Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of Onodera’s prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
Methods
A total of 187 patients with metastatic NPC treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy were retrospectively reviewed. The PNI was calculated using the following formula: serum albumin level (gram per liter) +0.005× peripheral lymphocyte count (per cubic millimeter). A receiver operating characteristics curve for overall survival (OS) with the highest Youden index was determined to calculate the best cutoff value of PNI. The relationship between PNI and clinicopathological parameters was compared with the χ2 test. Survival analysis was applied to evaluate the predictive value of PNI.
Results
The median PNI in this study was 49.0 (ranging from 32.2 to 78.4). The best cutoff value of PNI for OS was 51.0 according to the receiver operating characteristics analysis. The median OS time was 13.0 months. The multivariate analysis indicated that the complete response (hazard ratio 0.681, 95% confidence interval 0.574–0.902; P=0.013) and PNI (hazard ratio 1.732, 95% confidence interval 1.216–2.892; P=0.005) were independent prognostic factors for OS in patients with metastatic NPC.
Conclusion
This study revealed that PNI is a simple and effective predictor for overall survival in patients with metastatic NPC.
Keywords: nasopharyngeal carcinoma, inflammation, prognostic nutritional index, prognosis
Introduction
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is different from other head and neck cancers owing to its epidemiology, pathology, and clinical attributes, with high incidence rates of 20–30 per 100,000 population being reported in some areas of Southeast Asia and southern China.1,2 Most of the NPC patients had advanced disease at diagnosis owing to its unusual anatomic location and the aggressive behavior of poorly differentiated pathologic type.3 Although advances in radiotherapeutic techniques, diagnostic imaging, and chemotherapy regimens improved the cure rate recently, distant metastases were still the main reason for the failure of treatment.4 However, even within the same TNM stage, there is still wide variability in clinical response and patient prognosis.2 It is therefore paramount to develop a reliable and easily available model to identify high-risk patients that complements conventional TNM staging system.
Recently, there extensive evidence has revealed that systemic inflammation plays an important role in cancer development and progression and is strongly associated with prognosis in patients with various types of neoplasms.5,6 The host’s systemic inflammatory response could be reflected by fluctuations of the circulating concentrations of acute-phase proteins and other cellular components.7 The Onodera’s prognostic nutritional index (PNI), first proposed by Onodera et al, is a novel systemic inflammation-based prognostic score that combines lymphocyte count and serum albumin level.7,8 Previous studies have demonstrated that the PNI was associated with survival in several types of malignancies.9–15 However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study regarding the prognostic role of PNI in metastatic NPC. In this study, we therefore aimed to examine the clinical value of PNI for metastatic NPC patients and to evaluate the correlation between the PNI and clinicopathological factors.
Materials and methods
Ethics statement
Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of People’s Hospital of Gaozhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Patient characteristics
From January 2003 to June 2013, the inpatient medical records of 187 patients in People’s Hospital of Gaozhou who were histologically diagnosed as having metastatic NPC treated with first-line cisplatin-based chemotherapy were respectively reviewed. According to the seventh edition of the American Joint Commission on Cancer staging system, these patients with distant metastasis were staged as Stage IVC. All included patients met the following criteria: 1) histologically confirmed NPC, 2) at least one radiologically measurable disease, 3) Karnofsky performance score (KPS) ≥60, and 4) normal renal and liver function. The exclusion criteria were the following: 1) history of other malignancies and 2) patients with clinical evidence of infection or other inflammatory conditions.
The demographics and clinicopathlogical characteristics such as sex, age, KPS, and chemotherapy regimen were retrospectively gathered from medical records. Pretreatment whole blood parameters including white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, hemoglobin, and platelets; albumin concentration; total bilirubin; and alkaline phosphatase were also obtained. PNI was defined per the following formula: serum albumin level (gram per liter) +0.005× peripheral lymphocyte count (per cubic millimeter).7 Serum Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) VCA/IgA and EA/IgA antibody levels were determined by titration using an immunoenzymatic method.
Chemotherapy
All eligible patients were treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens as the first-line treatment. Of the 187 eligible patients, 97 patients (51.9%) received PF regimen (cisplatin, 25 mg/m2 intravenously [IV] on Days 1–3 every 3 weeks and 5-fluorouracil, 500 mg/m2 IV on Days 1–5 every 3 weeks) and 56 patients (29.9%) received TP regimen (cisplatin, 25 mg/m2 IV on Days 1–3 every 3 weeks and paclitaxel, 175 mg/m2 IV over 3 hours with standard premedication on Day 1 every 3 weeks). The remaining 34 (18.2%) patients received other regimens. The median number of cycles of chemotherapy was 4 (ranging from 2 to 12).
Patient follow-up
After completion of treatment, patients were regularly followed up every 3 months during the first 2 years and every 6 months thereafter for up to 5 years or until death.
Physical examination, blood test, and imaging studies of the relevant region(s) were performed. The response of treatment was evaluated according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.0). The end of follow-up was November 2015.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation, and the categorical variables were presented as numbers and percentages. A receiver operating characteristics curve for overall survival (OS) was generated to determine the sensitivity and specificity. The highest Youden index was determined to calculate the best cutoff value of PNI. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the discriminatory ability of PNI, VCA/IgA, and EA/IgA for OS. The chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the categorical variables. OS was the study end point. Survival analysis was drawn using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the differences were compared using the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model was used to test independent significance. A two-tailed P-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 21.0 software (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Patient characteristics
The clinicopathological characteristics of the 187 patients are shown in Table 1. The median age at diagnosis of metastatic NPC was 47 years (range 21–75 years), and there was a male predominance (83.4%). Ninety-nine patients (52.9%) had more than one metastatic site, and lung metastasis was the most common site (51.3%). The median serum albumin level was 37.1 g/L (ranging from 30.2 to 44.7 g/L), and the median lymphocyte count was 1.30×109/L (ranging from 0.35 to 4.71). The median EA/IgA and VCA/IgA antibody titers were 1:160 (ranging from 0 to 1:1,280) and 1:20 (ranging from 0 to 1:80), respectively. The median PNI in this study was 49.0 (ranging from 32.2 to 78.4). The best cutoff value of PNI for OS was 51.0 (sensitivity: 0.656 and specificity: 0.781) according to the receiver operating characteristics analysis.
Table 1.
Demographic and baseline characteristics of the study population
| Characteristics | No of patients (%) |
|---|---|
| Age, median (range), years | 47 (21–75) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 156 (83.4) |
| Female | 31 (16.6) |
| KPS | |
| ≥80 | 171 (91.4) |
| <80 | 16 (8.6) |
| Synchronous metastasis | |
| Present | 32 (17.1) |
| Absent | 155 (82.9) |
| Lung metastasis | |
| Present | 96 (51.3) |
| Absent | 91 (48.7) |
| Liver metastasis | |
| Present | 70 (37.4) |
| Absent | 117 (62.6) |
| Bone metastasis | |
| Present | 67 (35.8) |
| Absent | 120 (64.2) |
| Distant nodal metastasis | |
| Present | 21 (11.2) |
| Absent | 166 (88.8) |
| BMI, median (range), kg/m2 | 19.7 (15.7–27.1) |
| WBC, ×109/L, median (range) | 7.0 (3.1–10.9) |
| Lymphocyte, ×109/L, median (range) | 1.30 (0.35–4.71) |
| Hemoglobin, g/L, median (range) | 130.1 (91.0–163.0) |
| Platelet, ×109/L, median (range) | 231.3 (97.0–511.0) |
| Serum albumin, g/L, median (range) | 37.1 (30.2–44.7) |
| PNI, median (range) | 49.0 (32.2–78.4) |
| Serum LDH, U/L, median (range) | 241 (73–459) |
Abbreviations: KPS, Karnofsky performance score; BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cell; PNI, prognostic nutritional index; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.
Correlation between PNI with clinicopathological characteristics and response of chemotherapy
Baseline characteristics for each PNI group and comparisons between PNI groups are shown in Table 2. Patients with high PNI (PNI ≥51) had a significantly higher body mass index (P=0.019) and a higher percentage of distant nodal metastasis (P=0.038) in comparison with patients with low PNI (PNI <51). There was a trend toward an association of PNI with white blood cell (P=0.057).
Table 2.
Relationship between PNI and relevant characteristics of patients
| Characteristics | PNI <51 | PNI ≥51 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (<47/≥47 years) | 51/52 | 44/40 | 0.769 |
| Sex (male/female) | 87/16 | 69/15 | 0.697 |
| KPS (≥90/<90) | 93/10 | 78/6 | 0.606 |
| BMI (<19.7/≥19.7 kg/m2) | 44/59 | 51/33 | 0.019 |
| Number of involved sites (1/>1) | 52/51 | 36/48 | 0.307 |
| Synchronous metastasis (present/absent) | 17/86 | 14/69 | 0.947 |
| Lung metastasis (present/absent) | 47/56 | 49/35 | 0.106 |
| Bone metastasis (present/absent) | 33/70 | 34/50 | 0.283 |
| Liver metastasis (present/absent) | 34/69 | 36/48 | 0.175 |
| Distant nodal metastasis (present/absent) | 7/96 | 14/70 | 0.038 |
| WBC, ×109 counts/L (<5.3/≥5.3) | 59/44 | 36/48 | 0.057 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L (<127/≥127) | 47/56 | 47/37 | 0.187 |
| Platelet, ×109 counts/L (<215/≥215) | 48/55 | 43/41 | 0.559 |
| AST, U/L (<24/≥24) | 52/51 | 42/42 | 0.947 |
| ALT, U/L (<21/≥21) | 54/49 | 43/41 | 0.884 |
| Serum LDH, U/L (<241/≥241) | 49/54 | 45/39 | 0.463 |
Abbreviations: PNI, prognostic nutritional index; KPS, Karnofsky performance score; BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cell; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.
To evaluate the impact of PNI on the response of palliative chemotherapy, we also analyzed the relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and response rate. In patients with PNI ≥51, two patients achieved complete response (CR), 60 patients achieved partial response (PR), 12 patients were found to have with stable disease (SD), and 10 patients were evaluated as having progressive disease (PD). In patients whose PNI was <51, three patients achieved CR, 68 patients achieved PR, 16 patients were found to have with SD, and 16 patients were evaluated as having PD (Figure 1). The CR rate (P=0.831), response (CR + PR) rate (P=0.518), and the disease control (CR + PR + SD) rate (P=0.529) were similar between the two groups.
Figure 1.
Correlations of PNI and tumor response of chemotherapy.
Abbreviations: PNI, prognostic nutritional index; CR, complete response; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease.
Survival analyses
During the follow-up, a total of 131 (70.1%) patients had died, and the median OS time was 13.0 months. The potential prognostic variables including age, sex, KPS, number of involved sites, synchronous metastasis, metastasis sites (lung, bone, liver, and distant lymph node), chemotherapy regimen, CR, PNI, and related serum markers were analyzed. Results of univariate and multivariate analyses for OS are depicted in Table 3. Univariate analysis revealed that number of involved sites (P=0.039), CR (P=0.011), VCA/IgA titers (P=0.036), and PNI (P=0.002) were significantly prognostic factors for OS. To identify independent prognostic factors for OS, the factors that were statistically significant on univariate analysis (P<0.10) were then subjected to multivariate analysis. The multivariate analysis indicated that the CR (hazard ratio 0.681, 95% confidence interval 0.574–0.902; P=0.013) and PNI (hazard ratio 1.732, 95% confidence interval 1.216–2.892; P=0.005) were independent prognostic factors for OS (Table 3; Figure 2).
Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic factors for OS
| Variables | Univariate analysis
|
Multivariate analysis
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | |
| Age (<47/≥47 years) | 0.211 | 1.119 (0.881–1.652) | ||
| Sex (male/female) | 0.089 | 1.496 (0.916–1.658) | 0.136 | 1.463 (0.885–1.532) |
| KPS (≥90/<90) | 0.385 | 0.723 (0.348–1.503) | ||
| BMI (<19.7/≥19.7 kg/m2) | 0.803 | 1.034 (0.796–1.342) | ||
| Number of involved sites (>1/1) | 0.039 | 1.685 (1.049–2.766) | 0.335 | 1.379 (0.758–1.763) |
| Synchronous metastasis (present/absent) | 0.083 | 1.377 (0.796–1.942) | 0.149 | 1.129 (0.843–1.362) |
| Lung metastasis (present/absent) | 0.254 | 1.225 (0.842–1.698) | ||
| Bone metastasis (present/absent) | 0.342 | 0.723 (0.348–1.503) | ||
| Liver metastasis (present/absent) | 0.195 | 1.373 (0.863–1.782) | ||
| Distant nodal metastasis (present/absent) | 0.259 | 0.785 (0.652–1.623) | ||
| Chemotherapy regimen (TP/PF/others) | 0.136 | 1.273 (0.865–1.847) | ||
| Complete response (yes/no) | 0.011 | 0.623 (0.433–0.897) | 0.013 | 0.681 (0.574–0.902) |
| WBC, ×109 counts/L (<5.3/≥5.3) | 0.142 | 1.373 (0.824–1.685) | ||
| Hemoglobin, g/L (<127/≥127) | 0.231 | 1.182 (0.736–1.596) | ||
| Platelet, ×109 counts/L (<215/≥215) | 0.756 | 1.068 (0.876–1.258) | ||
| Serum LDH, U/L (<241/≥241) | 0.876 | 0.978 (0.771–1.196) | ||
| PNI (<51/≥51) | 0.002 | 1.845 (1.246–2.731) | 0.005 | 1.732 (1.216–2.892) |
| EA/IgA titers (≥1:20/<1:20) | 0.268 | 1.045 (0.781–1.358) | ||
| VCA/IgA titers (≥1:160/<1:160) | 0.036 | 1.358 (1.069–1.964) | 0.187 | 1.119 (0.864–1.485) |
Abbreviations: OS, overall survival; HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; KPS, Karnofsky performance score; BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cell; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; TP, paclitaxel + cisplatin; PF, cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil; PNI, prognostic nutritional index; EA, early antigen; VCA, viral capsid antigen; IgA, immunoglobulin A.
Figure 2.
Kaplan–Meier curves estimates for OS according to PNI.
Abbreviations: OS, overall survival; PNI, prognostic nutritional index.
The AUC was calculated to evaluate the discriminatory ability of PNI, VCA/IgA, and EA/IgA for OS. The PNI had a higher AUC value (0.728) in comparison with VCA/IgA titers (0.652; P=0.048) and EA/IgA titers (0.563; P=0.027), as is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
The receiver operating curves for OS prediction among PNI, VCA/IgA, and EA/IgA.
Abbreviations: PNI, prognostic nutritional index; OS, overall survival.
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to explore the prognostic value of PNI in metastatic NPC patients. This study, consisting of 187 metastatic NPC patients, revealed that PNI was significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with metastatic NPC. Besides determining a prognostic value of PNI for OS, our data also demonstrated a significant independent association between PNI and clinicopathologic parameters.
Variations among the outcomes of patients with various malignancies are not solely determined by the characteristics of malignancies but also by host response factors.5,16 It has been widely accepted that the systemic inflammatory response is an important regulator in the oncogenesis, tumor development, and metastasis by recruiting regulatory T lymphocytes and circulating cytokines, including circulating interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha.17 Additionally, EBV infection is associated with NPC in endemic areas and could induce the consistent release of viral immunogenic proteins that lead to a potent immune response.18 Plasma EBV DNA load has been identified to have a prognostic role in metastatic NPC patients.19 In patients with malignancies, the presence of systemic inflammation could be reflected by inflammation-based prognostic scores, including platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, modified Glasgow prognostic score, and PNI.20 The original purpose of PNI was to evaluate the nutritional and immunity status to predict short-term postoperative outcome of patients with gastrointestinal cancers.17 PNI based on lymphocyte count and serum albumin level reflects systemic immunity and nutritional status. Recently, accumulating evidence indicated that PNI had a prognostic role in the long-term survival outcome of patients with several malignancies, including pancreatic cancer, gastric carcinoma, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, malignant pleural mesothelioma, non-small-cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and renal cell cancer.10–15,21 Hong et al22 revealed that patients with low PNI had a worse median OS time and that PNI was an independent significant prognostic factor for OS. In this study, the multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that PNI was an independent prognostic factor for patients with metastatic NPC.
The mechanisms that lower PNI and decrease survival in metastatic NPC patients would be influenced by many confounding factors. PNI is calculated from lymphocyte count and serum albumin level. Serum albumin was confirmed as being associated with systemic inflammation through high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Albumin may help to stabilize cell growth and DNA replication, buffer various biochemical changes, and maintain sex hormone homeostasis and calcium level, thus demonstrating anticancer effects.23 In vitro, the proliferation or growth of cancer cell lines could be modulated by high albumin concentrations.24 In addition, malnutrition and cachexia could be partially reflected by hypoalbuminemia, and a low level of albumin could weaken a number of human defense mechanisms, including anatomic barriers, cellular and humoral immunity, and phagocyte function, thus diminishing compliance with treatment and increasing susceptibility to infection.25,26 Furthermore, malnutrition and inflammation could suppress albumin synthesis in advanced stages in cancer patients.27 Gupta et al28 summarized 29 studies and revealed that lower pretreatment serum albumin levels were associated with poor outcome in cancer patients. On the other hand, lymphocytes are crucial components of the adaptive immune system and could be suppressed in malignancies by several pathways, including inhibition of regulatory T-cells and tumor-associated macrophages infiltration, dendritic cell differentiation, and activation.29 Infiltrating lymphocytes could represent an effective anticancer cellular immune response, and high peripheral lymphocyte percentage was also significantly associated with a better prognosis in NPC patients.29 In addition, reduced peripheral lymphocyte count indicated the impairment of innate cellular immunity and was associated with disease severity and poor prognosis.29,30
Notably, there is an amount of ongoing research into the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on antitumor treatment, including lung cancer, colon cancer, esophagus cancer, etc.31–33 Also, the PNI, as an inexpensive, reliable, and easily available marker, may be of importance to select patients who might be candidates for modulation of systemic inflammation and could provide a well-defined therapeutic target for future clinical studies. Accordingly, it is also of interest to investigate the modification of the systemic inflammatory response in metastatic NPC patients.
Notably, CR was an independent prognostic factor for OS in this study, which is consistent with previous studies. Jin et al34 reported that CR was an independent prognostic factor in metastatic NPC patients receiving chemotherapy. In addition, those patients who were evaluated as having SD/PD might develop clinical drug resistance that leads to treatment failure and poorer OS compared with patients who achieved CR.35 Several molecular targets that were associated with chemoresistance have identified as negative prognostic factors of OS in patients with metastatic NPC receiving chemotherapy, including multidrug resistance 1, multidrug resistance-associated protein-1, and drug-resistance gene annexin I.35,36 Besides, Liu et al37 reported that the unsatisfactory tumor response (SD/PD) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy predicted poor prognosis in advanced-stage NPC patients.
This study was unavoidably limited by its retrospective nature and relatively small number of metastatic NPC patients in a single institution. In addition, PNI was only assessed at a single time point before the treatment. The relationship between the kinetics of PNI and its prognostic effect in NPC patients would be of interest. Further research is needed to confirm these preliminary results.
Conclusion
This study revealed that PNI is a simple and effective predictor for OS in patients with metastatic NPC.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
References
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