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International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease logoLink to International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
. 2016 Sep 30;11:2419–2426. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S110364

Evaluation of body composition in COPD patients using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis

Francesca de Blasio 1,✉, Francesco de Blasio 2,3, Giulia Miracco Berlingieri 2, Andrea Bianco 3,4, Marta La Greca 1, Frits M E Franssen 5, Luca Scalfi 1
PMCID: PMC5053371  PMID: 27757027

Abstract

Background

Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) is a technique that measures body impedance (Z) at different frequencies (5, 10, 50, 100, and 250 kHz). Body composition may be estimated using empirical equations, which include BIA variables or, alternatively, raw BIA data may provide direct information on water distribution and muscle quality.

Objectives

To compare raw MF-BIA data between COPD patients and controls and to study their relationship with respiratory and functional parameters in COPD patients.

Methods

MF-BIA was performed (Human Im-Touch analyzer) in 212 COPD patients and 115 age- and BMI-matched controls. Fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass were estimated from BIA data, and low- to high-frequency (5 kHz/250 kHz) impedance ratio was calculated. Physical fitness, lung function and respiratory muscle strength were also assessed in COPD patients.

Results

After adjusting for age, weight, and body mass index, FFM and the 5/250 impedance ratio were lower in COPD patients (P<0.001) and were negatively affected by disease severity. In both male and female patients, the 5/250 impedance ratio was significantly correlated mainly with age (r=−0.316 and r=−0.346, respectively). Patients with a 5/250 impedance ratio below median value had lower handgrip strength (P<0.001), 6-minute walk distance (P<0.005), respiratory muscle strength (P<0.005), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (P<0.05) and vital capacity (P<0.005). Finally, the 5/250 impedance ratio was reduced (P<0.05) in patients with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) III and IV (compared to those with GOLD I and II) or a BODE index between 6 and 10 points (compared to those with BODE index between 1 and 5 points).

Conclusion

MF-BIA may be a useful tool for assessing body composition and nutritional status in COPD patients. In particular, the impedance ratio could give valuable information on cellular integrity and muscle quality.

Keywords: muscle quality, impedance ratio, muscle strength

Introduction

Nutrition and the evaluation of body composition play an increasingly central role in the diagnosis, assessment and management of COPD. Besides smoking cessation, pharmacological therapies and management of comorbidities, nutritional assessment has been recently confirmed to be one of the most important topics in COPD.1

COPD is frequently associated with one or more comorbidities (ie, hypertension, atherosclerosis, chronic heart failure, lung cancer, osteoporosis and depression) which contribute to the overall severity in individual patients.2–4 In addition to systemic effects, weight loss and muscle weakness are common and associated with alterations in body composition.5–7

Low body mass index (BMI <21 kg/m2) is associated with increased mortality and reduced health status, quality of life and exercise capacity, independently of airflow limitation.8–11 In addition to BMI, which is insufficient to discriminate between the different body compartments, low fat-free mass (FFM) has been described in COPD12–14 and may be an even better predictor of clinical outcomes in these patients.10,11 Furthermore, recent interest has been focused on the impact of adipose tissue on chronic diseases including COPD through biologically active substances, adipokines, which regulate energy metabolism.15,16

Several techniques are available to assess body composition in COPD, including anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and more advanced imaging technologies like computed tomography, high-resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.17 The choice of method depends not only on the type of study and the number of compartments to be studied, but also on its applicability in clinical practice.18

BIA is the bedside method that has been most widely investigated in clinical research, due to its affordability, portability and ease of use.19 Actually, BIA does not directly measure body composition; estimates of body composition are derived from raw BIA data, such as impedance (Z), resistance, reactance and phase angle, using predictive equations.20 Alternatively, information about water distribution (between intracellular and extracellular compartments) and cell integrity may be obtained from raw BIA data, such as low- to high-frequency impedance ratio and phase angle.21–24

BIA can be applied for estimating body composition using data generated by single-frequency BIA (SF-BIA), multifrequency BIA (MF-BIA) or bioimpedance spectroscopy devices.20,25 In particular, MF-BIA devices measure Z at several frequencies, usually in the range between 1 and 300 kHz.20 At low frequency, the current does not pass through the cell membrane and is conducted only through extracellular water (ECW), whereas at high frequency, current penetrates cell membranes and is thus used to estimate total body water (TBW).26 As a consequence, low- to high-frequency impedance ratio (ie, Z at 5 kHz/Z at 250 kHz) is a derived MF-BIA variable which provides information on water distribution between intra- and extracellular compartments and therefore on body cell mass and muscle quality.21,24,27

In patients with COPD, BIA has usually been used to estimate FFM and body composition through predictive equations. Very few studies had focused on raw BIA data,28–30 and no comparison with healthy subjects has been carried out yet. In particular, no data on low- to high-frequency impedance ratio are available.

The general aim of this study was to evaluate whether MF-BIA is a useful tool for the assessment of nutritional status in COPD patients. More specifically, this study compared MF-BIA between COPD patients and matched controls and investigated the association of MF-BIA with sex, age, weight, BMI and FFM in COPD patients. Also, the relationships of MF-BIA with established markers of physical fitness, lung function and respiratory muscle strength in COPD patients were studied.

Patients and methods

Subjects

Two hundred and sixty patients with COPD, consecutively admitted to the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Section of Clinic Center SPA (Naples, Italy) from March 2013 to November 2015, were assessed for eligibility. Inclusion criteria were age >50 years, BMI between 20 and 35 kg/m2 and a baseline post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio <70. Exclusion criteria were related to diagnosis of known respiratory disorders other than COPD, known history of significant inflammatory disease other than COPD and a COPD exacerbation within 4 weeks of enrollment. Furthermore, a group of age- and BMI-matched controls from a larger database was included. The Ethics Committee of the “Federico II” University of Naples approved the research protocol and all the patients gave verbal informed consent to participate in the study.

Study protocol

Starting at 9.30 AM, COPD patients and control subjects underwent body composition assessment. The same nutritionist always collected all the data. For COPD patients, respiratory and other clinical parameter measurements as well as physical fitness tests followed under the supervision of a chest physician.

Body composition

Body weight and body height were measured to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.5 cm, respectively, using a mechanical column scale (SECA 711+220; Seca GmbH & Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany), and BMI was calculated as body weight/height2. Body composition was assessed by performing MF-BIA in standardized conditions (ie, ambient temperature between 23°C and 25°C, fast of >3 hours, empty bladder, clean skin surface), using a Human Im-Touch analyzer (© DS Medica S.r.l., Milan, Italy). In addition, participants were asked to remain in the supine position for at least 10 minutes before starting the measurement, with legs and arms slightly abducted at 30° so there was no contact between the extremities and trunk.

A standard tetrapolar technique was used, with the measuring electrodes placed on the anterior surface of the wrist and ankle, and the injecting electrodes placed on the dorsal surface of the hand and the foot, respectively. Z was determined at five frequencies (5, 10, 50, 100 and 250 kHz) with an imperceptible electrical current of 800 mA. In addition, bioelectrical impedance index (BI index) and low- to high-frequency impedance ratio were obtained as follows. BI index was calculated as squared height divided by impedance at 50 kHz, representing an established parameter of TBW.31 As suggested by previous papers,20,25 the ratio between Z at 5 kHz to Z at 250 kHz (5/250 impedance ratio) was used as an indicator of fluid distribution between intra-/extracellular compartments and muscle quality.25 In fact, Z at 5 kHz and Z at 250 kHz are thought to be inversely related to ECW and TBW, respectively. By considering TBW as the sum of ECW + intracellular water (ICW), for the same ECW, an increase in TBW may be interpreted as an increase in ICW. Finally, FFM and FFM index (fat-free mass index [FFMI] kg/m2 = FFM/height2) were estimated from Z at 50 kHz, first using the same BIA equation for both patients and control groups, and then a disease-specific equation for COPD patients only.33 Fat mass (FM) was calculated as total body weight minus fat mass index (FFM) and FMI (kg/m2) as FM/height2.

Lung function

All COPD patients performed a baseline post-bronchodilator spirometry and body plethysmography (QBOX® COSMED, Rome, Italy) according to American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society standardization.34 FEV1 and FVC were assessed in accordance with the latest Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines.35 Vital capacity (VC) and inspiratory capacity (IC) were assessed too. Plethysmographic lung volumes, such as total lung capacity (TLC), intrathoracic gas volume (ITGV) and residual volume (RV), were assessed. IC/TLC ratio36 was calculated by dividing the difference between TLC and ITGV (TLC minus ITGV) for TLC and was used as a marker for hyperinflation, the abnormal increase in the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of spontaneous expiration.37

Respiratory muscle strength

Maximum inspiratory pressures (MIPs) and maximum expiratory pressures (MEPs) were measured according to the method described by Black and Hyatt.38 Measurements were obtained in the sitting position with MicroRPM® (CareFusion, Hoechberg, Germany).

Physical fitness

As measures of physical fitness, handgrip strength (HGS) and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) were performed.

HGS, a surrogate measurement of overall muscle strength,39 was measured at baseline with a digital dynamometer (Dynex; MD Systems Inc., Westerville, OH, USA). Three measurements were taken for the dominant side, the maximum values being considered for statistical analysis.40

6MWT was performed according to American Thoracic Society standards,41 during which oximetry was performed at 10-second intervals with a pulse oximeter (Nellcor™ OxiMax N-65; Covidien, Boulder, CO, USA). The 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) was the primary outcome of the 6MWT.

Other measurements

Breathlessness was measured by using the Medical Research Council dyspnea scale.42 A composite prognostic index, the BODE index,43 was used as surrogate of global disease severity.

Statistical analyses

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 and a P<0.05 was considered significant in all analyses. Values were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) unless otherwise specified. Comparisons between COPD patients and controls were conducted by analysis of variance (ANOVA). While Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the association between variables, a general linear model (GLM) was applied for adjusting data for age, weight and BMI. Additional analyses were performed in the COPD patients In particular, to evaluate the association of 5/250 impedance ratio with physical fitness and respiratory parameters, male and female patients were also stratified according to the median value of 5/250 impedance ratio.

Results

Participants

After excluding 48 COPD patients who did not satisfy the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 212 patients with stable COPD (144 males and 68 females) and 115 age- and BMI-matched controls (53 males and 62 females) were enrolled in this study. Age and BMI were comparable between COPD patients and controls, while a small difference in terms of weight still existed (Table 1).

Table 1.

General characteristics of 212 COPD patients and 115 controls studied

Characteristics Males (N=197)
Females (N=130)
COPD (N=144) Controls (N=53) P-value COPD (N=68) Controls (N=62) P-value
Age (years) 70.3±7.3 68.5±7.8 ns 69.1±8.2 68.7±7.0 ns
Height (cm) 165.4±7.0 167.5±6.9 ns 152.3±6.4 156.9±7.5 <0.001
Weight (kg) 71.4±12.6 75.3±9.3 <0.05 62.7±10.7 68.0±8.4 <0.005
BMI (kg/m2) 26.0±3.9 26.7±2.4 ns 27.0±4.6 27.6±2.7 ns
FFM (kg) 53.0±7.2 57.6±7.4 <0.001 40.3±3.6 45.3±5.5 <0.001
FFMI (kg/m2) 19.3±1.4 20.5±1.7 <0.001 17.4±1.3 18.3±1.3 <0.001
FM (kg) 18.4±7.2 17.7±5.3 ns 22.4±7.8 22.8±5.4 ns
FMI (kg/m2) 6.7±2.5 6.3±1.9 ns 9.7±3.3 9.3±2.1 ns
5/250 impedance ratio 124.1±4.9 126.8±4.7 <0.001 122.3±4.1 126.0±3.5 <0.001
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Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FFM, fat-free mass; FFMI, fat-free mass index; FM, fat mass; FMI, fat mass index; 5/250 impedance ratio, ratio between Z at 5 kHz and Z at 250 kHz; ns, not significant.

Participants had a mean age of 69.9±7.6 and 68.6±7.4 years and a mean BMI of 26.4±4.1 and 27.2±2.5 kg/m2 (COPD and controls, respectively). Within the COPD group, patients had a mean FEV1% predicted of 45.3% and COPD severity ranged from mild to very severe (GOLD I/II/III/IV: 2.5%/30.8%/37.3%/29.4%).

Body composition in COPD patients compared to controls

In the unadjusted model, both male and female COPD patients had reduced FFM and FFMI compared to controls, while no difference was seen in FM or FMI. After adjusting for age, weight and BMI, FFM remained significantly reduced (and FM became significantly higher) in COPD patients compared to controls (between-group difference 2.33 kg; P<0.001).

With respect to raw MF-BIA data, the 5/250 impedance ratio was found to be significantly lower in COPD patients compared to controls in both males (124.1±4.9 vs 126.8±4.7; P<0.001) and females (122.3±4.1 vs 126.0±3.5; P<0.001), even after adjusting for age, weight and BMI (P<0.001).

Impedance ratio in COPD patients

Determinants of 5/250 impedance ratio in COPD

The 5/250 impedance ratio was higher in male patients compared to female patients (P<0.001). The ratio was inversely related to age in both males (r=−0.316; P<0.001) and females (r=−0.346; P<0.005). A significant correlation with weight (r=0.261; P<0.001), BMI (r=0.264; P<0.001), FFM (r=0.287; P<0.001) and FFMI (r=0.286; P<0.001) was observed only in males.

Body composition and clinical characteristics in patients with a low 5/250 impedance ratio

In Table 2, COPD patients are stratified according to the median value of the 5/250 impedance ratio. In males, but not in females, lower values of 5/250 impedance ratio were associated with lower BMI (P<0.01), FFMI (P<0.02) and FMI (P<0.05). In addition, a significant reduction in HGS (and 6MWD) was seen in both male (P<0.001) and female patients (P<0.001). The same was true for 6MWD (Table 2). All these differences persisted after adjusting for age, weight and BMI. HGS (and 6MWD) was more strongly related to the 5/250 impedance ratio than to FFM or FFMI, in both male (r=0.514 vs r=0.399 and vs r=0.251, respectively) and female patients (r=0.660 vs r=0.204 and vs r=−0.204, respectively).

Table 2.

General characteristics and body composition of COPD patients stratified according to the median value of the 5/250 impedance ratio

Characteristics Z 5/250 impedance ratio
Males
Females
Below median value (n=72) Above median value (n=72) P-value* Below median value (n=34) Above median value (n=34) P-value*
Age (years) 71.7±7.6 69.0±6.8 <0.05 71.3±8.2 67.1±7.6 <0.05
Weight (kg) 68.7±14.6 74.0±13.3 <0.05 61.7±17.4 64.5±10.1 ns
BMI (kg/m2) 25.2±3.8 26.9±3.9 <0.005 26.4±4.0 27.6±4.7 ns
FFMI (kg/m2) 19.0±2.0 19.7±1.9 <0.05 17.4±2.4 17.5±1.4 ns
FMI (kg/m2) 6.3±2.5 7.1±2.2 <0.05 10.2±6.9 10.1±3.4 ns
HGS (kg) 25.7±5.7 33.0±7.0 <0.001 16.1±3.3 22.0±4.9 <0.001
6MWD (min) 0; 348 300; 434 <0.005 0; 60 240; 349 <0.05
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Notes: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for all variables, except for 6MWD (as interquartile range). Median value for 5/250 impedance ratio: 124.4 for males; 122.7 for females.

*

P<0.05.

Abbreviations: 5/250 impedance ratio, ratio between Z at 5 kHz and Z at 250 kHz; BMI, body mass index; FFMI, fat-free mass index; FMI, fat mass index; HGS, handgrip strength – dominant side; 6MWD, 6-minute walk distance; ns, not significant.

Table 3 shows respiratory parameters of COPD patients stratified according to the median value of the 5/250 impedance ratio. Patients with lower values had significantly lower FEV1 (P=0.049) and VC (P=0.005), while no difference was found in any of the static lung hyperinflation markers considered (RV, ITGV, IC/TLC).

Table 3.

Respiratory parameters of 212 COPD patients stratified according to the median value of 5/250 impedance ratio (124.4 for males; 122.7 for females)

Characteristics 5/250 impedance ratio
Below median value (n=106) Above median value (n=106) P-value*
FEV1 (% predicted) 42.5±18.3 47.7±19.3 <0.05
VC (% predicted) 66.0±17.8 73.3±19.0 <0.005
RV (% predicted) 243.1±66.7 258.9±68.6 ns
ITGV (% predicted) 183.3±49.1 195.1±48.9 ns
IC/TLC 0.3±0.8 0.2±0.3 ns
MIP (cm·H2O) 49.9±17.7 61.7±20.8 <0.001
MEP (cm·H2O) 72.2±24.2 84.5±27.3 <0.001
MRC dyspnea scale 3.8±0.4 3.6±0.5 <0.05
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Notes: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

*

P<0.05.

Abbreviations: 5/250 impedance ratio, ratio between Z at 5 kHz and Z at 250 kHz; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; VC, vital capacity; RV, residual volume; ITGV, intrathoracic gas volume; IC, inspiratory capacity; TLC, total lung capacity; MIP, maximum inspiratory pressure; MEP, maximum expiratory pressure; MRC, Medical Research Council; ns, not significant.

Regarding respiratory muscle strength, both MIP (P<0.001) and MEP (P=0.001) were significantly reduced in patients with lower 5/250 impedance ratio. Actually, MIP and MEP were more strongly related to 5/250 ratio (r=0.471 and r=0.411, respectively) (Figure 1A and B) than to FFM (r=0.352 and r=0.346, respectively) or FFMI (r=0.344 and r=0.306, respectively).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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(A) Relationship between 5/250 impedance ratio and MIP in 212 COPD patients (males in black, females in white) (r=0.471, P<0.001); (B) relationship between 5/250 impedance ratio and MEP in 212 COPD patients (males in black, females in white) (r=0.411, P<0.001).

Abbreviations: MIP, maximum inspiratory pressure; MEP, maximum expiratory pressure.

Finally, after adjusting for age, weight and BMI, the 5/250 impedance ratio was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in patients with GOLD III and IV, compared to those with GOLD I and II. Likewise, lower 5/250 impedance ratio (P<0.001) was reported in male as well as female patients with a BODE index between 6 and 10 points compared to those with an index between 1 and 5 points, even after adjusting for age, weight and BMI (P<0.001).

Discussion

The present study indicates that MF-BIA is a valid tool for identifying COPD with poor nutritional status. In particular, the 5/250 impedance ratio was decreased in COPD patients and relates to function and disease severity.

Alteration in nutritional status, which is a systemic effect of COPD, may be assessed using different methods. In particular, BIA is a widely used bedside method to obtain estimates of body composition (TBW and FFM) using predictive equations.44,45 In the present study, for consistency, we used the same formula32 to estimate FFM and FM in both COPD patients and controls. In accordance with previous papers,12–14 our study shows that FFM is significantly lower in COPD patients compared to controls. More interestingly, this difference persisted after adjusting for age, weight and BMI. In other words, COPD patients exhibited a lower ratio between lean tissues and adipose tissue, which is a typical feature of sarcopenia.46 Similar findings were obtained when a disease-specific equation for COPD patients was employed.33

Another issue of increasing interest is how to evaluate body composition in the clinical setting using raw BIA variables. In this regard, very few data are so far available for COPD patients; in particular, phase angle, as an index of cell quantity and/or cellular health, was recently shown to be independently associated with measures of physical fitness and disease severity.28,29 On the other hand, to the best of our knowledge, there are no data on MF-BIA in COPD patients. MF-BIA measures Z at several frequencies: at low frequency, current is conducted only through ECW, whereas at high frequency, it can penetrate cell membranes, being associated with TBW.26 Consequently, low- to high-frequency impedance ratios are raw MF-BIA-derived variables that may provide direct information on both water distribution between intra-and extracellular compartments and muscle quality.21,24,27

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that compared the impedance ratio between COPD and controls. Our results show that the 5/250 impedance ratio is reduced in COPD patients compared to age- and BMI-matched controls (independently of age, weight and BMI) suggesting the presence of a disease-related cellular deterioration.

As far as between-patients variability was considered, age emerged as the most powerful predictor of the 5/250 impedance ratio in both sexes, while after adjusting for age, no relationship persisted with weight, BMI or FFM (data not shown). These results were in line with previous papers showing that phase angle significantly declined with age in COPD patients.29

From a clinical point of view, evaluating the relationship between body composition and body functions is a major issue in the diagnosis, assessment and management of chronic diseases. When COPD patients were stratified according to the median value of the 5/250 impedance ratio, those with a lower 5/250 impedance ratio exhibited poorer physical fitness, as estimated by HGS and 6MWD. Even more interestingly, in both sexes, HGS, 6MWD and respiratory muscle strength (MIP and MEP) were more strongly related to the 5/250 impedance ratio than to FFM or FFMI. Furthermore, reduced lung function (ie, FEV1 and VC) was also seen in patients with a 5/250 impedance ratio below median value.

Finally, the reduction of the 5/250 impedance ratio was more pronounced in GOLD stages III/IV compared to I/II, even when age and BMI were taken into account as covariates. Likewise, a reduction of the 5/250 impedance ratio was observed in the patients with a higher BODE index (6–10 vs 1–5 BODE score). Thus, differences in the impedance ratio were related to disease severity.

Strength and limitations of the study

Taking into account that the experimental protocol was carried out in a single center and had cross-sectional study design, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates impedance ratio. In addition, a quite large sample of COPD patients with different disease severity and function impairment was studied. The main limitation is related to the fact that FFM was not concurrently measured with a reference technique, such as DXA. However, DXA does not provide information on water distribution between intra- and extracellular compartments or muscle quality.

Overall, the results of the present study indicate that FFM and the impedance ratio were decreased in COPD patients, even after adjusting for age, weight and BMI. The impedance ratio is affected by clinical conditions, being related to physical fitness and lung function. Thus, MF-BIA may be a useful tool for assessing body composition and nutritional status in COPD patients, especially with respect to cellular integrity and muscle quality.

Conclusion

Nutritional status is an important determinant of outcome of COPD. The measurement of raw MF-BIA data could be useful as a bedside approach, independently of body composition estimates, by allowing clinicians to identify malnourished patients, even if they are not underweight. Further multi-center studies are needed to better define the role of MF-BIA in assessing changes in nutritional status with time, due to clinical status, rehabilitation and nutritional treatment.

Footnotes

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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