Significant pain relief with loading dose zoledronic acid in bone metastases is only seen in patients with elevated initial serum C telopeptide (CTX)

Abstract

In symptomatic bone metastases with significant pain, refractory to standard analgesics and radiotherapy, loading dose zoledronic acid (ZA) represents a simple and nontoxic treatment to obtain significant pain relief in a very short time. Its analgesic effect is limited to patients with massive osteoclast activation with high initial serum C-telopeptide (CTX). The pain reduction is proportionally correlated with the reduction of CTX.

Introduction

Bone is a frequent site of metastasis of several types of solid tumors, and metastatic bone disease is the most frequent cause of pain in cancer patients.¹ Solid tumors that most frequently produce bone metastases are breast, prostate (75%–85%) and lung (40%) tumors.² The presence of bone metastases significantly changes the course of the diseases and, if left untreated, may produce skeletal-related events (SRE) that greatly reduce quality of life and may even lead to death. Median survival rates from the time that metastatic bone disease is diagnosed range from 12 to 53 months, depending on the type of primary tumor.³

Bone metastases occur as a consequence of excessive osteoclastic activity rather than from direct tumor-cell infiltration. Tumor cells release factors that stimulate osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity, disrupting the balance between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation and repair.⁴ As a result of accelerated bone turnover, bone resorption predominates, leading to loss of the bone’s structural integrity and development of SRE. One of these changes includes breakdown of type I collagen transverse cross-links, the main constituent of the bone’s organic matrix, resulting in the release of degradation molecules such as pyridinoline, deoxypyridinoline, N-telopeptides (NTX), and C-telopeptides (CTX).⁵ These products are released into the blood and excreted in the urine, and constitute markers of bone resorption and formation (for example calcium, hydroxypyridinoline, NTX, CTX, pyridinoline, deoxypyridinoline, and bone sialoprotein) or bone formation alone (for example alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin). The detection of these markers in blood or urine is associated with the presence and progression of bone metastases and is linked to prognosis and response to pharmacological treatment.⁶ Using a histomorphometric analysis, Delmas et al⁷ demonstrated that urinary excretion of several degradation products of type I collagen is closely related to bone resorption rate.

The treatment of bone metastases is multidisciplinary, and bisphosphonates play a major role as they are inhibitors of osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. For this reason, they have been used since the 1960s for treating diseases associated with increased bone resorption activity, such as Paget’s disease and osteoporosis. Their chemical structure is similar to that of inorganic pyrophosphates, the bone’s mineralization regulators.⁸

Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a third-generation bisphosphonate with an antiresorptive potency about a thousand times greater than second-generation bisphosphonates.⁹ ZA accumulates in bone matrix and is released during bone resorption. Its mechanism of action involves inhibition of osteoclast maturation and migration, induction of osteoclast apoptosis through inhibition of protein prenylation via the mevalonate pathway¹⁰ and reduction of interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion, and it seems to have direct antitumor and anti-angiogenic properties.¹¹ ZA is the most widely used bisphosphonate in the treatment of bone metastases, and its use in this condition is supported by numerous clinical trials demonstrating its superiority over pamidronate and placebo. Of these, the most significant findings are those obtained in two Phase III studies carried out by Rosen et al in multiple myeloma and breast cancer,¹² lung cancer and other solid tumors,¹³ and a Phase III study by Saad et al in prostate cancer.¹⁴ In these trials, ZA was demonstrated to significantly reduce skeletal morbidity, the number of SRE, the proportion of patients developing SRE, and the delay in time to first SRE. Moreover pain control was improved. In addition, results of these trials suggest that assessment of bone resorption markers, such as CTX, can be an effective approach in identifying patients at high risk of developing bone metastases and in preventing SRE of which pain is the most frequently presenting symptom. CTX has proved to be a useful marker to predict disease progression, expressed by SRE,¹⁵ but there is no study directly correlating the CTX levels with pain in patients with proven painful bone metastases.

Taking into account all these concerns, we carried out a prospective, nonrandomized study to evaluate whether serum CTX levels may be useful markers to predict the analgesic effect of ZA in patients with solid tumors and confirmed bone metastases.

Patients and methods

Study design

This was a prospective, nonrandomized trial performed at the Oncology Department of the AZ Sint Maria Hospital in Halle, Belgium. Patients were recruited between August 2010 and April 2011. The study protocol was approved by the hospital’s Ethics Committee, and all procedures were conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice Guidelines and with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, as revised in 2000. All patients provided their written informed consent.

Study procedures

Consecutive patients with confirmed painful bone metastases secondary to a solid tumor which was diagnosed at the Oncology Department of our hospital, were selected to participate and asked for informed consent. No other exclusion criteria were used. After informed consent, the visual analog score (VAS) was taken by a palliative nurse and blood samples were taken for detection of serum CTX, serum creatinine, and serum urea. All patients were then treated with 4 mg of intravenous ZA for 3 days consecutively. A new comparative blood sample was taken the day after the 3 days of ZA administration.

CTX dosage was done using Elecsys^® β-CrosslapsTM/Serum assay (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). Precision was evaluated on a two-level quality control (Level 1: at 285 pg/mL with a c.v. of 2,77. Level 2: at 638 pg/mL with a c.v. of 2.45).

Adverse events (AE) and severe AE (SAE) were recorded throughout the whole study period.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS (v 12.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Qualitative variables were expressed as percentages, and continuous variables were described using the mean and the standard deviation (SD).

Frequency distributions and relationships between variables were compared using Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, one-sided analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results

Patient characteristics

Between August 2010 and February 2011, 20 patients with solid tumors and confirmed bone metastases were included in the study. Baseline patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. Mean age was 74 (range 44–90) years. There were ten male and ten female patients and the primary tumor was located in the: prostate (25%); breast (15%); lung (15%); bladder or kidney (10%); gastrointestinal tract (15%); and hematological neoplasms (20%). At diagnosis, 16 (80%) patients had five or more bone metastases, and eight (40%) had received palliative radiotherapy to relieve bone pain.

Table 1.

Baseline patient characteristics (n = 20)

Characteristics	No.	Percent
Age, years
Mean ± SD (range)	74 ± 12 (44–90)
Gender
Male	10	50
Female	10	50
Tumor localization
Prostate	5	25
Breast	3	15
Bladder/kidney	2	10
Lung	3	15
Myeloid/lymphoid	4	20
Gastrointestinal	3	15

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

CTX levels

At the baseline, mean serum CTX levels were 896.3 ± 658.7 pg/dL (Table 2). CTX levels significantly decreased after the 3-day scheme of ZA daily (227.5 ± 162.7 pg/dL; P < 0.001, Table 3).

Table 2.

P-values – baseline and reduction of CTX by age, gender or type of tumor

	Age	Gender	Type of tumor
Baseline level CTX	P = 0.236	P = 0.41	P = 0.343
Absolute reduction CTX	P = 0.236	P = 0.392	P = 0.339
Percentage reduction CTX	P = 0.241	P = 0.329	P = 0.523

Abbreviation: CTX, C-telopeptides.

Table 3.

Changes in serum markers and VAS score during ZA treatment

Measurements	Baseline mean (SD)	After ZA mean (SD)	P value*
Serum markers
CTX (pg/dL)	896.3 ± 658.7	227.5 ± 162.7	<0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.95 ± 0.34	0.83 ± 0.27	0.06
Urea (mg/dL)	46.0 ± 13.5	34.2 ± 9.3	0.005
VAS	7.95 ± 1.67	3.39 ± 2.75	<0.001

Note:

^*Statistically significant (P < 0.05) using paired sample t-test.

Abbreviations: CTX, C-telopeptides; ZA, zoledronic acid; SD, standard deviation; VAS, visual analog score.

At the baseline, there were no significant differences between CTX levels observed in male and female patients (1088.3 ± 262.8 vs 704.2 ± 119.8 pg/dL; P = 0.41). Neither age nor type of tumor have any influence on the level of CTX (P = 0.236 and P = 0.343, respectively). Gender, age, and type of tumor had no impact on the degree of CTX reduction due to the treatment (Table 2).

VAS score

At the baseline, mean VAS score was 7.95 ± 1.67 with a semi-representative right-sided Gaussian distribution. (Figure 1). VAS score significantly decreased after the 3-day scheme of ZA daily (3.39 ± 2.75; P < 0.001, Table 3), illustrated by the alteration to a non-Gaussian distribution due to the predominance of lower VAS scores (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Distribution of VAS score before and after ZA treatment.

Abbreviations: ZA, zoledronic acid; VAS, visual analog score.

At the baseline, there was no significant difference between VAS score levels observed in male and female patients (7.7 ± 0.6 vs 8.2 ± 0.5; P = 0.605). Neither age nor type of tumor had any influence on the baseline VAS score (P = 0.332 and P = 0.238, respectively; Table 4). Gender, age, and type of tumor had no impact on the degree of CTX reduction due to the treatment (Table 4).

Table 4.

P-values – baseline and reduction of VAS by age, gender or type of tumor

	Age	Gender	Type of tumor
Baseline VAS	P = 0.332	P = 0.605	P = 0.238
Absolute reduction VAS	P = 0.294	P = 0.419	P = 0.215
Percentage reduction VAS	P = 0.262	P = 0.528	P = 0.246

Abbreviation: VAS, visual analog score.

Correlations between CTX and VAS

Decrease in VAS and CTX was measured by two methods: (1) measurement of the absolute reduction, ie, the difference in level before and after ZA treatment; (2) reduction in terms of percentage calculated from the proportion of the levels of VAS and CTX before and after ZA treatment.

There was a significant correlation between the decrease measured in VAS score levels and the decrease in CTX level measured via absolute reduction (P = 0.021) and percentage reduction (P = 0.002).

There was a trend to a significant correlation between the percentage reduction of VAS score and the baseline CTX level (P = 0.084).

Safety

No decrease in renal function was recorded after ZA treatment. On the contrary, we observed a slight increase in renal function with almost significant values (Table 3).

No severe adverse effects were recorded during the period of treatment. All patients were advised to consult a dentist to prevent osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Discussion

The patient group was small but representative for a general oncology population.

All patients had a high VAS score before ZA treatment. VAS score dropped regardless of the primary type of tumor. VAS score is still a subjective marker for pain, but is internationally accepted for pain evaluation.

Analgesic consumption was unchanged during treatment. If analgesic treatment was insufficient after the 4-day trial, the dosage of analgesics was increased.

Bisphosphonates are known to be nephrotoxic. There was no decrease in renal function measured during the administration of ZA. All patients were hospitalized and received an adequate hydration scheme adapted to their cardiac, renal, and hydration status. This may be the explanation for the slight increase in renal function during treatment. We therefore conclude that this treatment schedule of ZA with an adapted hydration scheme has no effect on renal function.

The strong correlation (P = 0.002) between the percentage reduction of VAS and the percentage reduction of CTX proves that the initially elevated and subsequent reduction of CTX can be used as an objective predictive marker for pain reduction due to bisphosphonates. Such an objective biochemical correlation between CTX decrease and pain relief in patients with bone metastases is a new finding in oncology.

There is a tendency for a significant correlation between high baseline CTX and subsequent pain relief due to bisphosphonates (P = 0.084). This implies that even isolated elevated baseline CTX levels are possibly useful as a predictor of pain relief. We are convinced that a larger study population would probably demonstrate the statistical significance.

Its clinical relevance is further corroborated by the analysis of the two of our patients with low CTX values without analgesic effect from bisphosphonates (patient 1 and 2; Table 5).

Table 5.

CTX and VAS during treatment – data from three patients

	CTX (pg/dL)		VAS (0–10)
	Baseline	After ZA	Baseline	After ZA
Patient 1	208	211	9	8
Patient 2	369	360	9	9
Patient 3	792	233	8	8

Abbreviations: CTX, C-telopeptides; ZA, zoledronic acid; VAS, visual analog score.

Another patient with a baseline CTX of 792 pg/dL demonstrated no analgesic effect (patient 3; Table 5). This may be explained by the presence of brain metastases in this patient, which probably caused central and neuropathic pain.

Conclusion

The analgesic effect of bisphosphonates on pain caused by bone metastases is well documented. The dose and frequency of bisphosphonate treatment is subject to much research. For the first time, the administration of a loading dose of ibandronate demonstrated significant pain relief.¹⁶

Following the same treatment plan, we applied a 3-day schedule of administration of ZA which resulted in a similar reduction of pain scores.

The originality of our work comes from the initial documentation of important bone destruction as illustrated by the high CTX prior to ZA administration. The subsequent significant decrease of CTX after ZA administration paralleled the decrease in VAS score.

The important role of CTX decrease as a necessary marker for ZA-mediated pain relief was further corroborated by the fact that in two of the patients with neoplasia, but without elevated CTX, the administration of a loading dose of ZA did not give any significant pain relief.

Other authors have also seen significant pain relief and decrease of VAS score by a weekly administration of a lower dose of ZA.¹⁷

Our study was the first to show a rapid decrease of CTX after 3 days’ infusion of the daily dose of ZA.

In summary, the loading dose principle (3 consecutive days of 4 mg ZA administration) permits rapid pain relief in patients with bone metastases. This rapid pain relief is especially seen in those patients with elevated CTX before starting zoledronic treatment. The subsequent pain relief paralleled the decrease in CTX, illustrating the importance of osteoclast inhibition.