Fig. 1.

Null hypothesis mean square error (MSE) of Z-scores noncentrality estimates for SNPs having negative log unadjusted P-values below -log₁₀ P. Methods abbreviations: MLE – original statistics, TA – tail adjustment, EB-1 – Empirical Bayes, EB-100 – Empirical Bayes 100 subsets and FIQT – our proposed method (FDR Inverse Quantile Transformation)