Skip to main content
Journal of Clinical Pathology logoLink to Journal of Clinical Pathology
. 1990 Jan;43(1):3–8. doi: 10.1136/jcp.43.1.3

Increased albumin excretion in diabetes.

J C Townsend 1
PMCID: PMC502214  PMID: 2179272

Full text

PDF
3

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. APLEY J. AN ECOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD. Lancet. 1964 Jul 4;2(7349):1–4. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(64)90001-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alinovi R., Mutti A., Bergamaschi E., Franchini I. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA) of urinary albumin. Clin Chem. 1988 May;34(5):993–994. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bakker A. J. Immunoturbidimetry of urinary albumin: prevention of adsorption of albumin; influence of other urinary constituents. Clin Chem. 1988 Jan;34(1):82–86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Birtwistle R. J., Hardwicke J. The role of urea in albumin dimerisation in nephrotic urines. Clin Chim Acta. 1985 Sep 16;151(1):41–48. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(85)90233-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bourdeau J. E., Carone F. A. Protein handling by the renal tubule. Nephron. 1974;13(1):22–34. doi: 10.1159/000180367. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cambiaso C. L., Collet-Cassart D., Lievens M. Immunoassay of low concentrations of albumin in urine by latex particle counting. Clin Chem. 1988 Feb;34(2):416–418. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Chachati A., von Frenckell R., Foidart-Willems J., Godon J. P., Lefèbvre P. J. Variability of albumin excretion in insulin-dependent diabetics. Diabet Med. 1987 Sep-Oct;4(5):441–445. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1987.tb00906.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chavers B. M., Bilous R. W., Ellis E. N., Steffes M. W., Mauer S. M. Glomerular lesions and urinary albumin excretion in type I diabetes without overt proteinuria. N Engl J Med. 1989 Apr 13;320(15):966–970. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198904133201503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Chesham J., Anderton S. W., Kingdon C. F. Rapid, competitive enzymoimmunoassay for albumin in urine. Clin Chem. 1986 Apr;32(4):669–671. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Christensen C. K., Mogensen C. E. Antihypertensive treatment: long-term reversal of progression of albuminuria in incipient diabetic nephropathy. A longitudinal study of renal function. J Diabet Complications. 1987 Apr-Jun;1(2):45–52. doi: 10.1016/s0891-6632(87)80079-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Christensen C. K., Schmitz O., Pedersen E. B., Alberti K. G., Mogensen C. E. Effect of 3-hydroxybutyrate infusion on urinary protein excretion in healthy man. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1986 May;46(3):239–243. doi: 10.3109/00365518609083665. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cohen D. L., Close C. F., Viberti G. C. The variability of overnight urinary albumin excretion in insulin-dependent diabetic and normal subjects. Diabet Med. 1987 Sep-Oct;4(5):437–440. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1987.tb00905.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Cohen D., Dodds R., Viberti G. Effect of protein restriction in insulin dependent diabetics at risk of nephropathy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987 Mar 28;294(6575):795–798. doi: 10.1136/bmj.294.6575.795. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Devgun M. S. What's in a name? Microalbuminuria/albuminuria. Diabet Med. 1988 Jan;5(1):93–93. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1988.tb00951.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Elving L. D., Bakkeren J. A., Jansen M. J., de Kat Angelino C. M., de Nobel E., van Munster P. J. Screening for microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus: frozen storage of urine samples decreases their albumin content. Clin Chem. 1989 Feb;35(2):308–310. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Erman A., Rabinov M., Rosenfeld J. Albumin determination in frozen urines--underestimated results. Clin Chim Acta. 1988 Jun 15;174(3):255–261. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(88)90051-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Feldt-Rasmussen B., Dinesen B., Deckert M. Enzyme immunoassay: an improved determination of urinary albumin in diabetics with incipient nephropathy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1985 Oct;45(6):539–544. doi: 10.3109/00365518509155256. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Feldt-Rasmussen B. Increased transcapillary escape rate of albumin in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetologia. 1986 May;29(5):282–286. doi: 10.1007/BF00452063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Feldt-Rasmussen B., Mathiesen E. R., Deckert T. Effect of two years of strict metabolic control on progression of incipient nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet. 1986 Dec 6;2(8519):1300–1304. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91433-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Fielding B. A., Price D. A., Houlton C. A. Enzyme immunoassay for urinary albumin. Clin Chem. 1983 Feb;29(2):355–357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ghiggeri G. M., Candiano G., Delfino G., Queirolo C. Electrical charge of serum and urinary albumin in normal and diabetic humans. Kidney Int. 1985 Aug;28(2):168–177. doi: 10.1038/ki.1985.137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gosling P., Lawson N., Taylor A. J. Limitations in the immunoturbidimetry of urinary albumin. Clin Chem. 1986 Jun;32(6):1240–1240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gragnoli G., Signorini A. M., Tanganelli I. Non-enzymatic glycosylation of urinary proteins in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes: correlation with metabolic control and the degree of proteinuria. Diabetologia. 1984 Jun;26(6):411–414. doi: 10.1007/BF00262211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Harmoinen A., Ala-Houhala I., Vuorinen P. Rapid and sensitive immunoassay for albumin determination in urine. Clin Chim Acta. 1985 Jul 15;149(2-3):269–274. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(85)90341-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Harmoinen A., Vuorinen P., Jokela H. Turbidimetric measurement of microalbuminuria. Clin Chim Acta. 1987 Jun 30;166(1):85–89. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(87)90199-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hodgson B. W., Watts G. F. A simple side-room test to screen for 'microalbuminuria' in diabetes mellitus. Ann Clin Biochem. 1987 Nov;24(Pt 6):581–584. doi: 10.1177/000456328702400605. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Holm J., Hemmingsen L., Nielsen N. V., Thomsen M. Increased urinary excretion of the retinol-binding protein in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the absence of microalbuminuria. Clin Chim Acta. 1987 Dec;170(2-3):345–349. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(87)90146-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Howey J. E., Browning M. C., Fraser C. G. Selecting the optimum specimen for assessing slight albuminuria, and a strategy for clinical investigation: novel uses of data on biological variation. Clin Chem. 1987 Nov;33(11):2034–2038. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hutchison A. S., O'Reilly D. S., MacCuish A. C. Albumin excretion rate, albumin concentration, and albumin/creatinine ratio compared for screening diabetics for slight albuminuria. Clin Chem. 1988 Oct;34(10):2019–2021. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Jensen T., Bjerre-Knudsen J., Feldt-Rasmussen B., Deckert T. Features of endothelial dysfunction in early diabetic nephropathy. Lancet. 1989 Mar 4;1(8636):461–463. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91365-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. KEEN H., CHLOUVERAKIS C. AN IMMUNOASSAY METHOD FOR URINARY ALBUMIN AT LOW CONCENTRATIONS. Lancet. 1963 Nov 2;2(7314):913–914. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(63)90620-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kearney E. M., Mount J. N., Watts G. F., Slavin B. M., Kind P. R. Simple immunoturbidimetric method for determining urinary albumin at low concentrations using Cobas-Bio centrifugal analyser. J Clin Pathol. 1987 Apr;40(4):465–468. doi: 10.1136/jcp.40.4.465. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Kricka L. J., Carter T. J., Burt S. M., Kennedy J. H., Holder R. L., Halliday M. I., Telford M. E., Wisdom G. B. Variability in the adsorption properties of microtitre plates used as solid supports in enzyme immunoassay. Clin Chem. 1980 May;26(6):741–744. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kverneland A., Feldt-Rasmussen B., Vidal P., Welinder B., Bent-Hansen L., Søegaard U., Deckert T. Evidence of changes in renal charge selectivity in patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1986 Sep;29(9):634–639. doi: 10.1007/BF00869262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Linton A. S., Rowe D. J. Ames' "Microbumintest" evaluated, and its correlation with total protein and albumin concentration in urine. Clin Chem. 1988 Sep;34(9):1927–1928. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Livesey J. H., Donald R. A. Prevention of adsorption losses during radioimmunoassay of polypeptide hormones: effectiveness of albumins, gelatin, caseins, Tween 20 and plasma. Clin Chim Acta. 1982 Aug 4;123(1-2):193–198. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(82)90130-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Lopes-Virella M. F., Virella G., Rosebrock G., Sagel J., Gonzalez J., Colwell J. Early diagnosis of renal malfunction in diabetics. Abnormal proteinuria revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Diabetologia. 1979 Mar;16(3):165–171. doi: 10.1007/BF01219793. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Marshall S. M., Alberti K. G. Screening for early diabetic nephropathy. Ann Clin Biochem. 1986 Mar;23(Pt 2):195–197. doi: 10.1177/000456328602300209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Marshall S. M., Hackett A., Court S., Parkin M., Alberti K. G. Albumin excretion in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Res. 1986 Sep;3(7):345–348. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Mathiesen E. R., Oxenbøll B., Johansen K., Svendsen P. A., Deckert T. Incipient nephropathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia. 1984 Jun;26(6):406–410. doi: 10.1007/BF00262210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Mathiesen E. R., Saurbrey N., Hommel E., Parving H. H. Prevalence of microalbuminuria in children with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1986 Sep;29(9):640–643. doi: 10.1007/BF00869263. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Mattock M. B., Keen H., Viberti G. C., el-Gohari M. R., Murrells T. J., Scott G. S., Wing J. R., Jackson P. G. Coronary heart disease and urinary albumin excretion rate in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 1988 Feb;31(2):82–87. doi: 10.1007/BF00395552. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Miles D. W., Mogensen C. E., Gundersen H. J. Radioimmunoassay for urinary albumin using a single antibody. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1970 Aug;26(1):5–11. doi: 10.3109/00365517009049206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Mogensen C. E., Chachati A., Christensen C. K., Close C. F., Deckert T., Hommel E., Kastrup J., Lefebvre P., Mathiesen E. R., Feldt-Rasmussen B. Microalbuminuria: an early marker of renal involvement in diabetes. Uremia Invest. 1985;9(2):85–95. doi: 10.3109/08860228509088195. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Mogensen C. E., Christensen C. K. Predicting diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent patients. N Engl J Med. 1984 Jul 12;311(2):89–93. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198407123110204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Mogensen C. E., Christensen C. K., Vittinghus E. The stages in diabetic renal disease. With emphasis on the stage of incipient diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes. 1983 May;32 (Suppl 2):64–78. doi: 10.2337/diab.32.2.s64. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Mogensen C. E. Management of diabetic renal involvement and disease. Lancet. 1988 Apr 16;1(8590):867–870. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91611-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Mogensen C. E. Microalbuminuria as a predictor of clinical diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1987 Feb;31(2):673–689. doi: 10.1038/ki.1987.50. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Mogensen C. E. Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes. N Engl J Med. 1984 Feb 9;310(6):356–360. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198402093100605. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. More on immunoturbidimetry of urinary albumin. Clin Chem. 1987 Jan;33(1):198–199. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. O'Hare J. A., Ferriss J. B., Twomey B., O'Sullivan D. J. Poor metabolic control, hypertension and microangiopathy independently increase the transcapillary escape rate of albumin in diabetes. Diabetologia. 1983 Sep;25(3):260–263. doi: 10.1007/BF00279940. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Paoli C., Bardelli F., Tarli P., Gragnoli G., Tanganelli I., Signorini A. M. A simple latex agglutination test for urinary albumin screening. Clin Chim Acta. 1987 Jun 30;166(1):67–71. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(87)90196-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Phillipou G., James S. K., Seaborn C. J., Phillips P. J. Screening for microalbuminuria by use of a rapid, low-cost colorimetric assay. Clin Chem. 1989 Mar;35(3):456–458. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Rowe D. J., Bagga H., Betts P. B. Normal variations in rate of albumin excretion and albumin to creatinine ratios in overnight and daytime urine collections in non-diabetic children. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 Sep 14;291(6497):693–694. doi: 10.1136/bmj.291.6497.693. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Schmitz A. Microalbutest: a new screening method for detecting microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus. Uremia Invest. 1985;9(2):79–84. doi: 10.3109/08860228509088194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Schmitz A., Vaeth M. Microalbuminuria: a major risk factor in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. A 10-year follow-up study of 503 patients. Diabet Med. 1988 Mar;5(2):126–134. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1988.tb00958.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Shukla P. S., Endeman H. J., Kortlandt W. Effect of five different antisera on the immunoturbidimetric determination of urinary albumin. Clin Chem. 1988 Feb;34(2):430–430. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Silver A. C., Dawnay A., Landon J. Specimen preparation for assay of albumin in urine. Clin Chem. 1987 Jan;33(1):199–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Silver A., Dawnay A., Landon J., Cattell W. R. Immunoassays for low concentrations of albumin in urine. Clin Chem. 1986 Jul;32(7):1303–1306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Smith G., Wilcox A. H., Barron J. L. More on determination of urinary albumin by centrifugal analysis. Clin Chem. 1987 Aug;33(8):1497–1497. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Spencer K., Price C. P. Kinetic immunoturbidimetry: the estimation of albumin. Clin Chim Acta. 1979 Jul 16;95(2):263–276. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(79)90368-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Stoica G. H., Purice S., Cheţa D., Serban M., Balea M., Michiu V. Albumin to creatinine ratios in early morning samples of urine from healthy persons and patients without clinical proteinuria. Med Interne. 1984 Jan-Mar;22(1):19–28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Teppo A. M., Groop L. Urinary excretion of plasma proteins in diabetic subjects. Increased excretion of kappa light chains in diabetic patients with and without proliferative retinopathy. Diabetes. 1985 Jun;34(6):589–594. doi: 10.2337/diab.34.6.589. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Torffvit O., Wieslander J. A simplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for urinary albumin. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1986 Oct;46(6):545–548. doi: 10.3109/00365518609083711. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Townsend J. C. A competitive immunoenzymometric assay for albumin in urine. Clin Chem. 1986 Jul;32(7):1372–1374. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Townsend J. C., Blair P. J., Forrest A. R. Effect of storage pH on precipitation of albumin from urine from diabetics. Clin Chem. 1988 Jun;34(6):1355–1356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Townsend J. C., Sadler W. A., Shanks G. M. The effect of storage pH on the precipitation of proteins in deep frozen urine samples. Ann Clin Biochem. 1987 Jan;24(Pt 1):111–112. doi: 10.1177/000456328702400118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Townsend J. C. Specimen preparation for microalbuminuria assay. Clin Chem. 1986 Mar;32(3):559–559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Trivin F., Giraudet P. "Microalbuminuria" or "pauci-albuminuria"? Clin Chem. 1988 Jan;34(1):209–210. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Turpeinen U., Koivunen E., Stenman U. H. Liquid-chromatographic determination of beta 2-microglobulin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, and albumin in urine. Clin Chem. 1987 Oct;33(10):1756–1760. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Vesterberg O. Quantification of albumin in urine by a new method: zone immuno-electrophoresis assay (ZIA). Clin Chim Acta. 1981 Jul 1;113(3):305–310. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(81)90283-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Viberti G. C., Hill R. D., Jarrett R. J., Argyropoulos A., Mahmud U., Keen H. Microalbuminuria as a predictor of clinical nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 1982 Jun 26;1(8287):1430–1432. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92450-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Viberti G. C., Jarrett R. J., McCartney M., Keen H. Increased glomerular permeability to albumin induced by exercise in diabetic subjects. Diabetologia. 1978 May;14(5):293–300. doi: 10.1007/BF01223019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Viberti G. C., Mogensen C. E., Keen H., Jacobsen F. K., Jarrett R. J., Christensen C. K. Urinary excretion of albumin in normal man: the effect of water loading. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1982 Apr;42(2):147–157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Viberti G. C., Vergani D. Detection of potentially reversible diabetic albuminuria. A three-drop agglutination test for urinary albumin at low concentration. Diabetes. 1982 Nov;31(11):973–975. doi: 10.2337/diacare.31.11.973. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Viberti G. C., Wiseman M. J. The kidney in diabetes: significance of the early abnormalities. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 Nov;15(4):753–782. doi: 10.1016/s0300-595x(86)80073-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Viberti G., Bending J. J. Preventive approach to diabetic kidney disease. Contrib Nephrol. 1988;61:91–100. doi: 10.1159/000415239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Waller K. V., Ward K. M., Mahan J. D., Wismatt D. K. Current concepts in proteinuria. Clin Chem. 1989 May;35(5):755–765. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Walton C., Bodansky H. J., Wales J. K., Forbes M. A., Cooper E. H. Tubular dysfunction and microalbuminuria in insulin dependent diabetes. Arch Dis Child. 1988 Mar;63(3):244–249. doi: 10.1136/adc.63.3.244. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Watts G. F., Albano J. D., Bennett J. E., Morris R. W., Shaw K. M., Polak A. Assessment of new radioimmunoassay kit for determining urinary albumin at low concentrations: comparison with radial immunodiffusion. J Clin Pathol. 1986 Oct;39(10):1151–1154. doi: 10.1136/jcp.39.10.1151. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Watts G. F., Bennett J. E., Rowe D. J., Morris R. W., Gatling W., Shaw K. M., Polak A. Assessment of immunochemical methods for determining low concentrations of albumin in urine. Clin Chem. 1986 Aug;32(8):1544–1548. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Wiggins R. C., Kshrisagar B., Kelsch R. C., Wilson B. S. Fragmentation and polymeric complexes of albumin in human urine. Clin Chim Acta. 1985 Jul 15;149(2-3):155–163. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(85)90329-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Yudkin J. S., Forrest R. D., Jackson C. A. Microalbuminuria as predictor of vascular disease in non-diabetic subjects. Islington Diabetes Survey. Lancet. 1988 Sep 3;2(8610):530–533. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92657-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Clinical Pathology are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES