Table 1.

Number of trials with a p value <0.05 to provide the same level of evidence as PARADIGM-HF on the primary outcome and cardiovascular death

Number of trials with p<0.05 showing efficacy	p value required by 1 trial to provide the same strength of evidence	PARADIGM-HF p value for primary end point	PARADIGM-HF p value for CV death
1 trial	0.05
2 trials*	0.00125*		0.00008 (equivalent to 2–3 trials at p<0.05)
3 trials	0.00003125
4 trials	0.00000078	0.0000004 (equivalent to 4–5 trials at p<0.05)
5 trials	0.0000000195

Based on the formula (0.025)ⁿ×2 where n is the number of trials required (S Pocock personal communication 2015).

*Usual regulatory requirement—2 trials at p<0.05 or 1 trial at p<0.00125.