Current role of microwave ablation in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas

Abstract

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can be as effective as surgical resection in terms of overall survival and recurrence-free survival rates in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Effectiveness of RFA is adversely influenced by heat-sink effect. Other ablative therapies could be considered for larger tumors or for tumors located near the vessels. In this regard, recent improvements in microwave energy delivery systems seem to open interesting perspectives to percutaneous ablation, which could become the ablation technique of choice in the near future. Microwave ablation (MWA) has the advantages of possessing a higher thermal efficiency. It has high efficacy in coagulating blood vessels and is a relatively fast procedure. The time required for ablation is short and the shape of necrosis is elliptical with the older systems and spherical with the new one. There is no heat-sink effect and it can be used to ablate tumors adjacent to major vessels. These factors yield a large ablation volume, and result in good local control and fewer complications. This review highlights the most relevant updates on MWA in the treatment of small (<3 cm) HCC. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of MWA as the first ablative choice, at least in selected cases.

Introduction

In the past decade the diagnosis of HCC has changed from being a death sentence to a manageable disease. The semiannual surveillance of high-risk population using ultrasound permits to diagnose at an early stage, at which curative treatments can be employed [1]. Surgical resection is currently considered to be the definitive treatment for patients who have an optimal profile, as defined by the Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) staging system [1]. On the other hand, for patients with early-stage HCC who are not candidates for surgery, percutaneous local ablation (PLA) is currently recommended as the best therapeutic alternative [2,3].

Indications for PLA include: HCC in BCLC stage A with Child-Pugh class A/B cirrhosis; an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-1; tumor dimensions <5 cm (ideally <3 cm); focal nodular lesion; and solitary or multiple lesions. Contraindications include: presence of vascular invasion; extrahepatic metastatic disease; sepsis; severe debilitation; Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis; and uncorrectable coagulopathy [4].

RFA has been the most widely investigated modality of percutaneous ablation therapy for unresectable HCCs. Numerous large series have shown that RFA is safe, with minimal morbidity and mortality [5]. Some investigators have suggested that tumor location is closely associated with the risk of major complications [6]. In fact lesions located close to gallbladder, liver capsule and diaphragm are associated with a higher risk of complications [7]. RFA of nodules adjacent to large vessels may also often result in incomplete ablation because of the “heat-sink” effect. Overall, it is believed that 10-25% of patients with HCC may not be eligible for RFA [8].

MWA is a relatively new technique that can be applied to different types of tumors and offers all the benefits of RFA as well as some substantial advantages. These include a larger volume of cellular necrosis, reduction in procedure times, greater temperatures delivered to the target lesion, the possibility of using multiple antennae simultaneously, efficacy on lesions with a cystic component and/or in proximity to vascular structures >3 mm in diameter with a reduction in the heat-sink effect, and less intra-procedural pain [9-11]. Promising results of MWA for HCC have been demonstrated in several studies [12,13].

The aim of this review was to analyze current results of MWA in the treatment of small (<3 cm) HCC and to determine if MWA can be applied as first-choice treatment in specific cases.

Materials and methods

Study selection

A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, with the syntax microwave OR MWA, AND small hepatic tumor OR small HCC, OR small hepatocellular carcinoma, OR small liver cancer, including only studies published in English from January 2005 to December 2015. All titles and abstracts of identified studies in the initial search were screened to select those reporting ablation of HCC in patients with unresectable disease.

On the basis of dimension and number of nodules, the BCLC staging system divides HCC in stage 0, very early; A, early; B, intermediate; C, advanced; and D, terminal [1]. For the present review we considered only early stages 0 and A, in particular patients with no more than 3 nodules with a diameter of ≤3 cm. Some studies reported as small HCC, tumors having a diameter of <5 cm. In these studies we tried, when possible, to select only the patients having HCC nodules with a diameter of ≤3 cm, thus reporting only results for the extrapolated cases. Studies in which results for lesions with a diameter of <3 cm could not be extrapolated were not taken into consideration. We also excluded studies in which tumors were treated simultaneously with PLA and transarterial embolization. We identified additional studies through manual search of the primary studies references, review articles, and key journals. We excluded papers that included data reported previously.

The primary endpoint was to investigate safety and complications of this technique. Secondary endpoint was to present the current status of MWA in the treatment of small HCCs with the intention, if possible, to correlate incomplete ablation or recurrence with specific factors (location, technical problem, etc.). The following variables were extracted, where available, from the included articles: number of patients; mean age of patients; tumor location; complications; mean follow up and survival; or treatment response. Median survival was calculated.

MWA

Six studies, involving a total of 384 patients with HCC nodules treated with MWA, fulfilled the eligibility criteria [14-19] (Table 1). At least 471 nodules had a diameter <3 cm. The mean age of patients was 59.5 years old.

Table 1.

Published data on the use of microwave ablation in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas

Initial complete response was achieved in 97.67% of the treated nodules. Ablation was classified as “complete” when no areas of enhancement were seen within or at the periphery of the ablation zone at the dynamic triphasic CT scan performed after the procedure. The mean follow up time was 27 months. The median overall survival time was 95.85% at 1 year and 68.86% at 3 years. Two studies [14,16] reported an overall survival rate of 78% and 62.5% at 5 years. Overall survival was in the range of 89-100% at 1 year and in the range of 49-80% at 3 years.

Tumor size was one of the most important prognostic factors in determining survival rate, but no difference in survival was reported between nodules <2.5 cm and <4 cm in the study of Liang et al [16]. The most probable explanation may be that the coagulated area of MWA was large enough to envelop HCCs smaller than or equal to 4.0 cm in maximum diameter, and a tumor-free margin of at least 5.0 mm could be obtained in one stroke [16].

Complications related to the procedure included three major incidents reported by Ding et al [18]: One patient showed symptoms of shortness of breath and incomplete intestinal obstruction 13 months after MWA. The patient was diagnosed with right diaphragmatic hernia and massive right pleural effusion by contrast-enhanced CT and ultrasound. The patient was treated conservatively and a thoracic drainage tube was placed. Symptoms improved after 1 week and the drainage tube was removed. Two Child-Pugh class B patients presented with liver decompensation after treatment. Liver function of one of the two patients worsened and he died two months post-ablation. The other patient’s liver function improved after intense liver protective treatment. Ohmoto et al [17] reported several serious complications: 9 bile duct injuries, 2 intraperitoneal bleedings, 1 hepatic infarction, 1 portal thrombosis, and 1 biliary peritonitis. In the rest of the studies [20-22] no life-threatening complications were noted.

Common minor complications included local moderate pain, fever and increase in blood transaminase levels. In Shibata’s series [15], 3/36 patients could not complete MWA therapy due to unbearable pain and they underwent the next session under general anesthesia. Other minor complications included 17 minor and asymptomatic pleural effusions (in nodules located near the diaphragm), 8 minimal subcapsular bleeding cases, treated conservatively, 4 skin burns caused by nodules protruding beyond the liver capsule, 5 ascites cases, 1 liver abscess (treated with percutaneous drainage), 1 cholangitis with intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, 1 subcutaneous abscess accompanied by skin burn treated with percutaneous drainage, and 2 cases of vasovagal reaction.

A large multicenter Italian study, involving 14 centers, that enrolled MWAs in 736 patients with 1,037 lesions, confirmed that microwave procedures are safe with low rate of major complications [23]. In 2011, a systematic review reported the same conclusions on safety of both RFA and MWA, with a low rate of acceptable complications (4.1 and 4.6% for RFA and MWA techniques, respectively) [24].

Discussion

HCC is increasingly detected at smaller sizes owing to surveillance programs in high-risk patients. When surgical options are precluded, image-guided tumor ablation is recommended as the most appropriate therapeutic choice in terms of tumor local control, safety, and improvement in survival rates [7].

One of the major advantages of the image-guided ablation procedures is the ability to deposit, with a minimally invasive technique, a precise amount of energy in a well-defined region [22]. Among a variety of local ablation therapies, RFA has been the most frequently used worldwide. This ablation modality has gained a wide acceptance as a safe and effective first-line therapeutic option in patients with early HCC not eligible for surgical treatment due to comorbidities; in patients who refuse resection; or when liver function must be preserved [7]. For very early-stage HCC, as staged by BCLC, RFA appears to be equivalent to resection, because of its lower morbidity, shorter hospital stay and greater preservation of hepatic parenchyma [25]. Furthermore, RFA can be used as a component of a multimodal treatment strategy for more advanced or recurrent cases, and can play a role as bridging therapy for patients waiting for liver transplantation [26].

In RFA, an electrical current in the radiofrequency range is delivered through a needle electrode. Temperatures range between 60 and 100°C and result in almost instant coagulation necrosis [27]. These temperatures are observed near the electrode resulting in a small area of necrosis, with the larger portion of the final ablation zone being attributed to thermal conduction into more peripheral areas around the electrode [28]. Tissue boiling and charring act as electrical insulators and limit the effect of RFA through increased impedance [28]. RFA is also weakened by the heat-sink effect, a phenomenon that occurs when thermal energy is dispersed from the target lesion due to blood flow in the adjacent vessels [8]. Consequently, the shape and size of the ablation zone may be unpredictable and such limitations can lead to inadequate ablation zone and a higher rate of local tumor progression compared with resection. Moreover, the use of RFA is still limited in treating some tumors in high-risk locations [29].

A ‘difficult-to-treat’ tumor is generally defined as a tumor located within 1 cm of a vital structure, such as the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder (Fig. 1), diaphragm, visible intra-hepatic bile duct or vessel (particularly >3 mm in diameter) [30,31]. Several strategies have been developed to counter these problems, such as the combined use of RFA and ethanol injection or the use of RFA at maximum radiofrequency power (>120W), with more adverse effects (ascites, pleural effusion) [57]. Recently, MWA has emerged as alternative method to RFA, serving as a potentially more powerful technique that can overcome RFA limitations [32]. The two methods differ in their mechanism of action because RFA uses current whereas MWA uses electromagnetic energy. In contrast to RFA, grounding pads are not needed with MWA, because the completion of an electrical circuit is not required. Therefore, the presence of metallic materials like surgical clips or a pacemaker does not constitute a contraindication and the lack of grounding pads avoids skin burns [33].

Figure 1.

Axial computed tomography images of a small hepatocellular carcinoma localized near gallbladder: (A) Computed tomography scan performed without administration of intravenous contrast media; (B) arterial enhancement of the lesion; and (C) wash-out in the venous phase. (D) Ultrasound examination confirmed the lesion; (E) ultrasound examination performed with the antenna within the lesion; and (F) during the procedure

Another consequence of the different principle of heat production with MWA is that the time needed for ablation is lower than that required for RFA. The electromagnetic field in MWA creates a rapid and homogeneous heating of the tissue, and subsequently coagulation necrosis; while ionic polarization causes conversion of kinetic energy into heat. The result of this double mechanism of action is the creation of a more homogeneous and easier to predict ablation zone (Fig. 2). The predictability of the ablation area is one of the major advantages of MWA. The faster heating and higher temperatures provided by microwave energy also allow heat-sink effect reduction: this attenuation makes MWA more effective in the treatment of perivascular tumors. Thus, MWA should be preferred for tumors near the hepatic veins and inferior vena cava [34-36]. Moreover MWA emerges as more appropriate for superficial lesions [35].

Figure 2.

Computed tomography scan performed 6 months after the treatment showed a hypodense area without any enhancement (complete necrosis): (A) unenhanced; (B) arterial; and (C) venous, acquisitions

The results regarding comparison between survival, local recurrence and complication rates of MWA and RFA are still controversial. Overall, the published studies support the comparability of the two methods [37,38]. RFA is the most studied and affirmed technique, though MWA is currently considered a viable alternative, as demonstrated by our results. We reported a mean initial complete response of 95% for RFA and 98% for MWA. The survival rates were similar for MWA and RFA groups: in the range of 59-100% for RFA and of 89-100% for MWA at 1 year and in the range of 41-92% for RFA and of 49-80% for MWA at 3 years.

Recently, Shi et al reported that for solitary HCC ≤3 cm, MWA is as effective as surgical resection [39]. In a recent study, Abdelaziz [19] determined the safety of MWA for early-stage HCC lesions, with a low rate of minor complications: in particular, in the RFA group there were 11.1% procedure-related complications and in the MWA group only 3.2% of complications were reported. Complications reported after MWA do not differ from those after RFA, both are mainly based on heat damage. Livraghi et al [23] in a multicenter study confirmed the safety of MWA, reporting 0% mortality, 2.9% major complications, and 7.2% minor complications. Reported peri-procedural mortality rate was <0.01%, thus the safety of MWA was established.

A recent retrospective comparative evaluation of RFA and MWA therapeutic effects in treating patients with HCC showed no significant differences in the treatment of HCCs regarding complete response, rates of residual untreated disease, recurrence rates, and survival rates [22]. Emerging data suggest that, although MWA is a new method and the cumulative reported experience is limited, promising results were obtained in cases in which RFA presented limitations. Moreover, recently MWA of small HCCs was able to provide similar long-term outcomes compared to surgery [39].

Concluding remarks

On the basis of the results reported and of the proven advantages of microwave technique (lower procedural pain, shorter time of procedure and reduction of heat sink effect), thermal ablation using microwave may be considered a valid alternative for small lesions located near vessels (diameter >3 mm), near gallbladder or in subglissonian area. A randomized trial is the only method to confirm this data. Moreover, a prospective randomized study should ideally be conducted to compare long-term outcomes in patients treated with MWA and with surgery. Unfortunately, this study would be difficult to carry out because HCC appears most commonly in cirrhotic patients, not usually considered ideal candidates for surgery.

Biography

Insubria University, Varese, Italy; University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece; University of Milan, Milan, Italy