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. 2016 Jan 27;7(16):21315–21331. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7040

Figure 1. Metformin inhibits E2-induced proliferation, migration, and invasion in Ishikawa cells.

Figure 1

A. Ishikawa cells were treated with metformin (0, 1, 10, and 20 mM) (upper) and E2 with or without metformin (lower), cell numbers were measured by CCK-8 assays at indicated times. B. Colony formation assays were used to measure the colonogenicity of Ishikawa cells after E2 or/and metformin treatment. The number of untreated cells was set as 100%. Scale bar: 1 cm. C. Transwell migration assays of Ishikawa cells after E2 and metformin treatment. Representative images were obtained at 100× magnification. Graphs show the number of migration cells for each treatment group (averaged across three random images). Scale bar: 50 μm. D. Wound-healing assays of Ishikawa cells. Representative images were obtained at 40× magnification. Graphs show the relative migration distance after 24 h incubation. Scale bar: 125 μm. E. Transwell invasion assays of Ishikawa cells. Representative images were obtained at 100× magnification. Graphs show the number of invasion cells for each treatment group (averaged across three random images). Scale bar: 50 μm. Data represent the mean ± SD from one representative experiment of three independent experiments. E2: 17β-estradiol; Met: metformin. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. untreated cells.