Characteristics of and outcomes for elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction: differences between females and males

Abstract

Objectives

This study analyzed age-adjusted sex differences among acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients aged 75 years and above with regard to 7-year mortality (primary end point) and the frequency of angiograms and admission to the coronary care unit (CCU) as well as 1-year mortality (secondary end points).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study comprised 1,414 AMI patients (748 females and 666 males) aged at least 75 years, who were admitted to Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden, during two periods (2001/2002 and 2007). All comparisons between female and male patients were age adjusted.

Results

Females were older and their previous history included fewer AMIs, coronary artery bypass grafting procedures, and renal diseases, but more frequent incidence of hypertension. On the contrary, males had higher age-adjusted 7-year mortality in relation to females (hazard ratio [HR] 1.16 with corresponding 95% confidence interval [95% CI 1.03, 1.31], P=0.02). Admission to the CCU was more frequent among males than females (odds ratio [OR] 1.38 [95% CI 1.11, 1.72], P=0.004). There was a nonsignificant trend toward more coronary angiographies performed among males (OR 1.34 [95% CI 1.00, 1.79], P=0.05), as well as a nonsignificant trend toward higher 1-year mortality (HR 1.18 [95% CI 0.99, 1.39], P=0.06).

Conclusion

In an AMI population aged 75 years and above, males had higher age-adjusted 7-year mortality and higher rate of admission to the CCU than females. One-year mortality did not differ significantly between the sexes, nor did the frequency of performed coronary angiograms.

Introduction

In middle-aged populations, differences between males and females are described in terms of various aspects of coronary artery diseases. Males, for example, have a higher rate of previous myocardial infarction (MI).^1,2 Females, at least in some studies, have been reported to have a longer delay to reach hospital and less frequently to receive invasive therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than males.^3,4 In addition, females develop symptomatic cardiovascular disease about a decade later in life than males do.⁵ Age is a demographic predictor of short- and long-term mortality in AMI.⁶ An analysis from the American National Registry of Myocardial Infarction⁷ noted an interaction between sex and age with regard to 30-day mortality. There was a progressive decrease in the difference (higher mortality in females) with increasing age until the age of 75 years. Study results for sex differences in the prevalence of and outcome for AMI among patients over 75 years of age have not been described as well as they have been described for middle-aged patients.

Both female sex and increasing age have been reported to be risk factors for atypical symptoms and a less aggressive treatment in AMI.⁸ Therefore, it is of interest to compare females and males when both criteria are fulfilled, that is, to look at sex differences among the elderly patients.

This study analyzed age-adjusted sex differences among AMI patients aged 75 years and above with regard to 7-year mortality (primary end point) and the frequency of angiograms and admission to the coronary care unit (CCU) as well as 1-year mortality (secondary end points).

Patients and methods

This study was performed at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg. The hospital has facilities for emergency percutaneous coronary intervention at all hours of the week. Gothenburg is the second largest city in Sweden and has 550,000 inhabitants, 7% of whom are aged 75 years and above.⁹

We collected data during two distinct periods, 2001/2002 and 2007, to evaluate possible changes over time. We have previously described these periods,¹⁰ and the first period was furthermore described in a comparison between patients living in Minneapolis/St Paul and Gothenburg.¹¹

Patients and data collection

All patients admitted to the Sahlgrenska University Hospital with a final diagnosis of AMI during the two periods (from July 1, 2001 to June 30, 2002 and from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2007), regardless of whether or not they were admitted to the CCU, were registered. Patients who were residents of Gothenburg and aged 75 years and above were included in this analysis. All data were retrospectively recorded.

A diagnosis of AMI was based on the assessment by the responsible hospital physicians. It was recommended that the diagnosis should be based on a dynamic serial elevation of isoenzyme creatine kinase-MB >5 µg/L or troponin T >0.05 µg/L, or an equivalent increase in troponin I plus at least one further criterion (eg, typical chest pain or electrocardiographic signs of acute myocardial ischemia).^12–14

A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded on admission to the hospital. The ECG definition of acute myocardial ischemia in the absence of left bundle branch block (LBBB), right bundle branch block, and pacemaker rhythm was ST-segment elevation at the J point in two contiguous leads with the cutoff points of ≥1 mm (0.1 mV) in all leads other than leads V2–V3, where the cutoff points of ≥2 mm (0.2 mV) in males and ≥1.5 mm (0.15 mV) in females applied. In cases of ST-segment depression, the changes regarded as manifestations of acute myocardial ischemia were a downsloping ST segment with a J-point depression of ≥0.5 mm (0.05 mV) in at least two contiguous leads. “Contiguous leads” refer to anterior leads (V₁–V₆), inferior leads (II, III, aVF), or lateral/apical leads (I, aVL).¹⁴ When the V₄R lead was recorded instead of the V₃ lead, an ST-segment elevation of 0.5 mm (0.05 mV) or greater was regarded as a sufficient ECG criterion for acute myocardial ischemia.¹⁴

In the presence of LBBB, a new LBBB in comparison with the previous ECGs, such as a prehospital ECG, would fulfill the criterion for acute myocardial ischemia. Similarly, if a new ST-segment elevation or a new Q-wave is found in the presence of right bundle branch block, the ECG criteria for acute myocardial ischemia would be fulfilled.¹⁴

In the event of suspected MI, other investigative cardiac procedures, such as an exercise bicycle test, echocardiography test, and coronary angiography were considered to obtain a final diagnosis. A recurrent MI was considered to be present if the features of AMI started from the 28th day or later following the first incident of AMI and the criteria for acute myocardial ischemia were fulfilled.¹⁴ A reinfarction was considered to be present if an AMI occurred within 28 days of the first incident of AMI or within 28 days of a recurrent MI.¹⁴

Previous history, smoking habits, ECG records, cardiac treatment procedures, cardiovascular complications, medical treatment, and events after discharge within 1 year of admission to hospital were extracted from the database of the health care system by specially trained monitoring nurses. The date of admission to hospital and the date of discharge from hospital were registered. There was a 7-year follow-up for mortality. The date of death was obtained from the Swedish National Population Register, together with survival confirmation.

Statistical analysis

All percentages are presented as crude results (ie, not adjusted for age). For comparisons of age between sexes, the Mann–Whitney U-test was used; otherwise P-values, including the calculation of odds ratios (ORs) for two of the secondary objectives (admission to the CCU and performance of coronary angiography), were age adjusted using multiple logistic regression. Multiple logistic regression analysis was also used to analyze the interaction between sex and time period. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate mortality, as well as for cardiovascular event rates after hospital discharge. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for age-adjusted P-values and time period by sex interaction in terms of mortality and event rates and to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For the analysis of mortality and event rates after discharge, only the first admission for those with multiple visits was included. All tests were two-sided, and a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant for 7-year mortality (primary objective), otherwise a P-value of <0.01 was required for statistical significance. All analyses were performed using SAS v9.3 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Approval for this study was given by the Research Ethics Committee at Gothenburg University, Guldhedsgatan 5A, SE-413 20 Gothenburg, Sweden. This study was retrospective and the Research Ethics Committee at Gothenburg University deemed informed consent not necessary.

Results

In total, there were 1,414 elderly patients with a final diagnosis of AMI in both periods (2001/2002 and 2007), including 748 (53%) females and 666 (47%) males. The distribution of sexes was similar in the two periods.

Baseline characteristics and admission to CCU

Females were older and had a lower prevalence of previous AMI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) but a higher prevalence of diagnosed hypertension. A history of renal disease was more common among males, more so in 2001/2002 than in 2007. Males were admitted to the CCU (secondary end point) more frequently than females, age-adjusted OR for males vs females was 1.38 (95% CI 1.11, 1.72, P=0.004). The duration of hospital stay was similar in both females and males (Table 1).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the elderly patients with AMI

Characteristics	2001/2002		2007		2001/2002+2007		P-valuea	P-valueb
	Females (n=416)	Males (n=387)	Females (n=332)	Males (n=279)	Females (n=748)	Males (n=666)
Age (mean ± SD; years)	84±5	83±5	85±5	83±5	84±5	83±5	<0.0001	0.49
Previous medical history (%)
AMI	35	50c	42	43c	38	47c	0.0001	0.01
CABG	6	10	8	18c	7	13	0.001	0.21
PCI	3	3	11	9c	7	6	0.16	0.75
Angina pectoris	46c	48c	28c	35c	38c	42c	0.04	0.21
Cardiac arrest	<1	2	0	0c	<1	<1	0.51	1.00
Congestive heart failure	38	44	33	26	36	36	0.27	0.01
Atrial fibrillation	23	30	27	24c	25	28	0.07	0.04
Hypertension	58	51	60c	53c	59c	53c	0.004	0.93
Cerebrovascular disease	25	22	23	19	24	21	0.12	0.76
Peripheral vascular disease	12c	18	12	13	12	16	0.07	0.20
Diabetes	20	22	28	25	23	23	0.53	0.19
Renal disease	3c	15	11	12	7	13	<0.0001	0.0001
COPD	11	12	13	12c	12	12	0.75	0.32
Connective tissue disease	4	2	0	0	2	1	0.23	1.00
Cancer	4c	8c	10	12	7	9	0.08	0.27
Current smoking (%)	9e	12d	8c	8c	8d	10c	0.65	0.40
Admitted to CCU (%)	39	53	34	38	36	47	0.004	0.04
Duration of hospital stay (days)	6	7	6	5	6	6	0.75	0.32

Notes:

^aFor difference between all females and all males (age adjusted, except age comparison);

^bfor time period by sex interaction;

^c1%–5% missing;

^d5%–10% missing;

^e10%–25% missing.

Abbreviations: AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CCU, coronary care unit.

Symptoms, ECG, cardiovascular events, and treatment in hospital

The proportion of patients with symptoms of chest pain, cardiogenic shock, and congestive heart failure on admission to hospital did not differ significantly between females and males (Table 2).

Table 2.

Clinical symptoms and ECG findings (%)

Characteristics	2001/2002		2007		2001/2002+2007		P-valuea	P-valueb
	Females (n=416)	Males (n=387)	Females (n=332)	Males (n=279)	Females (n=748)	Males (n=666)
Clinical symptoms
Chest pain/pressure/discomfort	80c	86c	73c	74c	77c	81c	0.04	0.22
Pulmonary edema or cardiogenic shock	6	8c	9	9	8	8	0.60	0.47
Congestive heart failure	43	41	51c	40c	46c	40	0.14	0.14
ECG recording availabled	49	50	84	85	65	65	0.82	0.88
ST elevation	15	9	15	8	15	9	0.004	0.90
Location
Anterior	13	7	12	5	12	6	0.0009	0.59
Inferior	4	3	5	4	5	3	0.25	0.64
Lateral	<1	<1	1	0	<1	<1	0.37	0.41
ST depression	35	20	28	26	31	23	0.02	0.02
LBBB	9	19	10	18	10	18	0.0003	0.59
Other pathological ECG changes	50	53	41	49	45	51	0.09	0.43
Sinus rhythm	72	68	72	67	72	68	0.07	0.97
Normal ECG	24	21	29	22	27	22	0.08	0.52

Notes:

^aFor difference between all females and all males (age adjusted);

^bfor time period by sex interaction;

^c1%–5% missing;

^drefers to patients with available ECG recordings.

Abbreviations: ECG, electrocardiogram; LBBB, left bundle branch block.

Sixty-five percent of the patients had an ECG recorded on admission to the hospital. Among them, ST-segment elevation, especially with a location in the anterior leads, occurred more frequently in females, while LBBB was more frequent in males.

There was no statistically significant difference for the secondary end point of coronary angiography, and age-adjusted OR for males vs females was 1.34 (95% CI 1.00, 1.79, P=0.05) (Table 3). The proportions of females and males who underwent other cardiac procedures, including reperfusion therapy, did not differ significantly, except for CABG, which was performed significantly more frequently in males (Table 3).

Table 3.

Cardiac procedures, reperfusion therapy, complications, and death during hospitalization (%)

Procedures and complications	2001/2002		2007		2001/2002+2007		P-valuea	P-valueb
	Females (n=416)	Males (n=387)	Females (n=332)	Males (n=279)	Females (n=748)	Males (n=666)
Cardiac procedures
Exercise bicycle test	5	11	2	2c	4	7	0.04	0.09
Echocardiography	33	42	31	42	32	42	0.02	0.78
Coronary angiography	9	15	20	29	14	21	0.05	0.70
Reperfusion therapy
Thrombolysis	6	5	<1	0	3	3	0.52	0.91
PCI	5	5	14	22	9	12	0.31	0.23
Rescue	1	<1	0	0	<1	<1	0.45	1.00
Primary	4	4	12	20	7	11	0.14	0.34
Elective	<1	0	2	2	1	<1	0.44	1.00
CABG	1	6	2	3	1	4	0.007	0.14
Complications
Reinfarction	2	4c	2	3	2	4	0.01	0.65
Cardiogenic shock	2	3c	2	3	2	3c	0.55	0.94
Hemorrhage requiring transfusion	2	5c	5	5	3	5c	0.07	0.11
Hypotension	11	15c	17	16	14	15c	0.43	0.07
Pulmonary embolism	<1	<1c	2	1	1	<1c	0.45	1.00
Stroke	7	4c	2	4	5	4c	0.45	0.03
Deep vein thrombosis	<1	1c	0	<1	<1	<1c	0.06	1.00
Congestive heart failure	51	51c	19	15	37	36	0.95	0.25
Acute renal failure	3	5c	2	2	3	4c	0.18	0.29
Pneumonia	8	14c	7	7	8	11c	0.03	0.21
Pericarditis	0	<1c	0	<1	0	<1c	0.51	1.00
Death	17	20	20	16	18	18	0.73	0.12

Notes:

^aFor difference between all females and all males (age adjusted);

^bfor time period by sex interaction;

^c1%–5% missing.

Abbreviations: AMI, acute myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting.

Table 3 also shows that there was no significant difference in the frequency of various complications in relation to AMI between males and females.

Medication at discharge

There was no statistically significant difference between females and males with regard to medication at discharge from hospital (Table 4).

Table 4.

Medication at discharge (of those discharged alive [%])

Medication	2001/2002		2007		2001/2002+2007		P-valuea	P-valueb
	Females (n=345)	Males (n=310)	Females (n=267)	Males (n=235)	Females (n=612)	Males (n=545)
Anticoagulants	12	14	14	19	13	16	0.15	0.70
Aspirin	84	83	79	83	82	83	0.51	0.23
Nitrates	42	45	62	66	51	54	0.15	0.95
Digitalis	16	13	11	7	14	10	0.06	0.53
Diuretics	68	66	66	58	67	63	0.34	0.19
Beta-blockers	85	82	82	85	84	83	0.52	0.11
Calcium channel blockers	15	15	14	14	15	15	0.77	0.82
ACE inhibitors/A2-blockers	34	40	38	41	36	41	0.18	0.52
Lipid-lowering agents	22	32	49	58	34	43	0.04	0.38

Notes:

^aFor difference between all females and all males (age adjusted);

^bfor time period by sex interaction.

Abbreviation: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Outcomes in hospital and during follow-up

Of all the patients, 18% died during hospitalization in both sex groups (Table 3).

Among the patients who were alive at discharge from hospital, 29% of females and 33% of males died within 1 year of their index admission (Table 5). There were no statistically significant differences regarding AMI or stroke after hospital discharge between males and females during 1 year after index admission.

Table 5.

Cardiovascular events and death after hospital discharge within 1 year of admission to the hospital (of those discharged alive, only first admission included [%])

Cardiovascular events and deaths	2001/2002		2007		2001/2002+2007		P-valuea	P-valueb
	Females (n=323)	Males (n=278)	Females (n=243)	Males (n=215)	Females (n=566)	Males (n=493)
Recurrent myocardial infarction	14c	24	17	16	15c	21	0.03	0.03
Coronary angiography	4c	7	3c	6	4c	7	0.17	0.72
PCI	2c	3	1c	3	2c	3	0.56	0.40
CABG	1c	5	<1c	1	<1c	4	0.02	0.54
Stroke	6c	4	1c	<1	4c	2	0.12	0.64
Death	28	32	31	33	29	33	0.02	0.55

Notes:

^aFor difference between all females and all males (age adjusted);

^bfor time period by sex interaction;

^c1%–5% missing.

Abbreviations: PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting.

The 7-year mortality rate was above 80% for both males and females during both time periods (Figure 1), although there was a statistically significant difference between the sexes for this parameter (the primary end point) when adjusting for age, with an HR (males vs females) of 1.16 (95% CI 1.03, 1.31, P=0.02). For the two separate time periods, the HR was 1.20 (95% CI 1.02, 1.41, P=0.02) in 2001/2002 and 1.12 (95% CI 0.93, 1.35, P=0.23) in 2007.

Figure 1.

Cumulative mortality during 7 years of follow-up.

For death during the first year following index AMI admission including in-hospital mortality (secondary objective), there was a nonsignificant trend toward higher mortality among males than females, with an age-adjusted HR of 1.18 (95% CI 0.99, 1.39, P=0.06). When adjusting also for all previous history variables (Table 1), HR for 7-year mortality was 1.13 (95% CI 0.99, 1.30, P=0.07), and HR for 1-year mortality was 1.11 (95% CI 0.92, 1.34, P=0.28).

Discussion

This study is a comparison between females and males over the age of 75 years with regard to the diagnosis of AMI and survival follow-up data of all patients for more than 7 years. The primary end point was mortality after 7 years, and during that period, the mortality was as high as above 80% for both sexes. Males had higher age-adjusted 7-year mortality than females. For one of the secondary end points, that is, mortality (including in-hospital mortality) during 1 year, there was no statistically significant difference between the sexes. Previous surveys have shown higher mortality in females in both short- and long-term outcomes,^15,16 which differs from our results in this respect and the explanation is not clear.

Males showed a significantly higher admission rate to the CCU than females. Similar findings were reported in previous studies.¹⁷ The reason behind this finding is not known, but it has even been discussed in terms of inappropriate sex bias. Age, previous MI and/or CABG, and clinical symptoms seem to be the factors predicting the initial degree of suspicion of AMI.¹⁸ In our study, when adjusting for age and previous MI and/or CABG, rate of CCU admission was still significantly higher in males than females (OR 1.38 [95% CI 1.10, 1.72]). We speculated that a higher prevalence of clinical severity in males than in females might be the main reason. Unfortunately, the registrations were not available to us to test this hypothesis.

Some of the previous studies showed a lower rate of invasive therapy for AMI among females when compared with males,¹⁹ but others reported the opposite results.²⁰ In our study, CABG was performed more frequently in males than in females. The reason for this finding might be that extensive coronary artery disease is more frequent in males than in females.²¹ A higher rate of previous MI or CABG and the more frequent presence of LBBB might also indicate more extensive coronary artery disease in males. We did not find significant sex differences in any other indices of potential revascularization. The use of coronary angiography was one of our secondary end points for which there was no statistically significant difference between the sexes (age-adjusted OR 1.34 [95% CI 1.00, 1.79]).

Other aspects of therapy, such as medication at discharge from hospital, did not differ between the sexes, in line with previous reporting.²² Other studies have reported that beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were used more frequently in males than in females.²³ Both these medicines have been shown to reduce mortality in AMI patients.²⁴

In this study population, females were older than males and had a lower prevalence of previous MI. Our findings are in agreement with those reported in the literature.^23,25

In a population of young patients with previous AMI, a higher prevalence of hypertension was found in males. However, in those over 40 years of age, opposite results were found.¹⁵ In our study, females had a higher prevalence of previous hypertension, which is in agreement with that reported by other studies.^15,23,25

Previous studies have suggested that, for anatomic reasons, ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is less frequent in females than in males.²⁶ In our region, the Västra Götaland region of Sweden, a study in 2008 of unselected patients with AMI found a similar degree of ST deviation in both sexes.²⁵ In the present study, STEMI was more frequent in females than in males. The mechanism behind this observation is unclear. We speculate that AMIs in elderly patients might differ from those in younger patients.²⁷ However, a lack of availability of ECGs recorded on admission to hospital in both study periods might have influenced this finding. There was a lower prevalence of LBBB in females, which is in agreement with the previous observations.^23,25

Strengths and limitations of the study

The main strength of this study is that all elderly patients hospitalized with an AMI in a certain catchment area were included and followed for a long period, with 7-year mortality data for all patients.

Furthermore, the study population is unselected and has a high degree of representativeness, as all patients with a final diagnosis of AMI were included, regardless of whether or not they were admitted to the CCU. The date of death was obtained from the Swedish National Population Register, which has a high degree of quality control and high validity.

One limitation of this study was the retrospective collection of data. As a result, some information was missing. The availability of ECGs registered in the emergency room on admission was low in the first study period. This might influence the ECG findings and limit our opportunity to draw the correct conclusions. We presume that prehospital ECGs and ECGs monitored during ambulance transport were used instead of ECGs recorded in the emergency department.²⁸ Unfortunately, these registrations were not available to us.

Another limitation was that the AMI diagnosis was based on the official clinical judgment and not on study-specific criteria. On the other hand, this reflects the real-world situation. We also lacked information about the causes of death during follow-up.

Finally, patients were recruited some years ago, and treatment routines for AMI differ in some respects today as compared with the time of the surveys.

Conclusion

In this study population, males had higher age-adjusted 7-year mortality and higher rate of admission to the CCU than females. One-year mortality did not differ significantly between females and males, nor did the frequency of performed coronary angiograms.

The mortality was high for both sexes, both in the first year and during the 7-year follow-up. From our results, there seems to be room for improvement at all levels of care for these elderly patients. This includes providing initial CCU treatment, invasive investigations, revascularization procedures, and medication.

Basically, these elderly patients should be treated according to the guidelines^29–31 to a maximum extent possible, while keeping in mind their individual needs.