Skip to main content
PMC home page
The British Journal of Ophthalmology logoLink to The British Journal of Ophthalmology
. 1995 Feb;79(2):186–190. doi: 10.1136/bjo.79.2.186

Cell loss in retinal dystrophies by apoptosis--death by informed consent!

C Y Gregory 1, A C Bird 1
PMCID: PMC505055  PMID: 7696244

Full text

PDF

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Baffy G., Miyashita T., Williamson J. R., Reed J. C. Apoptosis induced by withdrawal of interleukin-3 (IL-3) from an IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cell line is associated with repartitioning of intracellular calcium and is blocked by enforced Bcl-2 oncoprotein production. J Biol Chem. 1993 Mar 25;268(9):6511–6519. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barres B. A., Hart I. K., Coles H. S., Burne J. F., Voyvodic J. T., Richardson W. D., Raff M. C. Cell death and control of cell survival in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Cell. 1992 Jul 10;70(1):31–46. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90531-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Barres B. A., Hart I. K., Coles H. S., Burne J. F., Voyvodic J. T., Richardson W. D., Raff M. C. Cell death in the oligodendrocyte lineage. J Neurobiol. 1992 Nov;23(9):1221–1230. doi: 10.1002/neu.480230912. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bissonnette R. P., Echeverri F., Mahboubi A., Green D. R. Apoptotic cell death induced by c-myc is inhibited by bcl-2. Nature. 1992 Oct 8;359(6395):552–554. doi: 10.1038/359552a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Boise L. H., González-García M., Postema C. E., Ding L., Lindsten T., Turka L. A., Mao X., Nuñez G., Thompson C. B. bcl-x, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell. 1993 Aug 27;74(4):597–608. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90508-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bowes C., Li T., Frankel W. N., Danciger M., Coffin J. M., Applebury M. L., Farber D. B. Localization of a retroviral element within the rd gene coding for the beta subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 1;90(7):2955–2959. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.7.2955. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cerretti D. P., Hollingsworth L. T., Kozlosky C. J., Valentine M. B., Shapiro D. N., Morris S. W., Nelson N. Molecular characterization of the gene for human interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (IL1BC). Genomics. 1994 Apr;20(3):468–473. doi: 10.1006/geno.1994.1202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chaitin M. H., Hall M. O. Defective ingestion of rod outer segments by cultured dystrophic rat pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1983 Jul;24(7):812–820. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Chang G. Q., Hao Y., Wong F. Apoptosis: final common pathway of photoreceptor death in rd, rds, and rhodopsin mutant mice. Neuron. 1993 Oct;11(4):595–605. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(93)90072-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Colotta F., Polentarutti N., Sironi M., Mantovani A. Expression and involvement of c-fos and c-jun protooncogenes in programmed cell death induced by growth factor deprivation in lymphoid cell lines. J Biol Chem. 1992 Sep 15;267(26):18278–18283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Davidson B. L., Allen E. D., Kozarsky K. F., Wilson J. M., Roessler B. J. A model system for in vivo gene transfer into the central nervous system using an adenoviral vector. Nat Genet. 1993 Mar;3(3):219–223. doi: 10.1038/ng0393-219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Dinarello C. A. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism. Blood. 1991 Apr 15;77(8):1627–1652. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ellis H. M., Horvitz H. R. Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode C. elegans. Cell. 1986 Mar 28;44(6):817–829. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90004-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Ellis R. E., Yuan J. Y., Horvitz H. R. Mechanisms and functions of cell death. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1991;7:663–698. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.07.110191.003311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Evan G. I., Wyllie A. H., Gilbert C. S., Littlewood T. D., Land H., Brooks M., Waters C. M., Penn L. Z., Hancock D. C. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell. 1992 Apr 3;69(1):119–128. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90123-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Faktorovich E. G., Steinberg R. H., Yasumura D., Matthes M. T., LaVail M. M. Photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy delayed by basic fibroblast growth factor. Nature. 1990 Sep 6;347(6288):83–86. doi: 10.1038/347083a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Finlay B. L. Cell death and the creation of regional differences in neuronal numbers. J Neurobiol. 1992 Nov;23(9):1159–1171. doi: 10.1002/neu.480230908. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Finlay B. L., Wikler K. C., Sengelaub D. R. Regressive events in brain development and scenarios for vertebrate brain evolution. Brain Behav Evol. 1987;30(1-2):102–117. doi: 10.1159/000118640. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Foord O., Navot N., Rotter V. Isolation and characterization of DNA sequences that are specifically bound by wild-type p53 protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Mar;13(3):1378–1384. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.3.1378. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. French L. E., Chonn A., Ducrest D., Baumann B., Belin D., Wohlwend A., Kiss J. Z., Sappino A. P., Tschopp J., Schifferli J. A. Murine clusterin: molecular cloning and mRNA localization of a gene associated with epithelial differentiation processes during embryogenesis. J Cell Biol. 1993 Sep;122(5):1119–1130. doi: 10.1083/jcb.122.5.1119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Frisch S. M., Francis H. Disruption of epithelial cell-matrix interactions induces apoptosis. J Cell Biol. 1994 Feb;124(4):619–626. doi: 10.1083/jcb.124.4.619. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gavrieli Y., Sherman Y., Ben-Sasson S. A. Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Cell Biol. 1992 Nov;119(3):493–501. doi: 10.1083/jcb.119.3.493. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gerschenson L. E., Rotello R. J. Apoptosis: a different type of cell death. FASEB J. 1992 Apr;6(7):2450–2455. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.6.7.1563596. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Glücksmann A. Cell death in normal development. Arch Biol (Liege) 1965;76(2):419–437. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hengartner M. O., Ellis R. E., Horvitz H. R. Caenorhabditis elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death. Nature. 1992 Apr 9;356(6369):494–499. doi: 10.1038/356494a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hengartner M. O., Horvitz H. R. C. elegans cell survival gene ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of the mammalian proto-oncogene bcl-2. Cell. 1994 Feb 25;76(4):665–676. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90506-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Huang P. C., Gaitan A. E., Hao Y., Petters R. M., Wong F. Cellular interactions implicated in the mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration in transgenic mice expressing a mutant rhodopsin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Sep 15;90(18):8484–8488. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.18.8484. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Jacobson M. D., Burne J. F., King M. P., Miyashita T., Reed J. C., Raff M. C. Bcl-2 blocks apoptosis in cells lacking mitochondrial DNA. Nature. 1993 Jan 28;361(6410):365–369. doi: 10.1038/361365a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Jomary C., Neal M. J., Jones S. E. Comparison of clusterin gene expression in normal and dystrophic human retinas. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1993 Nov;20(3):279–284. doi: 10.1016/0169-328x(93)90053-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Kozopas K. M., Yang T., Buchan H. L., Zhou P., Craig R. W. MCL1, a gene expressed in programmed myeloid cell differentiation, has sequence similarity to BCL2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 15;90(8):3516–3520. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.8.3516. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Krajewski S., Tanaka S., Takayama S., Schibler M. J., Fenton W., Reed J. C. Investigation of the subcellular distribution of the bcl-2 oncoprotein: residence in the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, and outer mitochondrial membranes. Cancer Res. 1993 Oct 1;53(19):4701–4714. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. LaVail M. M., Unoki K., Yasumura D., Matthes M. T., Yancopoulos G. D., Steinberg R. H. Multiple growth factors, cytokines, and neurotrophins rescue photoreceptors from the damaging effects of constant light. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Dec 1;89(23):11249–11253. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.23.11249. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Lem J., Flannery J. G., Li T., Applebury M. L., Farber D. B., Simon M. I. Retinal degeneration is rescued in transgenic rd mice by expression of the cGMP phosphodiesterase beta subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 May 15;89(10):4422–4426. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.10.4422. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Li L. X., Turner J. E. Inherited retinal dystrophy in the RCS rat: prevention of photoreceptor degeneration by pigment epithelial cell transplantation. Exp Eye Res. 1988 Dec;47(6):911–917. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(88)90073-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Lin E. Y., Orlofsky A., Berger M. S., Prystowsky M. B. Characterization of A1, a novel hemopoietic-specific early-response gene with sequence similarity to bcl-2. J Immunol. 1993 Aug 15;151(4):1979–1988. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Lolley R. N., Rong H., Craft C. M. Linkage of photoreceptor degeneration by apoptosis with inherited defect in phototransduction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 Feb;35(2):358–362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Martin S. J. Apoptosis: suicide, execution or murder? Trends Cell Biol. 1993 May;3(5):141–144. doi: 10.1016/0962-8924(93)90128-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Martin S. J., Green D. R., Cotter T. G. Dicing with death: dissecting the components of the apoptosis machinery. Trends Biochem Sci. 1994 Jan;19(1):26–30. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(94)90170-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. McGeer P. L., Kawamata T., Walker D. G. Distribution of clusterin in Alzheimer brain tissue. Brain Res. 1992 May 8;579(2):337–341. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90071-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. McLaughlin M. E., Sandberg M. A., Berson E. L., Dryja T. P. Recessive mutations in the gene encoding the beta-subunit of rod phosphodiesterase in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Genet. 1993 Jun;4(2):130–134. doi: 10.1038/ng0693-130. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Miura M., Zhu H., Rotello R., Hartwieg E. A., Yuan J. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by IL-1 beta-converting enzyme, a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans cell death gene ced-3. Cell. 1993 Nov 19;75(4):653–660. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90486-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Mullen R. J., LaVail M. M. Inherited retinal dystrophy: primary defect in pigment epithelium determined with experimental rat chimeras. Science. 1976 May 21;192(4241):799–801. doi: 10.1126/science.1265483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Oltvai Z. N., Milliman C. L., Korsmeyer S. J. Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell. 1993 Aug 27;74(4):609–619. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90509-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Peitsch M. C., Polzar B., Stephan H., Crompton T., MacDonald H. R., Mannherz H. G., Tschopp J. Characterization of the endogenous deoxyribonuclease involved in nuclear DNA degradation during apoptosis (programmed cell death). EMBO J. 1993 Jan;12(1):371–377. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05666.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Pepose J. S., Leib D. A. Herpes simplex viral vectors for therapeutic gene delivery to ocular tissues. Recent breakthroughs in the molecular genetics of ocular diseases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 May;35(6):2662–2666. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Pittler S. J., Baehr W. Identification of a nonsense mutation in the rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase beta-subunit gene of the rd mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Oct 1;88(19):8322–8326. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.19.8322. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Portera-Cailliau C., Sung C. H., Nathans J., Adler R. Apoptotic photoreceptor cell death in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Feb 1;91(3):974–978. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.3.974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Ray C. A., Black R. A., Kronheim S. R., Greenstreet T. A., Sleath P. R., Salvesen G. S., Pickup D. J. Viral inhibition of inflammation: cowpox virus encodes an inhibitor of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Cell. 1992 May 15;69(4):597–604. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90223-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Reed J. C. Bcl-2 and the regulation of programmed cell death. J Cell Biol. 1994 Jan;124(1-2):1–6. doi: 10.1083/jcb.124.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Schwartzman R. A., Cidlowski J. A. Apoptosis: the biochemistry and molecular biology of programmed cell death. Endocr Rev. 1993 Apr;14(2):133–151. doi: 10.1210/edrv-14-2-133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Shahinfar S., Edward D. P., Tso M. O. A pathologic study of photoreceptor cell death in retinal photic injury. Curr Eye Res. 1991 Jan;10(1):47–59. doi: 10.3109/02713689109007610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Shaw P., Bovey R., Tardy S., Sahli R., Sordat B., Costa J. Induction of apoptosis by wild-type p53 in a human colon tumor-derived cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 May 15;89(10):4495–4499. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.10.4495. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Suber M. L., Pittler S. J., Qin N., Wright G. C., Holcombe V., Lee R. H., Craft C. M., Lolley R. N., Baehr W., Hurwitz R. L. Irish setter dogs affected with rod/cone dysplasia contain a nonsense mutation in the rod cGMP phosphodiesterase beta-subunit gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 May 1;90(9):3968–3972. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.9.3968. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Travis G. H., Brennan M. B., Danielson P. E., Kozak C. A., Sutcliffe J. G. Identification of a photoreceptor-specific mRNA encoded by the gene responsible for retinal degeneration slow (rds). Nature. 1989 Mar 2;338(6210):70–73. doi: 10.1038/338070a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Travis G. H., Groshan K. R., Lloyd M., Bok D. Complete rescue of photoreceptor dysplasia and degeneration in transgenic retinal degeneration slow (rds) mice. Neuron. 1992 Jul;9(1):113–119. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90226-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Tso M. O., Zhang C., Abler A. S., Chang C. J., Wong F., Chang G. Q., Lam T. T. Apoptosis leads to photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy of RCS rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 May;35(6):2693–2699. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Tsujimoto Y., Cossman J., Jaffe E., Croce C. M. Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. Science. 1985 Jun 21;228(4706):1440–1443. doi: 10.1126/science.3874430. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Vaux D. L., Haecker G., Strasser A. An evolutionary perspective on apoptosis. Cell. 1994 Mar 11;76(5):777–779. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90350-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Wells J., Wroblewski J., Keen J., Inglehearn C., Jubb C., Eckstein A., Jay M., Arden G., Bhattacharya S., Fitzke F. Mutations in the human retinal degeneration slow (RDS) gene can cause either retinitis pigmentosa or macular dystrophy. Nat Genet. 1993 Mar;3(3):213–218. doi: 10.1038/ng0393-213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Young R. W. Cell death during differentiation of the retina in the mouse. J Comp Neurol. 1984 Nov 1;229(3):362–373. doi: 10.1002/cne.902290307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Yuan J., Horvitz H. R. The Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-4 encodes a novel protein and is expressed during the period of extensive programmed cell death. Development. 1992 Oct;116(2):309–320. doi: 10.1242/dev.116.2.309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Yuan J., Shaham S., Ledoux S., Ellis H. M., Horvitz H. R. The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. Cell. 1993 Nov 19;75(4):641–652. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90485-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. al-Maghtheh M., Gregory C., Inglehearn C., Hardcastle A., Bhattacharya S. Rhodopsin mutations in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Hum Mutat. 1993;2(4):249–255. doi: 10.1002/humu.1380020403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. al-Maghtheh M., Kim R. Y., Hardcastle A., Inglehearn C., Bhattacharya S. S. A 150 bp insertion in the rhodopsin gene of an autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa family. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jan;3(1):205–206. doi: 10.1093/hmg/3.1.205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The British Journal of Ophthalmology are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES