Abstract
Background
In Brazil, there are few epidemiological studies available about the demographic and clinical aspects of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to identify epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with IBD treated at the University Hospital (HU) of the Sergipe Federal University (UFS).
Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in HU/UFS from October 2011 to January 2014. The sample consisted of 87 patients with IBD, who registered in the coloproctology clinic. We applied a questionnaire with sociodemographic and clinical variables.
Results
Of the 87 patients, 40 (46%) had Crohn’s disease (CD) and 47 (54%) had ulcerative colitis (UC). Women had a higher prevalence of IBD. Data obtained were significant (P < 0.05) in the variables: age, origin and level of education. CD patients were younger (< 25 years old), had higher prevalence of smoking habits and were associated with urban origin, conjunctivitis, palpable mass, appendectomy and intestinal complications. UC was more prevalent in older individuals (> 25 years old), with rural origin, bloody diarrhea and rectal bleeding. Location and initial behavior of CD were ileum-colic (L3), inflammatory behavior and penetrating form of the disease. There is higher prevalence of proctitis and mild and severe forms of the UC among women. Osteoarticular and systemic manifestations predominated in both diseases.
Conclusions
IBD affected more women than men. The age, origin and level of education can interfere with early diagnosis. Demographic and clinical aspects were similar to the literature. Data differ in the time interval between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis, smoking habit, appendectomy and severity of UC for age and gender.
Keywords: Inflammatory bowel diseases, Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, Epidemiology
Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory diseases that include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and can affect all people. CD preferably affects young people, while UC is bimodal. They affect people from different socioeconomic levels, age, gender, nationality and origin. Although the risk factors are not yet clear, some may be part of the natural history of these diseases [1-3], such as age and gender, race and ethnicity, genetic susceptibility, family history, smoking habits, appendectomy, eating habits, psychosocial factors, obesity and infections, contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and others.
IBD usually develops with frequent relapses and severe clinical manifestations. The incidence and prevalence of IBD in different geographical regions have been different [4-7]. Prevalence rates may be increasing due to earlier diagnosis and longer duration of disease. Even with recent advances in genetics, its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood [7-11]. Complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, immunoregulation of the mucosa and intestinal microbiota account for the etiology of these diseases. Evidence shows that personality or psycho-emotional disorders contribute to either triggering the disease or altering the course of its evolution [12-15].
IBD has low mortality rates, high morbidity, and unpredictable clinical complications that may compromise the patients regarding their social and personal performance. The symptoms of both diseases (CD and UC) include most common intestinal manifestations (IMs), such as abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea with or without rectal blood and mucus in feces [1, 6]. CD may affect any part of the digestive tract attacking the entire intestinal wall, but has a predilection for ileal or ileocecal region. Perianal abscess and fistula suggests CD [16, 17]. UC is a cyclical disease, with phases of exacerbation and remission, with a variable degree of intensity and continuously affects the lining of the rectum and colon. Extra-intestinal manifestations (EIMs) may precede the symptoms of the disease [18-20].
In Brazil, few epidemiological studies available show the incidence and prevalence of IBD [4, 21-23]. Due to its chronic unstable characteristics and unknown etiology, identifying the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of this population can promote diagnosis and earlier clinical intervention.
Materials and Methods
This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at the University Hospital (HU) of the Federal University of Sergipe (UFS) from October 2011 to January 2014 with patients with IBD, who attended to the Clinic of Coloproctology in HU/UFS. Eighty-seven patients out of 89 diagnosed with IBD answered the questionnaire. Both of those who did not respond it had UC. The sample consisted of 87 patients (40 CD and 47 UC). Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of IBD from the combination of clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and histopathological evaluation (mucosal biopsies or surgical resection specimens). Exclusion criteria were colitis from other causes; cancer; HIV/AIDS; bedridden; pregnant women or nursing mothers; treatment of complications of IBD; multiple organ failure; addicts. We used a questionnaire prepared for the purpose of this study.
To identify the sociodemographic profile, the following variables were considered: age, gender, origin (residence location), skin color, number of residents in the same household, education level, household income, employment status and smoking habits. The variables for clinical profile were: onset clinical manifestations and when they started; time between symptoms and diagnosis; family history of IBD; age when symptoms started; initial behavior of CD (inflammatory, stenotic or penetrating); location and extent of CD according to the Montreal classification; complications of perianal CD (abscess, fistula, and fissure); forms of the UC (light/transient, moderate, severe, and other); location and extent of UC (distal, left colitis, pancolitis, and retrograde ileitis); severity of UC correlated to gender and age; IMs; EIMs; and other manifestations of CD and UC.
For data analysis, we used the IBM SPSS Statistics software for Windows version 17. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± SD when normally distributed. Simple frequencies and percentages were organized in tables. To evaluate dependence between diseases, the Pearson c2 test was applied. The significance level was 5%.
The Ethics Committee on Human Research of the Federal University of Sergipe - CEP/UFS, approves this study (CAAE: 0327.0107.000-11). All individuals signed a consent form.
Results
Eighty-seven patients were registered with IBD. Forty of them (46%) were diagnosed with CD and 47 (54%) with UC. Some patients did not respond to all of the variables, thus, the percentages were not calculated to the total number of patients in each subgroup in the absence of values. The demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of 87 patients with IBD (Table 1) were significant in the variables: age (P < 0.01), origin (P < 0.03) and educational level (P < 0.01). Age ranged from 16 to 79 years old. The average time length of disease was 10 years. The male/female ratio was 1:1.86 for CD and 1:1.35 for UC. As for educational background, there was a prevalence of high school level education in 23 (58%) with CD and elementary school level in 24 (53%) suffering from UC. The brown color was reported by 50% of respondents. Over 50% of the patients with IBD had some work activity, with family income between 1 and 10 living wages. Regarding smoking habits, 68 (80%) patients were former smokers. These statistical data do not show any significance. There was loss of information, which hindered the possibility of crossing some data.
Table 1. Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of IBD Patients.
| Diagnosis |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD | UC | Total | χ2 (P value) | |
| Age | ||||
| 16 - 30 years old | 16 (40) | 2 (4) | 18 (21) | 19.80 (0.01) |
| 31 - 45 years old | 14 (35) | 21 (46) | 35 (40) | |
| 46 - 60 years old | 8 (20) | 12 (25) | 20 (23) | |
| > 60 years old | 2 (5) | 12 (25) | 14 (16) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 26 (65) | 27 (57) | 53 (61) | 0.52 (0.47) |
| Male | 14 (35) | 20 (43) | 34 (39) | |
| Origin | ||||
| Urban | 37 (95) | 35 (78) | 72 (86) | 4.99 (0.03) |
| Rural | 2 (5) | 10 (22) | 12 (14) | |
| Skin color | ||||
| White | 13 (35) | 14 (33) | 27 (34) | 0.44 (0.80) |
| Black | 7 (19) | 6 (14) | 13 (16) | |
| Mixed race | 17 (46) | 22 (53) | 39 (50) | |
| Number of residents in the same household | ||||
| One | 0 (0) | 2 (4) | 2 (2) | 2.09 (0.55) |
| Two | 9 (25) | 8 (18) | 17 (21) | |
| Three | 10 (28) | 13 (30) | 23 (29) | |
| More than three | 17 (47) | 21 (48) | 38 (48) | |
| Level of education | ||||
| Illiterate | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | 3 (3) | 11.07 (0.01) |
| Middle school | 13 (32) | 24 (53) | 37 (44) | |
| High School | 23 (58) | 11 (24) | 34 (40) | |
| College | 4 (10) | 7 (16) | 11 (13) | |
| Household income* | ||||
| Less than 1 | 3 (8) | 4 (9) | 7 (8) | 5.98 (0.11) |
| 1 - 10 | 35 (88) | 29 (68) | 64 (78) | |
| 11 - 15 | 1 (2) | 6 (14) | 7 (8) | |
| More than 15 | 1 (2) | 4 (9) | 5 (6) | |
| Employment | ||||
| Employed | 17 (43) | 23 (50) | 40 (47) | 7.10 (0.13) |
| Unemployed | 12 (31) | 9 (20) | 21 (25) | |
| Household professional | 3 (8) | 3 (6) | 6 (7) | |
| Student | 3 (8) | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | |
| Retired | 4 (10) | 11 (24) | 15 (18) | |
| Smoking habit | ||||
| Yes | 3 (8) | 2 (4) | 5 (6) | 2.70 (0.26) |
| Former smoker | 33 (84) | 35 (76) | 68 (80) | |
| No | 3 (8) | 9 (20) | 12 (14) | |
*Household income is measured in Brazilian Minimum Wege (R$788.00/month).
Regarding the clinical manifestations of patients with IBD (Table 2), the age at which the symptoms started was significant (P < 0.01) and the report of appendectomy was unique to CD (P < 0.02). Data revealed no significance as to the onset of clinical manifestations and the time between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis. Sixty-three patients out of 81 respondents reported no first-degree relatives of patients with IBD.
Table 2. Clinical Characteristics of IBD Patients.
| Diagnosis |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD | UC | Total | χ2 (P score) | |
| Age when symptoms started | ||||
| 0 - 15 years old | 11 (28) | 5 (12) | 16 (20) | 13.67 (0.01) |
| 15 - 25 years old | 10 (25) | 2 (5) | 12 (15) | |
| 25 - 35 years old | 9 (23) | 13 (32) | 22 (28) | |
| 35 - 45 years old | 4 (10) | 6 (14) | 10 (12) | |
| > 45 years old | 5 (13) | 15 (36) | 20 (25) | |
| Time since manifestations started | ||||
| 0 - 5 years | 17 (43) | 17 (40) | 34 (41) | 5.02 (0.29) |
| 5 - 10 years | 10 (25) | 15 (36) | 25 (30) | |
| 10 - 15 years | 7 (18) | 8 (19) | 15 (18) | |
| 15 - 20 years | 4 (10) | 0 (0) | 4 (5) | |
| > 20 years | 2 (5) | 2 (5) | 4 (5) | |
| Time between start of symptoms and diagnosis | ||||
| 0 - 5 months | 12 (34) | 13 (35) | 25 (35) | 2.19 (0.82) |
| 5 - 10 months | 6 (17) | 5 (13) | 11 (15) | |
| 10 - 15 months | 8 (23) | 9 (24) | 17 (24) | |
| 15 - 20 months | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 1 (1) | |
| 20 or more months | 9 (26) | 8 (22) | 17 (24) | |
| Could not inform | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 1 (1) | |
| Family history | ||||
| No | 28 (72) | 35 (83) | 63 (78) | 4.97 (0.29) |
| Parents | 5 (13) | 3 (7) | 8 (10) | |
| Siblings | 4 (10) | 1 (2) | 5 (6) | |
| Uncles/cousings/nephews | 1 (3) | 3 (7) | 4 (5) | |
| Grandparents | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | |
| Appendectomy history | ||||
| Yes | 5 (14) | 0 (0) | 5 (7) | 5.95 (0.02) |
| No | 31 (86) | 40 (100) | 71 (93) | |
CD patients were grouped according to the Montreal classification (Fig. 1). Among the 40 patients with CD, only 37 had reported the location and extent of disease. Therefore, 17 (47%) were located in the ileocolonic (L3), 12 (32%) in the colon (L2), five (13%) in the ileum (L1) and three (8%) in the upper gastrointestinal tract (L4). Three patients presented manifestation of CD in the upper gastrointestinal tract (duodenum and esophagus).
Figure 1.
Location (L) of UC according to Montreal classification.
The clinical characteristics of patients with CD (Table 3) included the type of initial commitment (A), the form of infiltration (B), IMs, EIMs and other events. Abscess (30%) and perianal fistula (30%) were the most prevalent forms of the perforating disease. The patients had more than one MI; the most common were: intestinal colic (62%), abdominal tenderness (60%), watery diarrhea (59%) and mucus in the stool (54%). The presence of palpable mass was significant (P < 0.04). In EIMs osteoarticular (35% arthralgia and arthritis 30%) predominated. The ophthalmological findings were significant (P < 0.04) between CD and UC and only present in patients suffering from CD. Only patients with AD had dermatological and vascular manifestation. One patient had all thromboembolic events: venous, arterial and in the central nervous system. Three patients were affected by hepatic manifestations (cholestasis, sclerosing cholangitis, and hepatitis).
Table 3. Clinical Characteristics of CD Patients.
| CD initial behavior | Superior GI tract manifestations | ||
| Inflammatory (B1) | 20 (64) | Duodenal | 1 (%) |
| Stenotic (B2) | 4 (13) | Esophagic | 2 (%) |
| Penetrating (B3) | 7 (23) | Dermathologic manifestations | |
| Penetrating forms | Pyodermitis | 3 (7) | |
| Abscess | 10 (67) | Pyoderma Gangrenosum | 3 (7) |
| Perianal fistula | 10 (67) | Erythema nodosum | 1 (2) |
| Rectovaginal fistula | 4 (27) | Ophthalmologic manifestations | |
| Enterocutaneous fistula | 2 (13) | Conjuntivitis | 4 (10) |
| Entero-enteral fistula | 3 (20) | Uveitis | 2 (5) |
| Enterovesical fistula | 1 (7) | Episcleritis | 2 (5) |
| Enteroscrotal fistula | 0 (0) | Vascular manifestations | |
| Intestinal manifestations | Venous thromboembolism in upper limb | 1 (2) | |
| Intestinal colics | 25 (62) | Venous thromboembolism in lower limb | 1 (2) |
| Abdominal pain | 24 (60) | Arterial thromboembolism in upper limb | 1 (2) |
| Tenesmus | 17 (42) | Arterial thromboembolism in lower limb | 1 (2) |
| Pasty diarrhea | 14 (36) | Tromboembolism in CNS | 1 (2) |
| Liquid diarrhea | 23 (59) | Hepatic manifestations | |
| Bloody diarrhea | 17 (44) | Colestasis | 1 (2) |
| Exclusive rectal bleeding | 9 (23) | Sclerosing colangitis | 1 (2) |
| Mucus in feces | 21 (52) | Hepatitis | 1 (2) |
| Palpable mass | 9 (23) | Other manifestations | |
| Intestinal perforation | 3 (9) | Weakness | 24 (62) |
| Intestinal obstruction | 1 (3) | Weigh loss (> 10% body weigh) | 26 (67) |
| Osteoarthicular manifestations | Adinamy | 23 (59) | |
| Joint pain | 14 (35) | Paleness | 22 (56) |
| Arthritis | 12 (30) | Subnutrition | 17 (46) |
| Sacroileitis | 2 (5) | Vomiting | 16 (41) |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 1 (2) | Pirosis | 12 (31) |
| Fever | 9 (23) | ||
| Dysphagia | 3 (8) | ||
| Epigastric pain | 14 (36) |
Of UC patients, 21 (57%) patients were female and 16 (43%) were male. The clinical features of UC are detailed in Table 4. There was a predominance of mild form (54%) as the initial phase of the disease. Thirty patients (71%) showed the distal location and extension (E1). For IMs, 71% of patients with UC had bloody diarrhea, 71% had mucus in the stool, 67% watery diarrhea, 62% intestinal colic, 62% tenesmus and 51% pasty diarrhea. Exclusive rectal bleeding was prevalent in patients with UC (P < 0.05).
Table 4. Clinical Characteristics of UC patients.
| Clinical presentation of UC | Extra-intestinal manifestations | ||
| Mild/transitional | 20 (54) | Osteoarthicular manifestations | |
| Moderate | 11 (30) | Arthritis | 9 (21) |
| Severe | 6 (16) | Joint pain | 8 (19) |
| Extension of UC | Sacroileitis | 2 (5) | |
| Proctitis (distal) (E1) | 30 (71) | Ankylosing spondylitis | 1 (2) |
| Left colits (E2) | 6 (14) | Hepatic manifestations | |
| Pancolitis (E3) | 5 (12) | Colestasis | 2 (5) |
| Retrograde iletits | 1 (2) | Sclerosing colangitis | 2 (5) |
| Intestinal manifestations | Hepatitis | 2 (5) | |
| Intestinal colics | 26 (62) | Other manifestations | |
| Abdominal pain | 18 (43) | Weakness | 20 (49) |
| Tenesmus | 26 (62) | Weigh loss(> 10% body weight) | 24 (57) |
| Pasty diarrhea | 21 (51) | Adinamy | 18 (43) |
| Liquid diarrhea | 29 (67) | Paleness | 21 (51) |
| Bloody diarrhea | 30 (71) | Subnutrition | 14 (37) |
| Exclusive rectal bleeding | 19 (45) | Vomiting | 10 (24) |
| Mucus in feces | 30 (71) | Nausea | 17 (40) |
| Palpable mass | 1 (2) | Pirosis | 14 (33) |
| Fever | 5 (12) | ||
| Dysphagia | 7 (17) | ||
| Epigastric pain | 18 (43) |
Forty-two patients had EIMs: 12 had osteoarticular manifestations and six patients had hepatic manifestations. Fifteen patients had at least one osteoarticular or hepatic manifestation. Among other manifestations of the disease, weight loss (57%) and pale skin (51%) were the most frequent.
The mild and moderate forms of the UC had its highest incidence in the age group of 31 - 45 years old and the severe form in the over 60 years olds. The mild (55%) and severe (100%) forms of the disease affected women more frequently, while the moderate form (64%) affected mostly men (Fig. 2).
Figure 2.
UC severity according to gender and age.
Discussion
IBDs are closely related to one another; however, epidemiological studies show clinical distinctions [23, 24]. In this study, the proportion of patients with UC to those with CD was 1.7:1, as observed in other studies [4, 6, 7]. In hospitalized patients, this proportion has changed, being justified by the fact that CD has a more severe course favoring a higher need of hospitalization and interventions [22, 23].
We observed significance (P < 0.05) when analyzing the age, place of residence and educational background in the studied group. The age group of 31 - 45 years old has been more prevalent and only four patients were under 16 years old. Approximately 20% of the patients with IBD developed the symptoms as a child or adolescent [1, 25-27]. We also observed through this study that the CD is associated with younger people (under 25) and the UC with older patients (over 25 years). Studies suggest a bimodal age distribution for both diseases with a possible second peak between 50 and 80 years old [28]. The male/female distribution was 1:1.86 to CD and 1:1.35 for UC. The UC affects 60% of men, and CD affects 20-30% women, especially in high incidence areas [1, 29].
Few studies [21] describe prevalence associated with urban or rural origins of the patient. Urban origin (P < 0.03) and the educational background (P < 0.01) of these patients were statistically significant. It is possible that this fact favors the search for a faster diagnosis. Patients reported skin color as brown. There was no significant difference between CD and UC. Black and Hispanic populations have low incidence of IBD. Environmental factors, lifestyle and genetic differences may correlate to these factors [30, 31]. There was no significant difference between patients with CD and UC as for the family income and employment situation.
At the time of data collection, over 50% of the patients were former smokers. There was some predominance of smoking habit in patients with CD. We could not identify relevant data regarding the number of cigarettes/day being linked to the onset of the disease, which made it impossible to correlate smoking with the location and extent of intestinal involvement and the complicated forms of CD and UC. We observed significant deterioration in individuals with CD during clinical follow-up of patients with a smoking history, whereas those may have a worse outcome compared to those who never smoked.
Tobacco addiction is a known factor in the incidence of CD [26]. Smokers are more likely to develop CD than those who never smoked. We discussed the protective effect of smoking in the course of UC [31, 32].
In this study, people under 25 years old were most affected with CD compared to those who had UC (> 25 years old). The patient’s age when symptoms started was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The time interval between onset of symptoms and the diagnosis was between 5 and 10 years and it was lower in patients with UC compared to those with CD. Although CD has slower evolution, we wonder whether that is due to the complications that can manifest even before the definitive diagnosis, either by misdiagnosis or as part of the natural course of the disease. Studies [32] state that confirmation of diagnosis occurs around 10 years after the diseases’ onset.
The course of IBD differs between its presentation forms. Patients may experience symptoms for years before diagnosis [33]. In UC symptoms gradually manifest and progressively become more severe, which may lead to acute episodes of rectal bleeding lasting weeks or months [6]. Unlike UC, CD evolves in the first 10 years without complications. UC can evolve in the first 10 years with low surgical intervention and disease remission. However, colonic involvement within 5 - 10 years [32] can occur in about 20% of patients.
There was more family history of IBD among patients with CD, but it was not significant statistically. Studies [6, 7] indicate a higher frequency in the UC, while other authors [33] suggest that both forms of the disease have a genetic background.
Appendectomy was statistically significant (P < 0.02) related to patients with CD. According to studies [7, 26, 34, 35] appendectomy may exert a protective effect on lower incidence of UC. In our study appendectomy was only associated with CD.
In the population sample, the inflammatory involvement B1 was predominant in CD. The data revealed that 30% of patients were affected by abscess and fistula. It is possible that up to 45% of patients develop a leak before the diagnosis of CD [7, 36]. The disease behavior change in the natural history of CD consists in the inflammatory disease (B1) evolving to stenotic (B2) or penetrating (B3) manifestations [17].
As for the location, ileocolic CD (L1) was the most frequent, being similar to other studies [36]. Approximately 80% of the patients have involvement of the small intestines, and a third is exclusively ileitis. The ileocolic region (50%) and colon (20%) account for the other locations of the disease. As the extent of the UC, proctitis (E1) was predominant. Studies [36, 37] indicate that proctitis has a 50% chance of compromising its length and the proximal disease that affects the sigmoid colon has 9% chance of progressing to pancolitis.
The presence of a palpable mass was significant (P < 0.01) in individuals with CD. In patients with UC exclusive rectal bleeding was statistically significant (P < 0.04). The abdominal pain and tenderness, tenesmus, liquid diarrhea, bloody diarrhea and mucus in the stool were constant features in this group.
Osteoarthicular EIMs were found both in CD patients and in those with UC. Arthritis was more prevalent, confirming literature data [18-21]. Fifteen patients had at least one osteoarthicular manifestation. EIMs were more frequent in CD which confirms how much you should be aware of these patients' signs and symptoms. Clinical manifestations in the upper gastrointestinal tract [38], dermatological and vascular were observed only in patients with CD. Low percentage of autoimmune hepatic manifestations was observed in the sample, similar to what is seen in literature [39, 40].
Conjunctivitis was significant statistically (P < 0.04) in patients with CD. Uveitis and episcleritis are frequent ocular manifestations of IBD, although the scleritis, iritis and conjunctivitis may also be associated [41].
Systemic manifestations were present in both forms of IBD. The severity of symptoms can vary according to frequency of defecation, presence of bleeding, fever, fatigue, abdominal pain and persistent weight loss. Our data showed that the mild and severe form of the disease affected mostly women over 25 years old, while men expressed moderate symptoms.
Conclusions
Data revealed that IBD is most prevalent in women. Age, origin and level of education may influence early diagnosis. CD was associated with younger individuals, females, urban origin, family history, time interval between symptoms and diagnosis, smoking habits, appendectomy, and surgical complications, palpable mass and greater number of EIMs. In UC prevailed women, the time interval between symptom and diagnosis was late and severe forms of the disease occurred at older ages, setting the gradual and progressive course of the disease. Systemic manifestations were present in both forms of IBD. Demographic and clinical aspects were similar to the literature, although data differed as to the time interval between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis, smoking habits, appendectomy and severity of UC for age and gender. New research should better elucidate this information.
Financial Support
No.
Conflict of Interest
No.
References
- 1.Cosnes J, Gower-Rousseau C, Seksik P, Cortot A. Epidemiology and natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(6):1785–1794. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Prelipcean CC, Mihai C, Gogalniceanu P, Mihai B. What is the Impact of Age on Adult Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Clujul Medical. 2014;86(1):3–9. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Loftus EV Jr. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(6):1504–1517. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.01.063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, Benchimol EI. et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(1):46–54. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001. e42; quiz e30. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Ponder A, Long MD. A clinical review of recent findings in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Epidemiol. 2013;5:237–247. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S33961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Victoria CR, Sassak LY, Nunes HR. Incidence and prevalence rates of inflammatory bowel diseases, in midwestern of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Arq Gastroenterol. 2009;46(1):20–25. doi: 10.1590/S0004-28032009000100009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Esmat S, El Nady M, Elfekki M, Elsherif Y, Naga M. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of inflammatory bowel diseases in Cairo, Egypt. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(3):814–821. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i3.814. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Cuthbert AP, Fisher SA, Mirza MM, King K, Hampe J, Croucher PJ, Mascheretti S. et al. The contribution of NOD2 gene mutations to the risk and site of disease in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(4):867–874. doi: 10.1053/gast.2002.32415. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Fiocchi C. Inflammatory bowel disease: etiology and pathogenesis. Gastroenterology. 1998;115(1):182–205. doi: 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70381-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Lakatos PL, Fischer S, Lakatos L, Gal I, Papp J. Current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take "toll" ? World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(12):1829–1841. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i12.1829. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Sartor RB. Mechanisms of disease: pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;3(7):390–407. doi: 10.1038/ncpgasthep0528. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Drossman DA. Presidential address: Gastrointestinal illness and the biopsychosocial model. Psychosom Med. 1998;60(3):258–267. doi: 10.1097/00006842-199805000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Kirsner JB, editor. Inflammatory Bower Disease. 5th ed. Vol. 23. Philadelphia, WB: Saunsders company; 2000. Psychosocial factors in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease; pp. 342–357. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Podolsky DK. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(6):417–429. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra020831. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Bitton A, Sewitch MJ, Peppercorn MA, de BEMD, Shah S, Ransil B, Locke SE. Psychosocial determinants of relapse in ulcerative colitis: a longitudinal study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(10):2203–2208. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07717.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Pimentel M, Chang M, Chow EJ, Tabibzadeh S, Kirit-Kiriak V, Targan SR, Lin HC. Identification of a prodromal period in Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(12):3458–3462. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03361.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Schwartz DA, Loftus EV Jr., Tremaine WJ, Panaccione R, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Sandborn WJ. The natural history of fistulizing Crohn's disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(4):875–880. doi: 10.1053/gast.2002.32362. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Roberts H, Rai SN, Pan J, Rao JM, Keskey RC, Kanaan Z, Short EP. et al. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease and the influence of smoking. Digestion. 2014;90(2):122–129. doi: 10.1159/000363228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Torres JA do P, Santana RM de, Torres FA do P, Moura AR, Neto T, Rocha J da. Intestinal inflammatory diseases in the Hospital Universitario of Universidade Federal de Sergipe: extraintestinal manifestations. Revista Brasileira de Coloproctologia. 2011;31(2):115–119. doi: 10.1590/S0101-98802011000200001. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Cristina Costa Duarte L, Maria de Lourdes Abreu F. Manifestacoes articulares em pacientes com doenca de Crohn e retocolite ulcerativa. Revista Brasileira De Reumatologia. 2006;46 [Google Scholar]
- 21.Souza MM, Belasco AGS, Aguilar-Nascimento JE. The epidemiological profile of patients with inflammatory Bowel disease in the State of Mato Grosso. Revista Brasileira de Coloproctologia. 2008 Sep;28(3):324–328. [Google Scholar]
- 22.Elia PP, Fogaca HS, Barros RG, Zaltman C, Elia CS. [Descriptive analysis of the social, clinical, laboratorial and anthropometric profiles of inflammatory bowel disease inwards patients from the "Clementino Fraga Filho" University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil] Arq Gastroenterol. 2007;44(4):332–339. doi: 10.1590/S0004-28032007000400010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Salviano FN, Burgos MG, Santos EC. [Socioeconomic and nutritional profile of patients with inflammatory bowel disease at a university hospital] Arq Gastroenterol. 2007;44(2):99–106. doi: 10.1590/S0004-28032007000200003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Lichtenstein GR, Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ. Management of Crohn's disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(2):465–483. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2008.168. quiz 464, 484. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Johnston RD, Logan RF. What is the peak age for onset of IBD? Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(Suppl 2):S4–5. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Auvin S, Molinie F, Gower-Rousseau C, Brazier F, Merle V, Grandbastien B, Marti R. et al. Incidence, clinical presentation and location at diagnosis of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective population-based study in northern France (1988-1999) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;41(1):49–55. doi: 10.1097/01.MPG.0000162479.74277.86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Ruemmele FM. Pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases: coming of age. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2010;26(4):332–336. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e328339ec2d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami HO. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: a large, population-based study in Sweden. Gastroenterology. 1991;100(2):350–358. doi: 10.1097/00001574-199108000-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Kleinubing-Junior H, Pinho M de SL, Ferreira LC, Bachtold GA, Merki A. Outpatients profile with inflammatory bowel disease. ABCD Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (Sao Paulo) 2011;24(3):200–203. [Google Scholar]
- 30.Junior M, Vidal E, Araujo IS, Atallah AN, Miszputen SJ. Tabagismo e doenca inflamatoria intestinal: estudo epidemiologico caso-controle. Arq gastroenterol. 1996;33(2):74–78. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Higuchi LM, Khalili H, Chan AT, Richter JM, Bousvaros A, Fuchs CS. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease in women. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(9):1399–1406. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.196. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Solberg IC, Lygren I, Jahnsen J, Aadland E, Hoie O, Cvancarova M, Bernklev T. et al. Clinical course during the first 10 years of ulcerative colitis: results from a population-based inception cohort (IBSEN Study) Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(4):431–440. doi: 10.1080/00365520802600961. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Orholm M, Munkholm P, Langholz E, Nielsen OH, Sorensen TI, Binder V. Familial occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(2):84–88. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199101103240203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Kaplan GG, Jackson T, Sands BE, Frisch M, Andersson RE, Korzenik J. The risk of developing Crohn's disease after an appendectomy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(11):2925–2931. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02118.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Andersson RE, Olaison G, Tysk C, Ekbom A. Appendectomy and protection against ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(11):808–814. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200103153441104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Tang LY, Rawsthorne P, Bernstein CN. Are perineal and luminal fistulas associated in Crohn's disease? A population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(9):1130–1134. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.06.021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Rebelo A, Rosa B, Moreira MJ, Cotter J. Da Classificacao de Viena para a Nova Classificacao de Montreal: Caracterizacao Fenotipica e Evolucao Clinica da Doenca de Crohn. Jornal Portugues de Gastrenterologia. 2011;18(1):15–21. [Google Scholar]
- 38.Annunziata ML, Caviglia R, Papparella LG, Cicala M. Upper gastrointestinal involvement of Crohn's disease: a prospective study on the role of upper endoscopy in the diagnostic work-up. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(6):1618–1623. doi: 10.1007/s10620-012-2072-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Tolentino YF, Fogaca HS, Zaltman C, Ximenes LL, Coelho HS. Hepatitis B virus prevalence and transmission risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease patients at Clementino Fraga Filho university hospital. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(20):3201–3206. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.3201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 40.Loras C, Saro C, Gonzalez-Huix F, Minguez M, Merino O, Gisbert JP, Barrio J. et al. Prevalence and factors related to hepatitis B and C in inflammatory bowel disease patients in Spain: a nationwide, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(1):57–63. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2008.4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 41.Cury DB, Moss AC. Ocular manifestations in a community-based cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16(8):1393–1396. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]