Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to observe the clinical efficacy and toxicity of cisplatin in combination with gemcitabine or Abraxane as first-line chemotherapy for stage III/IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Patients and methods
A total of 200 patients with advanced NSCLC, which was confirmed by pathology or cytology, were enrolled into our research by reviewing previous complete and retrievable medical records data of our hospital. A total of 100 patients were treated with gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2, day 1 and day 8) in combination with cisplatin (75 mg/m2, days 1–3; GP group) and another 100 patients were treated with Abraxane (260 mg/m2, day 1) in combination with cisplatin (75 mg/m2, days 1–3; TP group). Twenty-one days were required to complete one cycle; at least two cycles were completed by each group.
Results
For the 100 patients in the GP group, the effective response rate (RR) was 27%, the disease control rate (DCR) was 63%, and the median progression-free survival (PFS) time was 8 months. For the 100 patients in the TP group, the RR was 52%, the DCR was 75%, and the median PFS was 20 months. There was significant difference in RR (P<0.001), but no significant difference in DSR and PFS (P>0.05). Common treatment-related adverse events were hematologic toxicity and gastrointestinal reaction. Hematologic toxicity mainly included decreased white blood cells and platelets. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Gastrointestinal reaction mainly included nausea and vomiting. There was no statistical significance between them (P=0.805). For the 85 patients with squamous carcinoma in the TP group, the RR was 60%, the DCR was 78%, and the median PFS was 7.5 months. For the 85 patients with squamous carcinoma in the GP group, the RR was 36%, the DCR was 62%, and the median PFS was 18.5 months. There was significant difference in RR (P=0.024), but no significant difference in DSR and PFS (P>0.05). For the 115 patients with adenocarcinoma in the TP group, the RR was 47%, the DCR was 73%, and the median PFS was 8 months. For the 115 patients with adenocarcinoma in the GP group, the RR was 20%, the DCR was 64%, and the median PFS was 20.5 months. There was significant difference in RR (P=0.003), but no significant difference in DCR and PFS (P>0.05).
Conclusion
The efficacy of cisplatin in combination with Abraxane is better than that with gemcitabine in the treatment of NSCLC, and the treatment has less risk of hematologic toxicity.
Keywords: cisplatin, Abraxane, gemcitabine, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, chemotherapy
Introduction
Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors, of which advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~80%–85%.1 Nearly 75%–80% of NSCLC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. With poor sensitivity to chemotherapy, the remission rate is only 15%–20% in the 1970s, and the average 5-year survival rate for NSCLC patients is only 15%.2 In the recent 10 years, the curative effect of chemotherapy has increased significantly and the remission rate has reached up to 40% because of the continuous increase in new effective anticancer drugs and new schemes in both quantity and quality. Chemotherapy is one of the most important treatment methods, especially for advanced NSCLC.3 We conducted clinical retrospective observational analyses to observe the curative effect and toxicity of cisplatin in combination with gemcitabine or Abraxane as first-line chemotherapy for stage III/IV NSCLC.
Patients and methods
Clinical data
We retrospectively analyzed 200 patients with advanced NSCLC who were treated in our hospital from May 2012 to October 2015. Each case abided by the following principles: advanced NSCLC (stage III or IV) was confirmed by pathology or cytology, no second primary tumor or history of other tumors was observed, had previously untreated NSCLC and received at least two cycles of cisplatin plus gemcitabine or cisplatin plus Abraxane, had least one measurable lesion, had no mutations, 20 years ≤ age at diagnosis ≤75 years, had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score 0–3, and possessed complete clinical data, including sex, age, pathological data, ECOG score, treatment, and follow-up information. There was significant difference in these data (P>0.05). The CONSORT diagram reveals data collection. A total of 455 subjects were screened and 200 were enrolled (Figure 1). Table 1 lists the general characteristics of the 200 cases.
Figure 1.
The CONSORT diagram.
Abbreviations: NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 200 patients
| Characteristic | GP group | TP group | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n | 0.428 | ||
| Male | 75 | 70 | |
| Female | 25 | 30 | |
| Age, years | 0.465 | ||
| Median | 58.5 | 57.8 | |
| <65 | 65 | 60 | |
| ≥65 | 35 | 40 | |
| Pathology type, n | 0.474 | ||
| Squamous carcinoma | 45 | 40 | |
| Adenocarcinoma | 55 | 60 | |
| ECOG scores, n | 0.397 | ||
| 0–1 | 75 | 80 | |
| 2–3 | 25 | 20 | |
| Clinical stage, n | 0.450 | ||
| III | 65 | 70 | |
| IIIA | 40 | 40 | |
| IIIB | 25 | 30 | |
| IV | 35 | 30 |
Notes: GP group refer to the group of patients treated with gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin. TP group refer to the group of patients treated with abraxane in combination with cisplatin.
Abbreviation: ECOG, eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.
Methods
GP group
Gemcitabine was used at a dose of 1,000 mg/m2 on day 1 and day 8, and cisplatin was administered on days 1–3 of each course at a dose of 75 mg/m2. They were added to 250 mL saline, respectively, and were used by the method of intravenous (iv) drip. In most instances, cisplatin infusion was preceded by parenteral administration of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. No prophylactic antiemetics were routinely used on the days of gemcitabine administration.
TP group
Abraxane was used at a dose of 260 mg/m2 on day 1 ; it was also added to 250 mL of normal saline and was used by the method of iv drip. Electrocardiographic monitoring was performed during the treatment of patients. In order to prevent allergic reactions, 30 minutes before the therapy, iv dexamethasone 20 mg, intramuscular injection Phenergan 50 mg, and iv cimetidine 400 mg were used. The usage of cisplatin was as described earlier.
The medicines were used appropriately to stop vomiting, protect liver and stomach, and enhance immunity in the two groups. Routinely, 5-HT receptor antagonist was used during chemotherapy to stop vomiting. According to the result of blood routine examination, the recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor was timely used (2 μg/kg/d, subcutaneous injection) when the white blood cell count was reduced to ≤2.0×109/L.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were approved by the institutional review board of the Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute. Written informed consent was obtained from every patient.
Assessment of efficacy and adverse reactions
The objective efficacy was evaluated using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Version 1.1. The observation indicator included complete remission (CR). All visible lesions disappeared completely. The partial response (PR) was the sum of the longest diameter of tumor lesions reduced by >30%. The stable disease (SD) was between PR and progressive disease (PD). Disease development (PD) was the longest diameter of tumor lesions increased to 20% or with new lesions. The effective response rate (RR) was CR + PR. The disease control rate (DCR) was CR + PR + SD. The progression-free survival (PFS) was the time from the first medication to the first objective progression of disease. According to World Health Organization’s anticancer drug toxicity response evaluation criteria, the adverse reactions were divided into 0–IV degrees.
Follow-up visits
Telephonic or outpatient follow-up was adopted, and the adverse reactions, condition changes of patients, and time of death were recorded. Lost to follow-up was defined as patients and their families could not be contacted by telephone or outpatient follow-up. The last follow-up time of this study was on March 20, 2016.
Statistics analysis
Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 17.0 software. Correlation between clinical features and curative effects was valued by using χ2 test. PFS was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods, and the differences between groups were compared by log-rank test. A value of P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Short-term efficacy
A total of 200 patients with advanced NSCLC were enrolled into this study. All could participate in the evaluation of clinical curative effect. Both groups completed the chemotherapy within two to eight cycles. In the TP group, the RR was 52% (95% CI: 42%–62%) and DCR was 75% (95% CI: 67%–83%) and five patients achieved CR, 47 achieved PR, 23 reached a stage of SD, and 25 suffered from PD. In the GP group, the RR was 27% (95% CI: 19%–35%) and DCR was 63% (95% CI: 54%–72%) and two patients achieved CR, 25 achieved PR, 36 reached a stage of SD, and 37 suffered from PD. There was significant difference in RR (P=0.024), but no significant difference in DCR (P>0.05).
The RRs of patients with squamous carcinoma in the GP group and TP group were 36% (95% CI: 22%–50%) and 60% (95% CI: 45%–75%), respectively. There was significant difference between them (P<0.05). The DCRs were 62% (95% CI: 51%–73%) and 78% (95% CI: 65%–91%), respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05). The RRs of patients with adenocarcinoma in the GP group and TP group were 20% (95% CI: 9%–31%) and 47% (95% CI: 37%–60%), respectively. There was significant difference between them (P<0.05). The DCRs were 64% (95% CI: 51%–77%) and 73% (95% CI: 62%–84%), respectively. There was no significant difference between them (P>0.05). Tables 2–4 list the results.
Table 2.
Analysis of curative effect in two groups
| CR | PR | SD | PD | RR (%) | DCR (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GP | 2 | 25 | 36 | 37 | 27 | 63 |
| TP | 5 | 47 | 23 | 25 | 52 | 75 |
| P-value | <0.001 | 0.067 |
Notes: GP group refer to the group of patients treated with gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin. TP group refer to the group of patients treated with abraxane in combination with cisplatin.
Abbreviations: CR, complete remission; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease; RR, response rate; DCR, disease control rate.
Table 3.
Analysis of curative effect in squamous carcinoma
| CR | PR | SD | PD | RR (%) | DCR (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GP | 1 | 15 | 12 | 17 | 36 | 62 |
| TP | 2 | 22 | 7 | 9 | 60 | 78 |
| P-value | 0.024 | 0.127 |
Notes: GP group refer to the group of patients treated with gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin. TP group refer to the group of patients treated with abraxane in combination with cisplatin.
Abbreviations: CR, complete remission; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease; RR, response rate; DCR, disease control rate.
Table 4.
Analysis of curative effect in adenocarcinoma
| CR | PR | SD | PD | RR (%) | DCR (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GP | 1 | 10 | 24 | 20 | 20 | 64 |
| TP | 3 | 25 | 16 | 16 | 47 | 73 |
| P-value | 0.003 | 0.263 |
Notes: GP group refer to the group of patients treated with gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin. TP group refer to the group of patients treated with abraxane in combination with cisplatin.
Abbreviations: CR, complete remission; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease; RR, response rate; DCR, disease control rate.
Long-term survival analysis
The median PFS time of all 200 patients in the TP group was 20 months (95% CI: 12–28 months), which is superior to that in the GP group with 8 months (95% CI: 7–9 months). There was no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05; Figure 2).
Figure 2.
The median PFS time of all 200 patients.
Notes: GP group refer to the group of patients treated with gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin. TP group refer to the group of patients treated with abraxane in combination with cisplatin.
Abbreviations: PFS, progression-free survival; Cum, cumulative.
The median PFS time of patients with squamous carcinoma was 18.5 months (95% CI: 10–27 months) in the TP group and 7.5 months (95% CI: 6–8 months) in the GP group. There was no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05; Figure 3).
Figure 3.
The median PFS time of squamous carcinoma patients.
Notes: GP group refer to the group of patients treated with gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin. TP group refer to the group of patients treated with abraxane in combination with cisplatin.
Abbreviations: PFS, progression-free survival; Cum, cumulative.
The median PFS time of patients with adenocarcinoma was 20.5 months (95% CI: 13–29 months) in the TP group and 8 months (95% CI: 7–9 months) in the GP group. There was no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05; Figure 4).
Figure 4.
The median PFS time of adenocarcinoma patients.
Notes: GP group refer to the group of patients treated with gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin. TP group refer to the group of patients treated with abraxane in combination with cisplatin.
Abbreviations: PFS, progression-free survival; Cum, cumulative.
Toxic and side effect
The most common adverse reactions were hematologic toxicity and gastrointestinal reaction. Hematologic toxicity mainly included decreased white blood cells and platelets, and it was statistically significant between the two groups (P<0.05). Gastrointestinal reaction mainly included nausea and vomiting, and there was no statistical significance between them (P>0.05). Table 5 lists the results.
Table 5.
Adverse effects of two groups
| Project | TP group
|
GP group
|
P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| III | IV | III | IV | ||
| Leukopenia, n | 15 | 0 | 28 | 5 | 0.003 |
| Thrombocytopenia, n | 18 | 3 | 38 | 7 | 0.001 |
| Nausea and vomiting, n | 31 | 5 | 32 | 2 | 0.767 |
| Liver function damage, n | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0.312 |
| Hair loss, n | 51 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0.396 |
| Muscle and joint pain, n | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0.470 |
Notes: GP group refer to the group of patients treated with gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin. TP group refer to the group of patients treated with abraxane in combination with cisplatin.
Discussion
In recent years, a number of studies have confirmed that chemotherapy can prolong the survival of advanced non-small-cell carcinoma and improve the quality of life compared with the best supportive treatments.4,5,7,11,14,15 In order to improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy, the domestic and overseas scholars have made a lot of clinical researches. At present, platinum-based regimen is used as a standard regimen for advanced NSCLC.5 Moreover, a large number of reports also confirmed that the doublet is superior to a single agent or triple combination.2,4,5,15 Clinical studies have shown that paclitaxel has been approved for the treatment of advanced NSCLC with a broad spectrum of anticancer activity.6–10 Fang et al11 conducted a clinical study of Abraxane plus platinum as first-line chemotherapy for stage III/IV squamous NSCLC and verified that paclitaxel can reduce the risk of hypersensitivity reactions and blood toxicity induced by organic solvents when used in combination with albumin.
Abraxane is one of the most effective drugs for advanced non-small cell carcinoma. It is a new kind of albumin solvent nanoparticle paclitaxel. To carry paclitaxel with the help of human serum albumin and activate the caveolin on the cell membrane, paclitaxel is transported into the tumor by vascular endothelial cells. Its mechanism of action is to prevent tumor cell mitosis by interfering with the microtubule system.12 Abraxane will have greater antitumor activity with the increase in intratumoral concentrations.13 Clinically, it is usually used in combination with platinum. There are a lot of reports about the clinical observations of gemcitabine plus cisplatin for treating advanced NSCLC.14 However, the comparison of two groups is rare at home and abroad. Schiller et al15 reported about ECOG 1594 clinical trial that made a comparative study about four chemotherapy regimens, including the two groups of cisplatin plus paclitaxel and cisplatin plus gemcitabine. It had no statistically significant differences in curative effects and adverse reactions. The RRs were 22% and 22%, respectively. One-year survival rates were 31% and 36%, respectively. What we have researched was Abraxane plus cisplatin and gemcitabine plus cisplatin, and their RRs were higher than ECOG 1594 clinical trials. The RR between the TP group and GP group also had significant difference. The usage of gemcitabine in ECOG 1594 was on the first day, the eighth day, and the 15th day, but the usage in our GP group was only on the first day and the eighth day, which may be the reason for the difference in the curative effect. However, if we increase the dose intensity, the toxicity will increase accordingly. Whether the toxicity and efficacy will change on adding an additional drug on the 15th day needs to be further observed.
Conclusion
We recommend cisplatin plus Abraxane as first-line chemotherapy for stage III/IV NSCLC.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, People’s Republic of China (ZR2015HM044).
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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