Table 2.
Main characteristics of subgroups identified.
| Discordant | Concordant | K–W test or Chi sq test | D-I vs D-II | D-I vs D-III | D-II vs D-III | C-II vs C-III | D-II vs C-II | D-III vs C-III | ||||
| D-I (n = 27) | D-II (n = 40) | D-III (n = 19) | C-II (n = 20) | C-III (n = 85) | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 47 (42–52) | 49 (45–54) | 48 (46–50) | 44 (39–54) | 45 (41–48) | 0.001 | ||||||
| Man, n (%) | 27 (100) | 32 (80) | 12 (63) | 19 (95) | 55 (65) | 0.0004 | * | |||||
| Years since HIV diagnosis | 14 (5–20) | 12 (8–19) | 13 (8–19) | 12 (8–15) | 13 (10–16) | ns | ||||||
| Time on ART (years) | 8 (4–14) | 10 (5–13) | 10 (8–14) | 11 (8–12) | 11 (7–14) | ns | ||||||
| Nadir CD4+ count (cells/μl) | 90 (28–126) | 88 (38–150) | 139 (76–202) | 163 (74–272) | 258 (150–345) | <0.0001 | * | |||||
| CD4+ T-cell increase (cells/μl) | 168 (92–198) | 165 (82–216) | 145 (99–222) | 344 (254–556) | 429 (330–572) | <0.0001 | *** | *** | ||||
| CD4+ T cells (%) | 17 (12–20) | 19 (15–21) | 25 -20–32) | 26 (24–31) | 33 (27–39) | <0.0001 | ||||||
| CD4+ T-cell count (cells/μl) | 249 (169–321) | 263 (207–311) | 290 (250–331) | 545 (459–650) | 683 (519–801) | <0.0001 | *** | *** | ||||
| CD8+ T cells (%) | 55 (51–61) | 50 (45–56) | 46 (40–54) | 45 (37–50) | 39 (34–47) | <0.0001 | ||||||
| CD8+ T-cell count (cells/μl) | 939 (669–1075) | 697 (617–844) | 510 (439–54) | 871 (615–1288) | 829 (719–1092) | 0.00 | ** | *** | ||||
| Ratio CD4/CD8 | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) | 0.5 (0,4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | <0.0001 | ** | * | ** | * | ||
| Lymphocyte counts (cells/μl) | 1600 (1350–1900) | 1400 (1200–1700) | 1200 (1100–1350) | 2100 (1900–2475) | 2200 (1800–2500) | <0.0001 | ** | *** | ||||
| PI-based ART, n (%) | 13 (48) | 22 (55) | 9 (47) | 9 (45) | 32 (38) | |||||||
| HCV coinfection (%) | 14 (52) | 15 (38) | 6 (32) | 6 (30) | 29 (34) | ns | ||||||
| HBV coinfection (%) | 2 (7) | 1 (2.5) | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 4 (5) | ns | ||||||
| T-cell death | ‘ | |||||||||||
| CD4+ T-cells death (%) | 11.1 (8.1–16.0) | 8.8 (6.9–11.5) | 5.8 (4.2–9.8) | 7.2 (5.0–11.3) | 4.5 (3.6–5.7) | <0.0001 | ||||||
| CD8+ T-cells death (%) | 6.9 (4.5–11.0) | 7.8 (5.7–10.3) | 6.0 (4.7–9.2) | 11.8 (6.2–18.2) | 6.1 (4.1–8.5) | 0.00 | ** | *** | * | |||
| Naive cells | *** | |||||||||||
| CD45RA+ (% of CD4+) | 13.9 (9.4–30.7) | 12.7 (9.5–22.3) | 33.3 (26–42) | 18.7 (11.1–23.1) | 31 (24.0–38.3) | <0.0001 | ||||||
| CD45RA+CD31+ (% of CD4+) | 7.1 (2.8–16.7) | 7.6 (4.7–16.1) | 20.0 (11.8–26.0) | 9.9 (3.9–18.8) | 20.8 (14.2–26.2) | <0.0001 | ||||||
| T-cell activation | *** | *** | *** | |||||||||
| HLA-DR+ (% of CD4+) | 36.1 (27.7–47.2) | 11.9 (8.9–15.5) | 8.5 (6.2–10.8) | 12.7 (9.5–17.0) | 6.4 (5.0–7.7) | <0.0001 | * | ** | *** | |||
| PD-1+ (% of CD4+) | 14.6 (7.6–21.6) | 9.5 (7.7–13.4) | 8.3 (4.4–9.7) | 11.2 (8.4–12.8) | 6.5 (4.1–9.2) | <0.0001 | ||||||
| FAS+HLA-DR+ (% of CD4+) | 20.1 (15.7–24.4) | 9.9 (7.1–12.4) | 6.8 (5.5–9.0) | 8.3 (7.2–11.5) | 4.8 (4.0–6.10) | <0.0001 | ||||||
| HLA-DR+ (% of CD8+) | 32.4 (22.0–44.4) | 19.9 (9.3–29.3) | 12.7 (6.3–16.4) | 25.1 (15.8–32.6) | 14 (7.5–19.2) | <0.0001 | *** | *** | *** | |||
| CD38+ (% of CD45RA−CD8+) | 29.2 (20.0–48.7) | 21.6 (14.3–35.9) | 27.4 (13.6–38.7) | 26.9 (18.2–49.2) | 18.7 (11.3–27.9) | 0.00 | ** | *** | *** | |||
Values (unless indicated) are given as median (IQR); ART, antiretroviral therapy; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; K–W test, Kruskal–Wallis test for multiple comparisons; Chi sq test, chi square test.
For subgroup comparison:
*0.05 > P value > 0.01.
**0.01 > P value > 0.001.
***P value > 0.0001.