Results
Total alcohol consumption, wine consumption, and duration of alcohol intake were higher in both men and women with RCT than in both men and women in the control group. Excessive alcohol consumption was found to be a risk factor for the occurrence of RCT in both sexes (men: OR =3.0, CI: 1.5–6.0, p < 0.001; women: OR =3.6, CI: 1.7–7.8, p < 0.001). Massive tears were associated with a higher intake of alcohol (especially wine) than smaller lesions.
Results
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We observed an association between drinking and the presence of RCT (OR =2.0, CI: 1.4–2.9; p < 0.001) in both men (OR =1.8, CI: 1.1–3.0; p = 0.002) and women (OR =2.2, CI: 1.3–3.7; p = 0.003).
No statistically significant risks from moderate drinking were observed in men (OR =1.4, CI: 0.81–2.5, p = 0.2) as opposed to women (OR =1.8, CI: 1.0–3.3, p = 0.04). Significant risks were found for excessive drinkers of both sexes (men: OR =3.0, CI: 1.5–6.0, p < 0.001; women: OR =3.6, CI: 1.7–7.8, p < 0.001).
Regarding the duration of alcohol consumption, we found small but significant risks for the occurrence of RCT in men (OR =1.04, CI: 1.0–1.1, p < 0.001) but not in women (OR =0.97, CI: 0.95–1.0, p = 0.02). (Table 3, see Supplementary data).
Discussion
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In men there was no risk associated with moderate alcohol intake.
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Furthermore, in men the duration of the habit of drinking alcohol was a significant risk factor for the onset of cuff rupture.
Supplementary Table 3.
Number of cases and controls according to alcohol intake (g/day), and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI)
| Controls | Cases | OR | (CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | |||||
| Alcohol intake | |||||
| None | 65 | 32 | 1.0 | ref. | |
| Moderate drinkers | 92 | 64 | 1.4 | (0.81–2.5) | 0.2 |
| Excessive drinkers | 29 | 43 | 3.0 | (1.5–6.0) | < 0.001 |
| History of alcohol | |||||
| intake (per year) | 1.04 | (1.0–1.1) | < 0.001 | ||
| Women | |||||
| Alcohol intake | |||||
| None | 77 | 30 | 1.0 | ref. | |
| Moderate drinkers | 73 | 52 | 1.8 | (1.0–3.3) | 0.04 |
| Excessive drinkers | 20 | 28 | 3.6 | (1.7–7.8) | < 0.001 |
| History of alcohol | |||||
| intake (per year) | 0.97 | (0.95–1.0) | 0.02 |
Table 5.
Logistic regression analysis of age, sex, alcohol intake (g/day), smoking, and diabetes mellitus and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI)
| Cases (n = 249) | Controls (n = 356) | OR | CI | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (range), years | 64 (54–78) | 66 (58–82) | 0.96 | (0.94–0.98) | < 0.001 |
| Sex, M/F | 139/110 | 186/170 | 1.2 | (0.83–1.6) | 0.9 |
| Alcohol intake (range) | 23 (1–40) | 19 (2–94) | 1.02 | (1.01–1.04) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking (yes/no) | 102/147 | 176/180 | 0.71 | (0.51–0.98) | 0.004 |
| Diabetes mellitus (present/absent) | 93/156 | 122/234 | 3.2 | (2.3–4.5) | < 0.001 |