Abstract
Background
Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 (Th2) cell (CRTh2) receptor antagonists is being investigated for asthma.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the CRTh2 receptor antagonist, AZD1981 (with/without inhaled corticosteroids [ICSs]), on lung function and asthma control.
Patients and methods
Adults aged 18–60 years were enrolled in two randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trials (protocol number: D9830C00003 [study 1, n=209] and protocol number: D9830C00004 [study 2, n=510]). In study 1, patients with stable asthma (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1]: 65%−110%) were withdrawn from ICS (<400 µg/d) and randomized to AZD1981 1,000 mg twice daily (bid) or placebo. In study 2, patients with uncontrolled asthma (FEV1: 40%−85%) despite ICS therapy (≥500 µg/d) were randomized to 50 mg, 400 mg, or 1,000 mg bid AZD1981 or placebo. The primary efficacy variable for both trials was the change in morning peak expiratory flow after 4 weeks of treatment. Secondary variables included Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ-5) scores, FEV1 assessments, safety, and tolerability. In study 2, efficacy was also assessed according to atopic status.
Results
Following 4 weeks of treatment, there was a nonsignificant increase in morning peak expiratory flow on AZD1981 1,000 mg bid (9.5 L/min vs placebo, P=0.086 [study 1] and 12 L/min vs placebo, P=0.16 [study 2]). In study 2, all doses of AZD1981 provided significant improvements in ACQ-5 scores (0.26–0.3 units vs placebo, P=0.010–0.022); however, there was no dose–response relationship. Improved ACQ-5 scores and FEV1 were observed in the majority of atopic patients treated with AZD1981. AZD1981 was well tolerated across treatment groups.
Conclusion
Further research may be warranted in atopic patients to fully evaluate the clinical efficacy of AZD1981.
Keywords: CRTh2 receptor, efficacy, Phase II, respiratory, Th2 cells, prostaglandin D2
Introduction
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that affects 1%–18% of the population in different countries.1 Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are currently recommended as first-line therapy for persistent asthma;1 however, many patients remain symptomatic despite treatment with moderate-to-high doses.2 As asthma is primarily an inflammatory disorder, add-on anti-inflammatory therapy in patients with sub-optimally controlled airway inflammation remains an attractive area of research. The chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 (Th2) cells (CRTh2) is present on several cell types3–5 implicated in the inflammatory cascade in both allergic asthma and rhinitis.6
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is the major ligand for this CRTh2 receptor and is also implicated in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma, with increased levels detected in the airways of patients with asthma following acute antigen challenge.7 High concentrations of PGD2 and CRTh2 receptor mRNA have also been found in the bronchoalveolar fluid of patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma, correlating with levels of blood eosinophils.8 PGD2 is primarily produced by activated mast cells following challenge.3 Activation of the CRTh2 receptor by PGD2 leads to chemotaxis of Th2 lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells,9–14 and to the production of proinflammatory cytokines.15–17 PGD2 also heightens the activation of eosinophils, with respect to the respiratory burst and release of eosinophilic cationic protein, and may also delay eosinophilic and Th2 cell apoptosis.9,18,19 This accumulating evidence suggests that the CRTh2 receptor may play an important role in respiratory disease, since the blockade of the CRTh2 receptor significantly reduces experimental allergic airway inflammation.20–22 Evidence for the potential clinical efficacy of CRTh2 antagonists in patients with asthma or grass pollen allergies has also been provided by recent in vivo human studies.23–25
AZD1981 (AstraZeneca) is an oral, selective CRTh2 receptor antagonist, with the potential to inhibit the chemotaxis of primary Th2 cells, eosinophils, and basophils, thereby hypothetically reducing the accumulation of these cells in the asthmatic lung. AZD1981 is a potent inhibitor of 13,14 di-hydro 15-keto PGD2 (DK-PGD2)-induced CD11b expression in human eosinophils.26
In this article, we report the results of the first two Phase II proof-of-principle clinical trials of AZD1981 administered for 4 weeks in patients with asthma. For study 1, the primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of twice daily (bid), orally administered AZD1981 monotherapy compared with placebo over a 4-week treatment period in patients with stable asthma who were withdrawn from ICS. Secondary objectives included safety and tolerability, as well as pharmacokinetics and assessment of eosinophil counts. For study 2, the primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of AZD1981 compared with placebo in patients with asthma who were still symptomatic despite treatment with moderate-to-high doses of ICS. Secondary objectives of study 2 included safety and tolerability and dose response. As the CRTh2 receptor is implicated in the allergic asthma cascade, a post hoc analysis was also carried out in study 2 to assess the efficacy of AZD1981 in patients with atopic asthma. The hypothesis of both studies was that treatment with AZD1981 taken as oral tablets improves lung function more effectively than placebo, based on morning peak expiratory flow (PEF).
Patients and methods
Ethics
This study was approved by the Bioethics Commission of the Medical University of Łódź (Łódź, Poland), as well as each relevant national, regional, or independent ethics committee or institutional review boards. It was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki 2008 and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to initiation of any study-specific procedures.
Study design, treatment, and patients
Study 1
Following a 3-week run-in to establish the existence of stable asthma on low-dose ICS (≤400 µg/d), this 4-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of a supramaximal dose of AZD1981 (1,000 mg bid oral suspension), following the withdrawal of all ICSs on the day of randomization (protocol number: D9830C00003; EudraCT number: 2006-001193-25). Patients were randomized in blocks of 55 using a computerized randomization code to AZD1981 or matching placebo. All patients in both groups had access to a short-acting β2-agonist reliever, terbutaline (Bricanyl™ Turbuhaler™, 0.5 mg/dose [AstraZeneca]), as needed during the run-in and treatment phase of the trial. During the treatment period, clinic visits occurred weekly for the first 2 weeks, followed by a final on-treatment visit after 2 weeks.
Patients eligible for inclusion were male and female patients who were in the age group of 18–60 years with persistent asthma of ≥6-month duration, were treated with any ICS (≤400 µg/d), were stable at the time of screening to baseline, had a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 65%−110% of predicted normal, had reversible airway obstruction (increase in FEV1 of ≥12% vs baseline and ≥200 mL after an inhalation of 1 mg terbutaline), had no clinically important asthma exacerbations during the month before visit 1 or during the run-in period, and had a positive skin prick test to at least one airway allergen (eg, pollen from birch, grass, or mugwort; animal fur such as dog, cat, horse, or house dust mite) at visit 1 or within prior 2 years. Female patients were of non-childbearing potential.
Exclusion criteria included an inability to tolerate the withdrawal of asthma therapy as required for the study, hospitalization for asthma within the last 2 years prior to visit 1, respiratory infection significantly affecting asthma symptoms (as judged by the investigator) within 30 days prior to visit 1, a history of smoking of more than ten pack-years, a body mass index of <18 kg/m2, and body weight of <50 kg.
Study 2
This was a 4-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel dose-range finding study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of AZD1981 in patients with asthma inadequately controlled on existing ICS (protocol number: D9830C00004, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00758589). Patients continued to receive ICS for the duration of the trial. Eligible patients entered a 2-week run-in period, during which any long-acting β2-agonists were withdrawn. Eligible patients symptomatic on ICS alone were then randomized in blocks of 90–95 using a computerized randomization list to one of four treatment groups: 1) AZD1981 50 mg/dose – one AZD1981 50 mg tablet and three placebo tablets bid; 2) AZD1981 400 mg/dose – one AZD1981 250 mg tablet and three AZD1981 50 mg tablets bid; 3) AZD1981 1,000 mg/dose – four AZD1981 250 mg tablets bid; 4) placebo – four placebo tablets bid. Patients who received terbutaline (0.5 mg/dose) or any alternative inhaled short-acting β2-agonists (eg, salbutamol) as reliever medication throughout the study. Clinic visits occurred every 2 weeks during the treatment period.
Patients eligible for inclusion were male and female patients aged 18–60 years with persistent asthma of ≥6-month duration and who had been prescribed daily use of ICS for ≥3 months prior to visit 1 at a dose of ≥500 µg/d of budesonide, ciclesonide, mometasone, fluticasone, or ≥1,000 µg/d beclomethasone dipropionate. Other inclusion criteria included prebronchodilator FEV1 40%–85% of predicted normal, reversible airway obstruction (increase in FEV1>12% vs baseline or >200 mL after inhalation of 400 µg salbutamol or 1 mg terbutaline), and use of reliever medication for symptom relief on at least 4 of the last 7 days of the run-in period. Exclusion criteria were the same as for study 1, except current smokers who were allowed, and there was no restriction on BMI or body weight (kilogram). Smokers were included in study 2, so that patients on AZD1981 were more representative of the real-world population.
Efficacy evaluations for both studies
The primary efficacy variable in both trials was the change in morning PEF from baseline after 4 weeks on treatment relative to placebo (study 1: difference between the mean of 4-week treatment period and the mean of the last 10 days of the run-in period; study 2: difference between the last measurement during treatment and last baseline measurement). All morning PEFs were measured by patients at home using a peak flow meter immediately upon waking, after clearing out mucus, and before taking the morning dose of AZD1981. Three assessments were made while standing and patients recorded the highest value in an eDiary. Each patient received verbal training and written instructions in the correct use of the peak flow meter and in eDiary completion at the baseline visit and was to use the same meter throughout the study, if possible.
Secondary efficacy variables included in both trials were evening PEF (taken 12 hours after the morning assessment and before the evening dose), use of reliever medication, reliever medication-free days, asthma symptom score, nights with awakenings due to asthma symptoms, symptom-free days, asthma control days (defined as a day and night with no asthma symptoms, no awakenings due to asthma, and no use of reliever medication), FEV1 and FVC measured in the clinic, and asthma control assessed using the 5-point Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ-5). An additional secondary efficacy variable included in study 1 was the number of eosinophils in induced sputum (optional). Additional secondary efficacy variables in study 2 included morning and evening FEV1 registered by a home spirometer and a post hoc analysis of AZD1981 adjuvant efficacy in atopic patients. Atopic status was determined at visit 3 by Phadiatop™ test (Phadia AB, Uppsala, Sweden; positive = atopic, negative = nonatopic).
Safety evaluations for both studies
Adverse events (AEs), serious AEs (SAEs), and other significant AEs were recorded at the follow-up visits, including details of the nature, incidence, and severity of AEs. AEs were coded using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities and the relationship of all AEs to treatment was assessed by the investigators. Patients were also followed up via telephone 2 weeks after the last dose to record any AEs that had occurred during the 2-week period. Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, electrocardiogram (ECG), pulse, and blood pressure were also included in the safety and tolerability assessments.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations for both studies
The assessment of pharmacokinetic parameters was a secondary end point in study 1 only. Blood samples were taken from all patients at visits 4 and 5 before and 2–4 hours after a dose of AZD1981 for pharmacokinetic evaluation. Samples were analyzed using a validated protein precipitation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/mass spectrometry(MS)/MS method with a lower limit of quantification of 20 nM. Assessments included area under the plasma concentration–time curve over the dosing interval (area under the curve, AUCt), maximum concentration (Cmax), minimum concentration (Cmin), time to maximum concentration (tmax), and oral clearance (CL/F) of AZD1981.
The assessment of pharmacodynamic parameters was exploratory end points for both studies. In study 1, blood eosinophils and fractional exhaled nitric oxide were assessed at visits 2, 4, and 5. In study 2, blood samples were taken at visits 3 and 5 to assess plasma levels of 4β-hydroxycholesterol to investigate the CYP3A4 induction of AZD1981. Other assessments in study 2 included testing for markers of inflammation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (eg, interleukin [IL]-13, IL-10, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor; data not shown).
Statistical analysis and sample size for both studies
All randomized patients with available data were included in the safety and efficacy analysis (full analysis set). The primary and secondary outcome variables were analyzed using an analysis of variance model with treatment and country as factors and baseline measurement as covariate. Country was used as a covariate, rather than center, as there were many small centers, and the analysis would have weighted results from individual centers equally. In study 1, a sample size of 55 patients in each group was determined to have an 80% chance of detecting a true difference on morning PEF of 24 L/min between the treatment groups, assuming a standard deviation of 45 L/min, using a two-sided test with a significance level of 0.05. In study 2, a sample size of 320 patients, 80 in each treatment group, was determined to have 80% power to detect a difference on morning PEF of 18 L/min between AZD1981 and placebo, assuming a common standard deviation of 45 L/min, using a one-sided test with a significance level of 0.05. A post hoc analysis was carried out on morning PEF, FEV1 measured in the clinic, and ACQ-5 scores in atopic patients. The statistical model for this post hoc analysis was extended to include a factor for atopic status of patients by the result of a Phadiatop™ test (positive = atopic, negative = nonatopic) and its interaction with treatment.
Results
Patients
Study 1
A total of 209 patients with stable persistent asthma were screened at 21 centers in Denmark, Germany, Poland, Sweden, and the UK, of whom 113 were randomized and 98 completed the study (Figure 1). Reasons for discontinuation are described in Figure 1. The first patient entered the study on September 4, 2006, and the last patient finished the study on August 2, 2007. The two treatment groups were well balanced in terms of demographic and baseline disease characteristics (Table 1).
Figure 1.
Flowchart of study 1 (A) and study 2 (B).
Table 1.
Demographics of subjects randomized in study 1 and study 2
| Characteristic | Study 1
|
Study 2
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AZD1981
|
Placebo (n=56) | AZD1981
|
Placebo (n=91) | |||
| 1,000 mg bid (n=57) |
50 mg bid (n=95) |
400 mg bid (n=90) |
1,000 mg bid (n=92) |
|||
| Mean age, years | 38.4 | 39.0 | 43.3 | 43.0 | 43.5 | 45.7 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 9 (16) | 9 (16) | 27 (28) | 19 (21) | 34 (37) | 33 (36) |
| Race, n (%) | ||||||
| White | 56 (98) | 56 (100) | 88 (93) | 84 (93) | 83 (90) | 82 (90) |
| Black | 0 | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | ||
| Asian/oriental | 1 (2) | 0 | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 |
| Other | 7 (7) | 4 (4) | 8 (9) | 8 (9) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 | 26.7 | 26.9 | 27.0 | 27.2 | 27.6 |
| Median time since diagnosis, years | 13 | 13 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 10 | 14.9 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Never | 43 (75) | 45 (80) | 77 (81) | 79 (88) | 80 (87) | 78 (86) |
| Previous | 14 (25) | 9 (16) | 16 (17) | 10 (11) | 10 (11) | 12 (13) |
| Occasional | 0 | 2 (4) | ||||
| Current | 2 (2%) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | ||
| ICS dose at entry, µga | 305.1 | 312.3 | 721 | 744 | 693 | 735 |
| FEV1 pre-bronchodilator, L | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.30 | 2.43 | 2.29 | 2.14 |
| FEV1, % PN | 82.6 | 82.0 | 66.2 | 68.5 | 69.0 | 66.4 |
| FEV1 post-bronchodilator, L | 3.7 | 3.6 | 2.90 | 2.98 | 2.88 | 2.72 |
| FVC, L | 4.4 | 4.5 | 3.42 | 3.58 | 3.27 | 3.20 |
| Mean no relievers/as needed, use daily | 2.0 | 2.2 | 3.35 | 3.17 | 3.28 | 3.62 |
| Awakenings, % | 6.7 | 6.9 | 50.9 | 42.4 | 44.3 | 48.4 |
| Phadiatop test | Not tested | Not tested | ||||
| Negative = nonatopic (%) | 27 (28) | 20 (22) | 31 (34) | 22 (27) | ||
| Positive = atopic (%) | 68 (72) | 69 (77) | 59 (64) | 69 (72) | ||
Notes:
Any ICS. Study 1 was a 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study that assessed the efficacy and tolerability of a supra-maximal dose of AZD1981 in patients with stable asthma. Study 2 was a 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled dose-range finding study that assessed the efficacy and tolerability of AZD1981 in patients with asthma not controlled on ICS.
Abbreviations: bid, twice daily; BMI, body mass index; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; PN, predicted normal.
Study 2
A total of 510 patients with moderate-to-severe asthma were screened at 30 centers in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, and Poland, of whom 368 were allocated to treatment and 350 completed the study (Figure 1). Reasons for discontinuation are described in Figure 1. The first patient entered the study on September 16, 2008, and the last patient finished the study on July 13, 2009. The four treatment groups had similar baseline characteristics on average (Table 1).
Self-reported medication use was high and consistent between treatment groups in both studies, with 90% of patients taking ≥98% of their total daily study medication.
Efficacy of AZD1981
Study 1
Following 4 weeks of treatment, AZD1981 had a nonsignificant effect on mean morning PEF (primary end point), which was estimated to be 9.5 L/min vs placebo (P=0.086). This trend for improvement over the 4 weeks of the study appeared to reflect a gradual decrease in lung function in patients on placebo and unchanging lung function in patients on AZD1981 following the withdrawal of ICS (Figure 2 and Table 2). Secondary outcome variables showed numerical improvements in lung function and asthma control (Figure 3 and Table 3). However, these differences were small and not statistically significant.
Figure 2.
Daily mean morning PEF for study 1 (A) and study 2 (B) over the 4 weeks of each study (absolute values).
Notes: Study 1 was a 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study that assessed the efficacy and tolerability of a supra-maximal dose of AZD1981 in patients with stable asthma. Study 2 was a 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled dose-range finding study that assessed the efficacy and tolerability of AZD1981 in patients with asthma not controlled on ICS.
Abbreviation: PEF, peak expiratory flow.
Table 2.
Efficacy variables in study 1 during the run-in period and after 4 weeks of treatment with AZD1981 1,000 mg bid or placebo
| Outcome | AZD1981 (n=57)
|
Placebo (n=56)
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Run-in | Treatment | Run-in | Treatment | |
| Primary | ||||
| Morning PEF, mean (SD) | 449 (116) | 449 (115) | 448 (103) | 438 (107) |
| Secondary | ||||
| Evening PEF, mean (SD) | 472 (121) | 466 (119) | 469 (99) | 456 (104) |
| PEF variability, % (SD) | 9.82 (5.39) | 9.65 (4.80) | 10.3 (4.99) | 10.4 (4.96) |
| Reliever medication taken over 24 hours, number of inhalations (SD) | 2.04 (1.29) | 1.91 (1.60) | 2.15 (1.29) | 2.22 (1.65) |
| Reliever medication-free days, number of days (SD) | 17.40 (23.89) | 25.13 (29.55) | 11.74 (16.45) | 17.23 (23.46) |
| Total asthma symptom score | 1.53 (0.70) | 1.49 (0.80) | 1.66 (0.73) | 1.65 (0.82) |
| Awakenings (%) | 6.74 (10.23) | 4.53 (8.29) | 6.89 (15.56) | 6.57 (9.67) |
| Symptom-free days (%) | 15.47 (25.24) | 16.55 (25.93) | 10.49 (20.51) | 12.74 (21.96) |
| Asthma control days (%) | 9.41 (17.95) | 10.24 (20.57) | 4.64 (11.44) | 7.23 (15.25) |
| Sputum eosinophil counts, 106/g (range)a,b | 0.024 (0.00–0.53) | 0.004 (0.00–0.53) | 0.033 (0.00–1.21) | 0.014 (0.00–0.73) |
| FEV1 pre, L (SD)a | 3.20 (1.2–4.7) | 3.27 (1.0–4.9) | 3.17 (1.8–5.1) | 3.19 (1.2–5.0) |
| FEV1 post, L (SD)a | 3.67 (1.5–5.1) | 3.57 (1.3–5.3) | 3.61 (2.1–5.3) | 3.55 (1.6–5.4) |
| FVC, L (SD)a | 4.37 (1.9–6.4) | 4.51 (1.6–6.6) | 4.47 (2.6–6.9) | 4.48 (1.8–7.1) |
Notes:
Measured in the clinic at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment.
Sputum eosinophils were measured in nine patients who received AZD1981 and 13 patients who received placebo. Study 1 was a 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study that assessed the efficacy and tolerability of a supra-maximal dose of AZD1981 in patients with stable asthma.
Abbreviations: bid, twice daily; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; PEF, peak expiratory flow; SD, standard deviation.
Figure 3.
Effect of AZD1981 on FEV1 (A) and FVC (B) measured at the clinic during the 4-week study period in study 2.
Note: Study 2 was a 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled dose-range finding study that assessed the efficacy and tolerability of AZD1981 in patients with asthma not controlled on ICS.
Abbreviations: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity.
Table 3.
Effect of AZD1981 50–1,000 mg bid vs placebo on morning PEF and secondary efficacy variables after 4 weeks of treatment in study 1 and study 2
| Outcome | AZD1981 vs placebo (mean difference [95% CI]); P-value
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1
|
Study 2
|
|||
| 1,000 mg bid | 50 mg bid | 400 mg bid | 1,000 mg bid | |
| Primary | ||||
| Morning PEF, L/min | 9.5 (−1.4, 20.5); 0.086 | 11 (−5.3, 27); 0.18 | 8.5 (−8.3, 25); 0.32 | 12 (−4.7, 28); 0.16 |
| Secondary | ||||
| Evening PEF, L/min | 6.1 (−5.0, 17.2); 0.28 | 11 (−4.4, 27); 0.16 | 13 (−3.6, 29); 0.13 | 15 (−1.2, 31); 0.070 |
| Morning FEV1, L (home) | – | 0.071 (−0.075, 0.22); 0.34 | 0.039 (−0.11, 0.18); 0.60 | 0.090 (−0.048, 0.23); 0.20 |
| Evening FEV1, L (home) | – | 0.052 (−0.10, 0.21); 0.51 | 0.067 (−0.089, 0.22); 0.40 | 0.20 (0.054, 0.35); 0.008 |
| Use of reliever (total no of inhalations) | −0.20 (−0.62, 0.22); 0.34 | 0.23 (−0.25, 0.70); 0.34 | 0.14 (−0.34, 0.62); 0.57 | −0.024 (−0.50, 0.45); 0.92 |
| Reliever medication-free days (%) | 2.6 (−4.7, 9.9); 0.48 | 1.0 (−7.7, 9.7); 0.82 | −2.1 (−11, 6.7); 0.65 | 0.52 (−8.3, 9.3); 0.91 |
| Asthma symptoms – nighttime score (0–3) | −0.04 (−0.16, 0.09); 0.55 | −0.009 (−0.13, 0.11); 0.88 | −0.016 (−0.14, 0.11); 0.80 | −0.047 (−0.17, 0.072); 0.44 |
| Asthma symptoms – daytime score (0–3) | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.08); 0.68 | −0.034 (−0.16, 0.092); 0.60 | −0.041 (−0.17, 0.088); 0.53 | −0.034 (−0.16, 0.094); 0.60 |
| Awakenings (%) | −2.0 (−5.0, 1.0); 0.20 | −0.59 (−8.2, 7.0); 0.88 | −0.21 (−7.9, 7.5); 0.96 | −1.5 (−9.1, 6.2); 0.71 |
| ACQ-5 | – | −0.28 (−0.51, −0.047); 0.019 | −0.28 (−0.51, −0.042); 0.021 | −0.30 (−0.53, −0.060); 0.014 |
| Symptom-free days (%) | 0.2 (−6.6, 7.0); 0.94 | 0.50 (−6.6, 7.6); 0.89 | −3.7 (−11, 3.5); 0.31 | −1.8 (−8.9, 5.4); 0.63 |
| Asthma control days (%) | −0.2 (−6.0, 5.6); 0.96 | 0.56 (−5.9, 7.0); 0.86 | −3.9 (−10, 2.6); 0.24 | 1.0 (−5.5, 7.5); 0.76 |
Notes: Study 1 was a 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study that assessed the efficacy and tolerability of a supra-maximal dose of AZD1981 in patients with stable asthma. Study 2 was a 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled dose-range finding study that assessed the efficacy and tolerability of AZD1981 in patients with asthma not controlled on ICS. “-” indicates not applicable.
Abbreviations: ACQ, Asthma Control Questionnaire; bid, twice daily; CI, confidence interval; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; PEF, peak expiratory flow.
Study 2
Following 4 weeks of treatment with AZD1981, there was no significant effect vs placebo on the primary efficacy outcome of morning PEF (Figure 2), or on the majority of the secondary efficacy variables, apart from ACQ-5 scores assessed at the clinic (Table 3). For lung function measured at the clinic, only the AZD1981 400 mg group showed any significant effect on clinic FEV1 vs placebo (P=0.015), although there were numerical increases in FEV1 at other doses (Figure 3).
For the post hoc analysis of efficacy according to atopic status, around 72% of patients in the study 2 population were atopic (positive Phadiatop™ test). Of those patients who were found to be atopic, 68 patients were randomized to 50 mg active treatment group, 69 patients to the 400 mg active treatment group, 59 patients to the 1,000 mg active treatment group, and 69 patients were randomized to receive placebo. In atopic patients, AZD1981 was associated with an improvement in ACQ-5 scores vs placebo (decreases of 0.42 units for 50 mg, 0.40 units for 400 mg, and 0.38 units for 1,000 mg), while no effect was seen in the nonatopic group. Similarly, clinic FEV1 in atopic patients showed an increase of ~170–180 mL in the two highest dose groups (Table 4).
Table 4.
Effect of AZD1981 50–1,000 mg bid vs placebo on the change in FEV1 measured in the clinic and ACQ-5 in all patients, atopic patients, and nonatopic patients from study 2
| Population | Variable | AZD1981 vs placebo (mean difference [95% CI])
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 mg bid | 400 mg bid | 1,000 mg bid | ||
| All patients | FEV1 (L) | 0.10 (−0.042, 0.25) | 0.18 (0.0036, 0.33) | 0.095 (−0.050, 0.24) |
| ACQ-5 | −0.28 (−0.51, −0.047) | −0.28 (−0.51, −0.042) | −0.30 (−0.53, −0.060) | |
| Atopic patients | FEV1 (L) | 0.13 (−0.043, 0.30) | 0.18 (0.014, 0.35) | 0.17 (−0.006, 0.34) |
| ACQ-5 | −0.42 (−0.69, −0.15) | −0.40 (−0.67, −0.13) | −0.38 (−0.67, −0.096) | |
| Nonatopic patients | FEV1 (L) | 0.035 (−0.25, 0.32) | 0.21 (−0.089, 0.51) | −0.039 (−0.31, 0.23) |
| ACQ-5 | 0.095 (−0.36, 0.55) | 0.10 (−0.38, 0.58) | −0.031 (−0.47, 0.40) | |
Note: Study 2 was a 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled dose-range finding study that assessed the efficacy and tolerability of AZD1981 in patients with asthma not controlled on ICS.
Abbreviations: ACQ, Asthma Control Questionnaire; bid, twice daily; CI, confidence interval; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity.
Safety and tolerability of AZD1981
Study 1
A similar proportion of patients in the active treatment and placebo groups reported AEs (51% vs 46%), mainly infections and respiratory disorders, of mild-to-moderate intensity. Asthma and nasopharyngitis were the most common AEs (Table 5). The incidence of AEs of severe intensity was low and similar between the two treatment groups. No deaths were reported during this study. There were two SAEs, both experienced by patients receiving placebo (conjunctivitis [n=1] and lower respiratory tract infection [n=1]), neither of which was considered treatment related. More patients discontinued due to an AE in the placebo group (13%) than in the AZD1981 group (9%). The most common AE leading to discontinuations was asthma (four patients in each treatment group). No consistent changes in safety laboratory variables, vital signs, ECG, or physical examination were observed, although a small number of patients receiving AZD1981 had slightly elevated alanine aminotransferase and thyroid-stimulating hormone values at the end of the treatment period.
Table 5.
Summary of AEs reported in study 1
| n (%) | AZD1981 (n=57) |
Placebo (n=56) |
|---|---|---|
| Any AE | 29 (51) | 26 (46) |
| AEs reported by ≥2% patients | ||
| Asthma | 5 (9) | 5 (9) |
| Nasopharyngitis | 3 (5) | 7 (13) |
| Increased urinary alpha 1 microglobulin | 2 (4) | 1 (2) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 2 (4) | 0 |
| Pyrexia | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Pharyngitis | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Neurosis | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Diarrhea | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Lower respiratory tract infection | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Headache | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Cough | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Dyspnea | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Dyspepsia | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Conjunctivitis | 0 | 2 (4) |
| Allergic dermatitis | 0 | 2 (4) |
| Anxiety | 0 | 2 (4) |
| Eczema | 2 (4) | 0 |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Withdrawals due to AEs | 5 (9) | 7 (13) |
| Severe lower respiratory tract infection | 0 | 1 (2) |
| Asthma | 4a (7) | 4 (7) |
| Drug eruption | 1a (2) | 0 |
| Pneumonia | 0 | 1 (2) |
| Diarrhea | 1 (2) | 0 |
| Allergic dermatitis | 0 | 1 (2) |
| Number of AEs considered causally related to treatmentb | 17 | 3 |
Notes:
One case of asthma and drug eruption occurred in the same patient, which led to withdrawal.
These numbers refer to the number of AEs (the other categories in this table refer to the number of patients with AEs). Study 1 was a 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study that assessed the efficacy and tolerability of a supra-maximal dose of AZD1981 in patients with stable asthma.
Abbreviation: AEs, adverse events.
Study 2
The most frequently reported AEs were headache, gastritis, asthma, upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis, influenza, abdominal pain, and pharyngitis. A slightly higher incidence of gastritis was observed in the 1,000 mg group, compared with the other treatment doses of AZD1981. AEs reported by at least 2% of patients are shown in Table 6. In total, 14 patients (4%) withdrew from the study due to an AE: three (3%), two (2%), and five (5%) in the AZD1981 50 mg, 400 mg, and 1,000 mg treatment groups, respectively, and four (4%) in the placebo group. Two patients experienced an SAE during the 4-week treatment period: one patient in the 1,000 mg treatment group (acute cholelithiasis) and one in the placebo group (dyspnea).
Table 6.
Summary of AEs reported in study 2
| Event | AZD1981 |
Placebo (n=91) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 mg bid (n=95) | 400 mg bid (n=90) | 1,000 mg bid (n=92) | ||
| Any AE | 28 (29) | 22 (24) | 33 (36) | 24 (26) |
| AEs reported by ≥2% of patients | ||||
| Asthma | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 3 (3) | 4 (4) |
| Gastritis | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 5 (5) | 3 (3) |
| Headache | 2 (2) | 4 (4) | 3 (3) | 2 (2) |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | 4 (4) | 1 (1) | 0 | 3 (3) |
| Withdrawals due to AEs | 3 (3) | 2 (2) | 5 (5) | 4 (4) |
| Asthma | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) |
| Diarrhea | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 |
| Rash | 0 | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 |
| Pyoderma | 0 | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 |
| Nephrolithiasis | 0 | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 |
| Headache | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gastrointestinal infection | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dyspnea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1) |
| Cholelithiasis | 0 | 0 | 1a (1) | 0 |
| Abdominal discomfort | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1) |
| Abdominal pain | 0 | 0 | 1a (1) | 0 |
| Number of AEs considered causally related to treatmentb | 6 | 11 | 24 | 11 |
Notes: Data presented as n (%).
One case of cholelithiasis and abdominal pain occurred in the same patient, which led to withdrawal.
These numbers refer to the number of AEs (the other categories in this table refer to the number of patients with AEs). Study 2 was a 4-week, randomized, placebo-controlled dose-range finding study that assessed the efficacy and tolerability of AZD1981 in patients with asthma not controlled on ICS.
Abbreviations: AEs, adverse events; bid, twice daily.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessments
Study 1
The pharmacokinetic profile of AZD1981 was similar to that previously seen in healthy volunteers during Phase I trials (unpublished data), with an approximate steady state reached within 2 weeks of treatment. Tmax (arithmetic mean) was reached at 150 minutes and 240 minutes at visits 2 and 5, respectively; Cmax (geometric mean) at visits 2 and 5 was 13,875 nM (coefficient of variation [CV], 57.8) and 8,983 nM (CV, 69.7) respectively; Cmin (geometric mean) was 1,444 nM (CV:42.7), and CL/F was 50.15 L/h (CV: 54.9) at visit 5.
AZD1981 had no significant effect on blood eosinophils or exhaled nitric oxide over the course of the study (Table 2).
Study 2
Increases in 4β-hydroxycholesterol up to 57% were seen with the two higher doses of AZD1981, indicating that AZD1981 has the potential for cytochrome P450 induction (eg, CYP3A4).
Discussion
The two studies described were the first clinical investigations of the CRTh2 receptor antagonist AZD1981 conducted in patients with asthma. In both studies, there was a nonsignificant effect of AZD1981 on morning PEF (the primary efficacy variable). In study 1, which was performed in patients with stable asthma on existing ICS, a lack of any pronounced deterioration in lung function on the withdrawal of all ICSs in the placebo group limited the ability to detect the efficacy in this setting. In study 2, which was performed in patients with uncontrolled asthma on concomitant ICS, doses of AZD1981 tested showed significant improvements in asthma control and FEV1 assessed at the clinic, with slightly greater effects detected in the atopic subgroup of patients (post hoc analysis). As the study was not powered to detect differences in efficacy between atopic and nonatopic patients, further research may be warranted in atopic patients to fully evaluate the potential clinical efficacy of AZD1981. Overall, AZD1981 was well tolerated across treatment groups, with similar incidences of withdrawal in the AZD1981 groups vs placebo. The proportions of patients experiencing AEs were similar between treatment groups, except for the 1,000 mg group, where a slightly higher incidence of gastrointestinal disorders was reported.
Although the results of study 1 did not show a significant improvement in the primary outcome, taking into account the small sample size, the low level of symptoms, and the short study duration, the 9.5 L/min treatment difference vs placebo (P=0.086) provided limited proof of principle for an effect of AZD1981 on morning PEF to justify the second trial.
In the second add-on study, there was again no significant effect of any dose of AZD1981 when added to ICS on the primary efficacy variable of morning PEF. Numerically, the improvements vs placebo were of similar magnitude to that in study 1 (8.5–12 L/min at all three doses, with no dose–response evident). There are a number of possible reasons for the studies for not reaching their primary end points. The lack of response could be due to the low number of patients in each group or the short duration of the trial, especially as steady state drug concentrations were only achieved after 2 weeks in study 1. These studies were only 4 weeks in duration as toxicology studies had not been performed to assess the safety of AZD1981 for longer durations. Another reason for the negative responses could be that the standard deviation for morning PEF measurements in study 2 was also found to be higher than planned (planned =45 L/min, study 2=57 L/min). This could be attributed to patients’ varying background medication, the inclusion of current smokers in the trial, the short treatment period, or technical and/or handling problems with the peak flow meter.
Despite study 2 not reaching its primary end point, there were positive effects on clinic FEV1 and asthma control assessed at the clinic using the ACQ-5 scores. These clinic-related outcomes, in contrast to all patient-reported secondary outcomes, showed signs of efficacy with AZD1981 as an add-on therapy to ICS vs placebo. Moreover, any trends for efficacy seen in the clinic-assessed outcomes were even more pronounced in a post hoc analysis of patients with atopic asthma (72% of the total group). Overall, it appears that while patient-reported outcomes (eg, morning PEF) failed to show any robust efficacy for AZD1981, assessments supervised at the clinic (eg, FEV1) in study 2 did provide limited evidence of a benefit. A limitation of the study was an inability to detect any dose–response with AZD1981 across a 20-fold dose range, highlighting that further dose ranging would be needed at doses up to an order of magnitude lower than investigated in this study.
Given these findings, we speculate that the CRTh2 receptor may still be an important potential therapeutic target. The CRTh2 receptor antagonist OC000459 inhibited allergic inflammation induced by allergen challenge in steroid-naive patients with asthma27 and improved lung function in patients not using ICS.28 Moreover, the proinflammatory effects of prostaglandin H(1) were diminished in the presence of the CRTh2 receptor-specific antagonist TM30089.29 However, a dual antagonist of human D prostanoid and CRTh2, AMG 853, has shown no effect on asthma control outcomes in a small trial of patients with moderate-to-severe asthma on ICS.30 Isoquinoline derivatives are also being investigated as potential CRTh2 receptor antagonists.31 It may be argued that, as an add-on anti-inflammatory, the key benefit of CRTh2 receptor antagonists may be in preventing inflammation-driven exacerbations, which could not be properly assessed in either of the short-term trials performed with AZD1981, OC000459, or AMG 853. Indeed, the major efficacy benefit of increasing the dose of ICS or adding complementary anti-inflammatory therapy to high-dose ICS is the prevention of asthma exacerbations. Based on this, and the fact that increased efficacy was suggested in atopic patients in study 2, targeting CRTh2 receptor antagonists at patients with atopic disease may be warranted. In addition, the association of PGD2 and CRTh2 with severe allergic asthma suggests that further studies may be needed in this patient population.8
Conclusion
There was a nonsignificant effect of AZD1981 on the primary efficacy variable, morning PEF, after 4 weeks of treatment in patients with stable asthma without concomitant ICS or in patients with uncontrolled asthma with concomitant ICS. The slightly greater effects of AZD1981 in asthma control and FEV1 assessed at the clinic compared with placebo in an atopic group of patients may warrant further research to fully evaluate the potential of AZD1981.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Christer Hultquist and Bengt Larsson from AstraZeneca for their contribution to the research. The authors also thank Dr Elizabeth Hutchinson of Fishawack Communications Ltd, who provided medical writing services funded by AstraZeneca. This study was sponsored by AstraZeneca.
Footnotes
Disclosure
PK reports receiving speaker fees from AstraZeneca, MSD, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, GSK, Novartis, Teva, Sandoz, Chiesi, Meda, Polpharma, Krka, Adamed, FAES, Allergopharma, and Stallergenes, and serving as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Novartis, MSD, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Almirall, FAEs, Allergopharma, and ALK. GT was an employee of AstraZeneca during the planning and conduct of the study and during the preparation of the manuscript. LB reports no conflicts of interest in this work.
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