Abstract
Background:
The brain stem is found to be impaired in multiple system atrophy-cerebellar types (MSA-C). Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is reported as a marker of progressive brain stem dysfunction. Few systematic studies about the sleep disturbances in MSA-C patients combined with or without RBD were reported. This study aimed to explore the polysomnographic (PSG) features of sleep disturbances between MSA-C patients with and without RBD.
Methods:
Totally, 46 MSA-C patients (23 with RBD, and 23 without RBD) were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent a structured interview for their demographic data, history of sleep pattern, and movement disorders; and then, overnight video-PSG was performed in each patient. All the records were evaluated by specialists at the Sleep Medicine Clinic for RBD and the Movement Disorder Clinic for MSA-C. The Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables, and the Chi-square test for categorical variables were used in this study.
Results:
MSA-C patients with RBD had younger visiting age (52.6 ± 7.4 vs. 56.7 ± 6.0 years, P = 0.046) and shorter duration of the disease (12.0 [12.0, 24.0] vs. 24.0 [14.0, 36.0] months, P = 0.009) than MSA-C patients without RBD. MSA-C with RBD had shorter REM sleep latency (111.7 ± 48.2 vs. 157.0 ± 68.8 min, P = 0.042), higher percentage of REM sleep (14.9% ±4.0% vs. 10.0% ± 3.2%, P = 0.019), and lower Stage I (9.5% ±7.2% vs. 15.9% ±8.0%, P = 0.027) than MSA-C without RBD. Moreover, MSA-C patients with RBD had more decreased sleep efficiency (52.4% ±12.6% vs. 65.8% ±15.9%, P = 0.029) than that without RBD.
Conclusions:
In addition to the RBD, MSA-C patients with RBD had other more severe sleep disturbances than those without RBD. The sleep disorders of MSA patients might be associated with the progress of the disease.
Keywords: Behavior Disorder, Multiple System Atrophy-cerebellar Types, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep, Video-polysomnography
INTRODUCTION
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a group of intractable neurodegenerative disorders characterized by cerebellar ataxia, as well as various combinations of parkinsonism, autonomic failure, and pyramidal dysfunction. Several researches are trying to understand the development of MSA, and looking for early signs of system atrophy, which might be treatable at an early stage. In the past decades, several studies reported that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) was strongly associated with MSA[1] and might precede the development of neurodegenerative syndromes by several years.[2] Therefore, studies about RBD in MSA patients might help to investigate the mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of MSA.
RBD is characterized by the loss of muscular atonia and prominent motor behaviors during REM sleep.[1,3] It can cause sleep disruption and abnormal violent behaviors.[4] Polysomnographic (PSG) features of RBD are the presence of chin or limb electromyographic (EMG) activity during REM sleep with concomitant vigorous behavioral manifestations in accordance with videotape recording and REM sleep without atonia (RSWA). Since the 1970s, RSWA was reported in patients with MSA,[5] and a study confirmed a strong association between these two disorders.[6] Since then, RBD was detected in patients with MSA by PSG.[7] Moreover, RBD was demonstrated to be common in MSA and Parkinson's disease (PD).[8,9] Subsequently, RBD is associated with these neurodegenerative disorders and should be considered as a part of the diseases.[2,10] It can also occur in other diseases involving brainstem lesions. For instance, RBD was reported in pontine stroke[11] and brainstem cavernous hemangioma.[12] The mechanism might be due to the decreased hypocretinergic input to pontine structures, which was associated with muscle atonia in REM. The brainstem structures mainly included locus coeruleus-subcoeruleus complex, pedunculopontine nucleus, dorsal vagus nucleus, and dorsal raphe nucleus.[13,14] Therefore, RBD can be found in diseases involving dorsal midbrain and pons.[15] MSA is a member of a diverse group of neurodegenerative disorders termed α-synucleinopathies[16] characterized by the abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates in neurons, nerve fibers, or glial cells. The pathological hallmark of all clinical subtypes of MSA is the presence of α-synuclein-positive glial cytoplasmic inclusions in oligodendroglia, which was observed in a widespread distribution throughout the brain. The clinical subtypes of MSA, MSA-parkinsonian type (MSA-P), and MSA-cerebellar type (MSA-C) are generally reflective of the brain regions with significant pathological change. In MSA-P, the striatonigral regions are predominantly affected, while in MSA-C, it is the olivopontocerebellar regions.[17] Other two main types of α-synucleinopathy, PD, and dementia with Lewy bodies have multiple clinical phenotypes, with these phenotypes differing in the dynamic distribution of their underlying neuropathologies.[18] In other words, these three main types of α-synucleinopathy had different sequences for the susceptible site. Several studies demonstrated that RBD can be earlier, equal, or later than the syndromes of parkinsonism.[19,20,21] Similarly, recent studies demonstrated that RBD can be earlier, equal, and later than the symptoms of MSA, indicating that brainstem can be involved in different stages of MSA.[22] The occurrence of RBD in MSA suggested that the brainstem was involved in the process of the disease. The brainstem was a part of the central regulation of sleep.[23] Moreover, the olivopontocerebellar regions in the brainstem are mainly involved in MSA-C.[17] Therefore, there might be some differences in sleep features between MSA-C with and without RBD. Since few systematic studies about the sleep disturbances in MSA-C patients combined with or without RBD were reported, this study was performed to explore the sleep problems in these patients by overnight video-synchronized PSG (vPSG).
METHODS
Ethics approval
The study protocol was complied with Declaration of Helsinki and China's Regulations and Guidelines on Good Clinical Practice and approved by the Ethics Committee of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (Clinical Research Trial [2016] No. 008). All the patients agreed to take part in the study and signed an informed consent including the video assessment.
Patients and diagnosis
Totally, 46 MSA-C patients (23 with RBD and 23 without RBD) from the Center for Sleep Medicine and Movement Disorder Clinic in Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (China) between March 2013 and March 2015 were consecutively enrolled in this study.
The diagnosis of probable or possible MSA-C was established based on the second consensus criteria:[24] (1) a sporadic, progressive, and adult (>30 years) onset disease characterized by a cerebellar syndrome (gait ataxia with cerebellar dysarthria, limb ataxia, or cerebellar oculomotor dysfunction), and (2) at least one of the additional features as follows: parkinsonism (bradykinesia and rigidity); atrophy of putamen, middle cerebellar peduncle, or pons on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); hypometabolism on fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in putamen; and presynaptic nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or PET.
RBD was diagnosed based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 3rd Edition (ICSD-3):[25] The presence of RSWA on overnight PSG and either sleep-related injurious, potentially injurious, or disruptive behaviors by history, and/or abnormal REM sleep behavior documented during PSG monitoring. In addition, there must be an absence of epileptiform activity on electroencephalography (EEG) during REM sleep unless RBD could be clearly distinguished from any concurrent REM sleep-related seizure disorders, and the sleep disorders could not be better explained by any other sleep disorders, medical or neurological disorders, mental disorders, and medication or substance use.
Inclusion criteria included: (1) patients were diagnosed with probable MSA-C combined with or without RBD based on the above-mentioned criteria, (2) patients can finish the interviews and PSG examination, (3) the brain MRI was normal, and (4) all the patients gave their informed consent.
Exclusion criteria included: (1) patients with signs or symptoms of any other neurologic diseases; (2) RBD secondary to any other diseases or medications; (3) patients being regularly taking sleeping pills or antipsychotics and sedative-hypnotic drugs or alcohol can not withdraw by 1 week; and (4) patients had other sleep disorders, such as severe sleep apnea, hypopnea syndrome, or narcolepsy.
Structured interview
A structured face-to-face interview was conducted with the patients and checked with their close relatives to obtain the history of sleep patterns and disorders, the demographic and phenotypic details including body mass index (BMI), age at visiting and onset of MSA-C or RBD, duration of the disease, presenting symptoms and signs, Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS) score, and other relevant past and family histories.
Overnight video-polysomnography
The vPSG was performed in each patient using a standard system (E-Series, Compumedics Limited, Abbotsford, Australia) with video monitoring of patient behavior, diagnostic PSG recordings, and measurements, including four channels of the scalp EEG (C3/A2, C4/A1, O1/A2, and O2/A1), two electrooculograms, arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) recording taken by oximetry sensor, amplification of snoring sounds using a microphone, chest/abdominal respiratory effort, and anterior tibialis EMGs for leg movements. Nighttime sleep recordings started immediately after connecting the patient and calibration with lights off at 21:00 and ended at 6:00 the next morning. The parameters were set as our previous study.[26] Total sleep time (TST, min), sleep efficiency (SE, %), sleep latency (SL, min), ratio of individual sleep stages (%), arousals, isolated, and periodic movements, and snore and respiratory events were scored. Sleep macroarchitecture analysis was carried out. The indices for the apnea-hypopnea, periodic limb movement (PLM), awaking time and frequency, and fastest and average heart rate (HR) in sleep were calculated. RBD was verified by vPSG. The PSG technologists were on continuous duty during the PSG recording. Subsequently, the PSG was evaluated page by page by the investigator (Yan Ding) with special emphasis on any marked/reported events. All the patients were documented with an infrared video recording synchronized to the PSG.
Statistical analysis
The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) was used for statistical analyses. Normality of continuous data was checked. Normally distributed variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and analyzed using the Student's t-test; skewed distributed variables were shown as median (Q1, Q3) and analyzed using Mann-Whitney U-test. The Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. To adjust for the difference in age, analysis of covariance was used to analyze the TST, SE, ratio of individual sleep stages, REM SL, PLM index, SaO2, and other variables for MSA-C with and without RBD groups. All calculated P values were two-tailed, and statistical significance was set at a P < 0.05.
RESULTS
Basic characteristics
The demographic data and clinical phenotype of the MSA-C patients with RBD and those without RBD were shown in Table 1. The mean age at visiting the clinic of MSA-C with RBD was younger than that of MSA-C without RBD (52.6 ± 7.4 vs. 56.7 ± 6.0 years, P = 0.046). The duration of MSA-C with RBD was significantly shorter than that in MSA-C without RBD (12.0 [12.0, 24.0] vs. 24.0 [14.0, 36.0] months, P = 0.009). No significant difference was found in gender ratio, age at onset, height, weight, BMI, score of UMSARS between the MSA-C with and without RBD.
Table 1.
Basic characteristics and polysomnography features of MSA-C patients with or without RBD
| Variables | MSA-C with RBD (n = 23) | MSA-C without RBD (n = 23) | Statistics | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male/female | 18/5 | 15/8 | 0.965* | 0.326 |
| Age at visiting (years) | 52.6 ± 7.4 | 56.7 ± 6.0 | −2.058† | 0.046 |
| Age at onset (years) | 51.2 ± 7.3 | 54.3 ± 5.9 | −1.618† | 0.113 |
| Duration (months) | 12.0 (12.0, 24.0) | 24.0 (14.0, 36.0) | 149.000§ | 0.009 |
| Height (cm) | 167.5 ± 5.1 | 168.0 ± 8.4 | −0.232† | 0.818 |
| Weight (kg) | 69.5 ± 7.9 | 71.3 ± 13.6 | −0.536† | 0.595 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 2.4 | 25.0 ± 3.2 | −0.355† | 0.724 |
| UMSARS | ||||
| I | 21.4 ± 3.9 | 20.2 ± 4.5 | 1.020† | 0.313 |
| II | 25.1 ± 3.7 | 23.7 ± 4.2 | 1.237† | 0.223 |
| IV | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 0.644† | 0.523 |
| Total sleep time (min) | 348.6 ± 83.2 | 321.4 ± 93.7 | 0.500‡ | 0.486 |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 52.4 ± 12.6 | 65.8 ± 15.9 | 5.400‡ | 0.029 |
| SL (min) | 52.0 (32.0, 65.5) | 50.0 (17.5, 121.0) | 259.000§ | 0.904 |
| Awaking time (min) | 92.5 (40.5, 136.5) | 143.0 (108.0, 187.5) | 157.000§ | 0.081 |
| Awaking frequency (times) | 13.0 (9.0, 15.0) | 14.0 (8.0, 22.0) | 216.000§ | 0.286 |
| Stage (%) | ||||
| I | 9.5 ± 7.2 | 15.9 ± 8.0 | 5.559‡ | 0.027 |
| II | 51.1 ± 12.3 | 55.2 ± 12.7 | 0.182‡ | 0.674 |
| III | 24.6 ± 9.4 | 19.0 ± 13.9 | 0.008‡ | 0.931 |
| REM (%) | 14.9 ± 4.0 | 10.0 ± 3.2 | 6.313‡ | 0.019 |
| REM SL (min) | 111.7 ± 48.2 | 157.0 ± 68.8 | 4.634‡ | 0.042 |
| AHI | 15.7 (4.0, 74.8) | 25.4 (3.3, 66.7) | 248.000§ | 0.910 |
| PLM index | 19.4 (3.1, 93.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 36.3) | 185.000§ | 0.073 |
| Baseline SaO2 (%) | 93.0 (88.0, 96.0) | 92.0 (89.0, 95.0) | 230.000§ | 0.786 |
| Minimum SaO2 (%) | 85.0 (66.0, 88.0) | 85.0 (74.0, 88.5) | 236.500§ | 0.906 |
| Fastest HR (beats/min) | 75.0 (32.1, 85.5) | 77.0 (48.8, 81.3) | 143.000§ | 0.893 |
| Average HR (beats/min) | 58.5 (40.7, 69.3) | 61.0 (42.5, 70.5) | 140.000§ | 0.649 |
Data were shown as n, mean ± standard deviation, or median (Q1, Q3). *χ2 value; †t value; ‡F value; §Mann-Whitney U-test value. HR: Heart rate; RBD: REM sleep behavior disorder; AHI: Apnea hypopnea index; PLM: Periodic limb movement; UMSARS: Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale; REM: Rapid eye movement; SaO2: Arterial O2 saturation; BMI: Body mass index; SL: Sleep latency; MSA-C: Multiple system atrophy-cerebellar.
Polysomnography features
After adjusted for the difference in age by analysis of covariance, a shorter REM latency was found in MSA-C with RBD than MSA-C without RBD (111.7 ± 48.2 vs. 157.0 ± 68.8 min, P = 0.042). The percentage of REM sleep in the TST was significantly higher in MSA-C with RBD than without RBD (14.9% ± 4.0% vs. 10.0% ± 3.2%, P = 0.019). In the contrary, the percentage of Stage I in the TST was higher in MSA-C patients without RBD than with RBD (15.9% ± 8.0% vs. 9.5% ± 7.2%, P = 0.027). Moreover, MSA-C patients with RBD had more decreased SE (52.4% ± 12.6% vs. 65.8% ± 15.9%, P = 0.029) than that without RBD. No significant difference was found in TST, SL, awakening time and frequency, percentage of other sleep stages in the TST, apnea-hypopnea index, PLM index, baseline and minimum SaO2, and the fastest and average HR between the MSA-C with and without RBD [Table 1].
DISCUSSION
This study found that MSA-C patients with RBD showed significantly shorter REM latency and a higher percentage of REM sleep in TST than that in MSA-C without RBD (P = 0.042 and P = 0.019). The finding was consistent with a previous study demonstrated that MSA patients with probable depression had shorter REM latency.[27] Sleep can be considered as a restorative process. As a homeostatic process, sleep allows the body to return to equilibrium when it is disturbed.[23] The central regulation of sleep in brainstem was involved in MSA-C with RBD that activated the self-regulating system to maintain the normal sleep or compensate the inadequate sleep. However, the central regulation of sleep might be affected slightly or not in MSA-C without RBD, the self-regulating system plays a marginal role in the process. The compensation of a deficit occurs mainly by an increase in sleep intensity rather than by the prolongation of sleep duration.[28] REM sleep played an important role in the overall sleep. Although the SE of MSA-C patients with RBD decreased obviously, the proportion of REM sleep was relatively increased when compared with MSA-C without RBD. The finding was consistent with the results reported by Sixel-Döring et al., which demonstrated that the proportion of REM sleep was higher in PD patients with RBD than without RBD.[29] The mechanism might be associated with the balance between brainstem norepinephrine and serotonin systems and acetylcholine systems. In addition, REM SL of MSA-C with RBD was relatively shorter than MSA-C without RBD, indicating that the body tried hard to maintain a relatively “normal” sleep. Of course, slow-wave sleep (SWS) also plays a very important role in the self-regulation of sleep. Our research showed an increase in the proportion of Stage III sleep in MSA-C with RBD compared to MSA-C without RBD, but there was no significant difference. The increase in the percentage of Stage III and REM sleep resulted in a reduction in the proportion of shallow sleep. The significantly lower percentage of Stage I sleep in MSA-C with RBD than those without RBD showed that the body tried to sacrifice shallow sleep to ensure SWS and REM sleep that was likely to be the result of self-regulation for sleep.
This study also found that the SE of MSA-C patients with RBD was significantly lower than those without RBD (P = 0.029). It was different with the characteristics in PD patients with RBD from Sixel-Döring et al.'s study,[29] in which a higher SE in PD patients with RBD was shown than those without RBD. Several reasons might contribute to the difference: (1) MSA-C patients with RBD might have more diffuse range and severely damaged extent of sleep center in brainstem than PD with RBD, (2) more severe clinical symptoms of MSA-C with RBD affected the quality of sleep from the mental and physical aspects, and (3) different developmental sequences of susceptible site between PD and MSA-C.
Another interesting finding of this study was that the duration of MSA-C with RBD was significantly shorter than MSA-C without RBD under the situation that the age-onset and UMSARS scores were similar between the two groups. The finding suggested that the development of the disease for MSA-C patients with RBD was faster than those without RBD, resulted in the younger visiting age in MSA-C patients with RBD. The finding could reflect the potential severity of the disease. The previous studies suggested that RBD was considered as a red flag for the diagnosis of MSA[30] and might either antedate or follow the onset of parkinsonism, cerebellar syndrome, and dysautonomia[31] that might be due to inchoate structural lesion which damages REM regulating regions of brain (lower brainstem and limbic system mainly).[32] The occurrence of RBD in MSA suggested that the brainstem was involved in the process of the disease. If MSA-C patients had both movement disorders and RBD, more diffuse brain areas might be involved than MSA-C without RBD. Then, the symptoms of MSA-C patients with RBD might be more severe than those without RBD as a result visiting age was earlier. The above finding was similar to the study about RBD in PD. The symptom of PD patients with RBD was more severe than PD without RBD, especially movement disorders.[33] Besides, the development of the symptoms for PD with RBD was faster than those without RBD.[29,34] These studies suggested that PD patients with RBD might have more diffuse lesions than those without RBD, resulting in a faster development of disease that was consistent with our study.
The present study has several strengths, including (1) the detailed demonstration of sleep differential by vPSG between MSA-C with and without RBD by comparative analysis using the latest ICSD-3 diagnostic criteria for RBD, (2) it assisted to understand the process of MSA-C through RBD, which might be the red flag for the development of MSA-C, and (3) it favored the RBD in MSA-C to cause more attention for sleep disorders in MSA. Nevertheless, several limitations of this study should be also considered: (1) all patients with MSA-C or RBD were enrolled at a tertiary referral center, which was not a population-based study, (2) the present study was a cross-sectional study, which did not include the whole process of the disease, and (3) only 46 MSA-C patients were recruited. A multi-center, prospective study is necessary in the future.
In conclusion, MSA-C patients with RBD had other more severe sleep disturbances besides RBD than those without RBD. The sleep disorders of MSA patients might be associated with the progress of the disease.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Footnotes
Edited by: Yuan-Yuan Ji
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