–2013 90 days 270 274 621 629 ACDF level and other disease
Liu [18] 2009 August 2005–May 2007 62.4 days (mean) 60 64 45 45 ACDF level and operation condition
McGirt [27] 2015 2005–2011 30 days 630 650 781 792 Age, other disease, operation condition and ASA grades
Silvers [21] 1996 – 1.3 (outpatient) and 1.6 (inpatient) years 52 53 49 50 None
Stieber [22] 2005 1998–2002 21 days 49 56 27 30 Age
Trahan [24] 2011 November 2005–April 2009 6 h 58 58 58 59 Age
Walid [25] 2010 – – 562 578 96 97 Age and other disease
Open in a new tab

Risk of bias

The risk of bias table in this meta-analysis was present in Table 2. Because of the particularity of the operation, the places where the operations of outpatient setting and inpatient setting were conducted were different, so we thought that high risk of blinding of participants and personnel was existed. While the risks of incomplete outcome data and selective reporting were relatively low.

Table 2.

The risk of bias table in this meta-analysis

Adamson [16] Liu [18] McGirt [27] Silvers [21] Stieber [22] Trahan [24] Wohns [25]
Random sequence generation Not Low Low Low Low High Low
Allocation concealment Low Low Low Low Not Low High
Blinding of participants and personnel High High High High High High High
Blinding of outcome assessment Low High Low High Low Low Low
Incomplete outcome data Low Low Not Low Low Low Low
Selective reporting Low Low Low Low Low Not Low
Other bias Not Low Not Not Not Low Low
Open in a new tab

Results of meta-analysis

Forest plots for complications in outpatient surgery and inpatient surgery were shown in Fig. 2. The results of meta-analysis suggested that in the articles included, compared with inpatient surgery, outpatient surgery has a similar risk (RR = 0.99, 95 % CI [0.98, 1.00], P = 0.02; P for heterogeneity = 0.47, I2 = 0 %). And all the seven articles included in the meta-analysis have a similar result. According to the results above, no heterogeneities of complications in outpatient and inpatient surgery was observed (I2 = 0 %), and the fixed-effect model was used.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Open in a new tab

Forest plots for complication in outpatient surgery and inpatient surgery

Results of publication bias

Both funnel plot and Galbraith radial plot for the articles included were performed (Figs. 3, 4). These two figures have shown that all the articles included were in the confidence limit. And also the Egger’s test presented in Table 3 showed that no publication bias was observed (P = 0.785).

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Open in a new tab

A funnel plot for the articles included

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Open in a new tab

A Galbraith radial plot for the articles included

Table 3.

Egger’s test of the publication bias

Std_eff Coef. Std. err. t P > |t| [95 % conf. interval]
Slope 5.844155 1.1449 5.10 0.015 (2.200572, 9.487739)
Bias −0.0157073 0.0527741 −0.30 0.785 (−0.1836579, 0.1522433)
Open in a new tab

Complication of the outpatient surgery

In all 12 articles included, the characteristics of complications in outpatient surgery were presented in Table 4. No death was observed in both outpatient and inpatient surgery, and no complication were found in the studies of Liu, Shin, Tally and Wohns. The overall complication rate was 1.71 % (29/1693). Dysphagia (18/29) was the most common complication, followed by hematoma (4/29), swelling (2/29), infection (2/29) and pain (2/29). Other complications such as nausea, cervical swelling, vocal paralysis were observed on each case.

Table 4.

The characteristics of complications in outpatient surgery

Author Total Events with complication Complication rate (%) Complication
Adamson [16] 629 13 2.07 Dysphagia (n = 11), surgical site infection (n = 1), hematoma (n = 1)
Lied [17] 96 4 4.17 Hematoma (n = 1), dysphagia (n = 2), deterioration of neurological function (n = 1)
Liu [18] 45 0 0.00 None
Sheperd [19] 152 6 3.95 Pain (n = 2), dysphagia (n = 2), nausea (n = 1), cervical swelling (n = 1)
Shin [20] 390 0 0.00 None
Silvers [21] 50 1 2.00 Vocal paralysis (n = 1)
Stiber [22] 30 3 10.00 Dysphagia (n = 3)
Tally [23] 119 0 0.00 None
Trahan [24] 59 1 1.69 Neck swelling and difficulty breathing (n = 1)
Walid [25] 97 1 1.03 Infection (n = 1)
Wohns [26] 26 0 0.00 None
Open in a new tab

To compare the incidence of complications between outpatient and inpatient, Villavicencio [28] conducted a comprehensive literature search and meta-analysis. 633 patients of nine studies were selected in the analysis and six overall complications were identified in the comparison group. The complication rate was 0.95 %. The difference of complication rate between the outpatient and meta-analysis derived comparison group was compared by Chi-square test, and the results showed that no significant differences were observed, which suggested that the complication rate of surgery on outpatient basis was not higher than that of surgery on inpatient basis (x2 = 1.820, P = 0.177).

Discussion

In 1987, outpatient spine surgery was first reported for the lumbar spine, and in 1996 reported for anterior cervical spine surgery. However, the numbers of patients treated on an outpatient basis were small for the suspect of safety [29]. Due to the optimization of facilities and systems for outpatient surgery, increasing utilization of minimally invasive approaches and allograft with associated decrease in pain and morbidity, and improvements in tools and techniques for spine surgery, many surgical procedures that were previously considered safe in the inpatient setting are now being performed in the outpatient setting [9, 30–32].

While Lad [2] analyzed 58,049 patients undergoing cervical spinal fusion for cervical disease from 1993 to 2003, which showed that the rate of complications remained stable at 10.3 % and mortality remained steady at 0.6 %. The overall complication rates of our study are typically low. The overall complication rate was about 1.71 % (29/1693). The risk ratio was 0.99, which means that compared with inpatient surgery, the risk of complication in outpatient surgery was similar. The findings are consistent with the reported literature, demonstrating no increase in complication rates or worse outcomes in patients treated as outpatient, which means that ACDF can be performed safely on an outpatient basis. As we said, due to the special location of spine, a little complication can result in serious consequences. Airway might be compromised due to cervical swelling or a hematoma and postoperative bleeding in the epidural space might lead to neurologic injury after ACDF procedure [33]. Researchers have found that all potentially life threatening complications were discovered in the first 6 h and suggested that patients could be allowed to go home after the 6-h observation period [34]. This means that the patients with outpatient surgery may not have a fatal risk compared with those with inpatient surgery, when they go back home after an observation of 6 h. Some other complications like airway swelling and respiratory compromise might peak at the second and third postoperative day [35]. Dysphagia and hematoma are the two most common postoperative complications, which should be paid attention to during or after the operation.

Besides, some studies have also reported that outpatient spine surgery has a significant cost advantages over hospital-based surgery. Anterior cervical discectomy performed in the outpatient setting may carry significant total cost savings, compared with inpatient treatment. Erickson [36] reported that the cost savings ranges from $4000 to $8000 with outpatient ACDF compared with inpatient. Cost containment may be a primary driver for performing more surgical procedures on an outpatient setting. Outpatient surgery also offers a potential benefit that may reduce the risks associated with the inpatient hospital setting, which lead to a more rapid recovery and higher patient satisfaction after the spine surgery.

Although this study suggests that outpatient instrumented ACDF is safe, there are some limitations in our study. Though the studies in our systematic review did not suggest an increased risk of complication with outpatient cervical spine surgery, the strength of evidence on the safety and value of outpatient ACDF remains scarce. In this study, the limited evidence available prevents some conclusions. But there are few studies that have been done, and some of them are of poor quality, indicating a need for further well-designed and prospective studies. Further study is needed to more clearly define the role of outpatient cervical spine surgery. Another limit is that compared with patients in outpatient surgery, inpatients had higher baseline risk factors including older, weaker and in poorer health, which implies a selection bias. It is not surprising that large number of complications were observed. Also a lead time bias may exist for more time course of care received in the inpatient setting, which allowed more detection and reporting of complications being observed.

Conclusion

Based on the meta-analysis results, it is not associated with higher complication rates as compared with inpatient setting group and no difference of morbidity between outpatient and inpatient was found. Because of short operative time and moderate postoperative pain, we believe that outpatient cervical spine surgery is a safe and convenient alternative procedure, which also decrease the cost of care. Besides, postoperative complications including dysphagia and hematoma should be noticed.

Authors’ contributions

DB and SF have made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study; YL searched literature; TC extracted data from the collected literature; YL and TC contributed to the analysis of data; DB wrote the manuscript; SF revised the manuscript; All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by funding from the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81330042); Special Program for Sino-Russian Joint Research Sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology, China (No. 2014DFR31210); Key Program Sponsored by the Tianjin Science and Technology Committee, China (Nos. 13RCGFSY19000 and 14ZCZDSY00044); National Nature Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81201399 and 81301544).

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Abbreviations

ACDF

anterior cervical discectomy and fusion

CI

confidence interval

Contributor Information

Dexiang Ban, Email: bandexiang@sina.com.

Yang Liu, Email: liuyangda666@sina.com.

Taiwei Cao, Email: 1015768035@qq.com.

Shiqing Feng, Phone: +8613920286292, Email: fengshiqing_fsq@163.com.

References

  • 1.Marawar S, Girardi FP, Sama AA, et al. National trends in anterior cervical fusion procedures. Spine. 2010;35:1454–1459. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181bef3cb. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Lad SP, Patil CG, Berta S, et al. National trends in spinal fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Surg Neurol. 2009;71:66–69. doi: 10.1016/j.surneu.2008.02.045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Fountas KN, Kapsalaki EZ, Nikolakakos LG, et al. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion complications. Spine. 2007;32:2310–2317. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318154c57e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Ipsen BJ, Kim DH, Jenis LG, et al. Effect of plate position on clinical outcome after anterior cervical spine surgery. Spine J. 2007;7:637–642. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2006.09.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Smith GW, Robinson RA. The treatment of certain cervical spine disorders by anterior removal of the intervertebral disc and interbody fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1958;40-A:607–624. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Fowler SB, Anthony-Phillips P, Mehta D, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy fusion. J Neurosci Nurs. 2005;37:97–100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Chin CW, Loh KS, Tan KS. Ambulatory thyroid surgery: an audit of safety and outcomes. Singapore Med J. 2007;48:720–724. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Lee YC, Chen PP, Yap J, et al. Attitudes toward day-case surgeries in Hong Kong Chinese patients. Hong Kong Med J. 2007;13:298–303. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Rathore MA, Andrabi SI, Mansha M, et al. Day case laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe and feasible: a case controlled study. Int J Surg. 2007;5:255–259. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2006.12.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Gilmartin J. Contemporary day surgery: patients’ experience of discharge and recovery. J Clin Nurs. 2007;16:1109–1117. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01548.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Gray DT, Hollingworth W, Onwudiwe N, et al. Costs and state-specific rates of thoracic and lumbar vertebroplasty. Spine. 2008;33:1905–1912. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817bb0a4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Bookwalter JW, Busch MD, Nicely D. Ambulatory surgery is safe and effective in radicular disease. Spine. 1994;19:526–530. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199403000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Kelly A, Griffith H, Jamjoom A. Results of day-case surgery for lumbar disc prolapse. Br J Neurosurg. 1994;8:47–49. doi: 10.3109/02688699409002392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Newman MH. Outpatient conventional laminotomy and disc excision. Spine. 1995;20:353–355. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199502000-00017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.An HS, Simpson JM, Stein R. Outpatient laminotomy and discectomy. J Spinal Disord. 1999;12:192–196. doi: 10.1097/00002517-199912000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Adamson T, Godil SS, Mehrlich M, et al. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in the outpatient ambulatory surgery setting compared with the inpatient hospital setting: analysis of 1000 consecutive cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;5:1–7. doi: 10.3171/2015.8.SPINE14284. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Lied B, Rønning PA, Halvorsen CM, et al. Outpatient anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical disk disease: a prospective consecutive series of 96 patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;127:31–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2012.01674.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Liu JT, Briner RP, Friedman JA. Comparison of inpatient vs. outpatient anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a retrospective case series. BMC Surg. 2009;5:3. doi: 10.1186/1471-2482-9-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Sheperd CS, Young WF. Instrumented outpatient anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: is it safe? Int Surg. 2012;97:86–89. doi: 10.9738/CC35.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Joseffer SS, Shin P, Wohns RN. Outpatient anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: indications and clinical experience in a consecutive series of 390 patients. Neurosurg Q. 2010;20:107–110. doi: 10.1097/WNQ.0b013e3181dcb595. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Silvers HR, Lewis PJ, Suddaby LS, et al. Day surgery for cervical microdiscectomy: is it safe and effective? J Spinal Disord. 1996;9:287–293. doi: 10.1097/00002517-199608000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Stieber JR, Brown K, Donald GD, et al. Anterior cervical decompression and fusion with plate fixation as an outpatient procedure. Spine J. 2005;5:503–507. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2005.01.011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Tally WC, Tarabadkar S, Kovalenko BV. Safety and feasibility of outpatient ACDF in an ambulatory setting: a retrospective chart review. Int J Spine Surg. 2013;7:e84–e87. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsp.2013.06.001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Trahan J, Abramova MV, Richter EO, et al. Feasibility of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion as an outpatient procedure. World Neurosurg. 2011;75:145–148. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.09.015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Walid MS, Robinson JS, 3rd, Robinson ER, et al. Comparison of outpatient and inpatient spine surgery patients with regards to obesity, comorbidities and readmission for infection. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17:1497–1498. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.03.037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Wohns R. Safety and cost-effectiveness of outpatient cervical disc arthroplasty. Surg Neurol Int. 2010;1:77. doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.73803. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.McGirt MJ, Godil SS, Asher AL, et al. Quality analysis of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in the outpatient versus inpatient setting: analysis of 7288 patients from the NSQIP database. Neurosurg Focus. 2015;39:E9. doi: 10.3171/2015.9.FOCUS15335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Villavicencio AT, Pushchak E, Burneikiene S, et al. The safety of instrumented outpatient anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Spine J. 2007;7:148–153. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2006.04.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Rogers LA. Outpatient microsurgical management of ruptured lumbar discs. N C Med J. 1987;48:117–120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Gray D, Deyo R, Kreuter W, et al. Population-based trends in volumes and rates of ambulatory lumbar spine surgery. Spine. 2006;31:1957–1963. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000229148.63418.c1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Tomaras C, Blacklock J, Parker W, et al. Outpatient surgical treatment of cervical radiculopathy. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:41–43. doi: 10.3171/jns.1997.87.1.0041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Ryu S, Lim J, Kim S, Paterno J, et al. Comparison of the biomechanical stability of dense cancellous allograft with tricortical iliac autograft and fibular allograft for cervical interbody fusion. Eur Spine J. 2006;15:1339–1345. doi: 10.1007/s00586-005-0047-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Fountas KN, Kapsalaki EZ, Nikolakakos LG, et al. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion associated complications. Spine. 2007;21:2310–2317. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318154c57e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Lied B, Sundseth J, Helseth E. Immediate (0–6 h), early (6–72 h) and late (>72 h) complications after anterior cervical discectomy with fusion for cervical disc degeneration; discharge six hours after operation is feasible. Acta Neurochir. 2008;150:111–118. doi: 10.1007/s00701-007-1472-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Suk KS, Kim KT, Lee SH, et al. Prevertebral soft tissue swelling after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with plate fixation. Int Orthop. 2006;30:290–294. doi: 10.1007/s00264-005-0072-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.DiMarcantonio T. Larger doses, placement of rhBMP-2 may cause anterior cervical spine complications. Orthop Today. 2005;25:62. [Google Scholar]

Articles from European Journal of Medical Research are provided here courtesy of BMC

RESOURCES