Abstract
Background
Social media can be used in health care settings to enhance professional networking and education; patient communication, care, and education; public health programs; organizational promotion; and research.
Objective
The aim of this study was to explore the use of social media networks for the purpose of professional development among health care professionals in Saudi Arabia using a purpose-designed Web-based survey.
Methods
A cross-sectional web-based survey was undertaken. A link to the survey was posted on the investigator’s personal social media accounts including Twitter, LinkedIn, and WhatsApp.
Results
A total of 231 health care professionals, who are generally social media users, participated in the study. Of these professionals, 70.6% (163/231) use social media for their professional development. The social media applications most frequently used, in the descending order, for professional development were Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat, and LinkedIn. The majority of respondents used social media for professional development irrespective of their age group, with the highest proportion seen in those aged 20-30 years. Social media were perceived as being most beneficial for professional development in terms of their impact on the domains of knowledge and problem solving and least helpful for enhancing clinical skills. Twitter was perceived as the most helpful type of social media for all domains listed. Respondents most frequently reported that social media were useful for professional development for the reasons of knowledge exchange and networking.
Conclusions
Social media are frequently used by health care professionals in Saudi Arabia for the purposes of professional development, with Twitter most frequently used for this purpose. These findings suggest that social media networks can be powerful tools for engaging health care professionals in their professional development.
Keywords: social media; education, professional; health education; professional competence
Introduction
Social media are Internet-mediated tools that enable people to create, share, and exchange information, ideas, pictures, and videos in virtual communities and networks. Social media takes on various forms including blogs, business networks, social networks, forums, microblogs, photo and video sharing, products and services reviews, social bookmarking, social gaming, and virtual worlds. There has been a rapid growth in social media networks, with sites including Facebook, Twitter, Blogger, MySpace, YouTube, Flicker, and LinkedIn. The number of social media users worldwide has been estimated at 1.96 billion [1]. In contrast to traditional media, which are based on transmission from one source to many receivers, social media are based on transmission from many sources to many receivers.
From a health care perspective, social media can be used for a variety of reasons including enhancing professional networking and education; patient communication, care, and education; public health programs; organizational promotion; and research [2-4]. There are many benefits associated with the use of social media in health care, including increased accessibility to health information, increased peer support, and public health surveillance [4-7]. However, there are serious concerns about its use, including its governance; the accuracy, quality, and reliability of the information circulated; patient privacy and confidentiality; blurring of the personal–professional boundary; increased risk of liability; and lack of methodological rigor for social media–based research [2-8].
Health care professionals can use social media to undertake web-based professional development, connect with colleagues in their own or other professions, and keep up to date with the latest medical literature [6]. An enhanced connection with professional colleagues has been highlighted as one of the major benefits associated with the use of social media in the health care setting [6].
From an Arabic perspective, there has been an exponential growth of social media into the daily life of people, businesses, and the interaction between governments and their people [9,10]. A recent report estimated that there were more than 135 million individuals using the Internet in 22 Arab countries and more than 71 million active users of social networking technologies, with many in the health care industry in the Arab region using social media to engage with consumers and other influencers [11]. As an example, the United Arab Emirates Ministry of Health is reported as having 16,000 followers on Facebook and 9700 followers on Twitter and uses these to share its e-services, community events, health news, and health tips [11]. Similar initiatives have been commenced in other Arab countries including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar [11]. A study investigating the perceptions of social media users in the Arab world revealed that while social media were perceived as having many positive benefits (eg, the ability to connect with people and bring people closer together), they can also have negative effects on local culture and tradition [10].
In a recent pilot study that investigated the use of social media among health care professionals, predominantly physicians, in Saudi Arabia, Almaiman et al [12] found, in a Web-based survey of Twitter users, that 79% used Twitter to seek online health information, with users reporting that it increased their medical knowledge and improved their clinical practice. Further research investigating the use of all types of social media for professional development by health care professionals in Saudi Arabia would be useful to assess the impact of social media on supporting professional development and its perceived benefits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the use of social media for professional development among health care professionals in Saudi Arabia and assess their perceptions of its benefit and impact.
Methods
Study Design
A cross-sectional Web-based survey was undertaken in July and August 2015. A link to the survey was posted on the investigator’s personal social media accounts including Twitter, LinkedIn, and WhatsApp. This is a pilot study that is considered an “explanatory research” [13] to investigate how health care professionals use the social media network for their professional development and what are the benefits of using social media networks for professional development as perceived by health care professionals.
Participants
The study included a convenience sample from health care professionals in Saudi Arabia who are already using social media networks in general. Health care professionals in this study are defined as all workers holding a qualification of a health discipline working in any health care setting whether clinical (ie, health care provider) or academic (ie, education or research facilities).
Survey
An open web-based survey was purpose-designed by the investigator to explore the use of social media for professional development among health care professionals in Saudi Arabia and assess their perceptions of its benefit and impact.
The survey comprised 3 main sections that are as follows: (1) which social media were used (options included Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Facebook, Snapchat, and LinkedIn); (2) which social media were used, and how frequently, for professional development; and (3) the participant’s perceptions of the benefits and impacts of social media in his or her professional development. For this latter section, questions were asked about the helpfulness (categorized as “not at all helpful,” “somewhat helpful,” “very helpful,” and “extremely helpful”) of social media for professional development in terms of its benefits and impacts on 8 domains. These 8 domains were knowledge, clinical reasoning, critical thinking, clinical skills, problem solving, creativity, decision making, and patient outcome. These domains were designed based on Bloom’s Taxonomy that is a framework for classifying educational goals, objectives, and standards. The framework consists of 2 dimensions: Knowledge and Cognitive processes [14]. This section of the survey was based on the cognitive processes dimension of Bloom’s framework that consists of the following 6 categories of cognitive skills: remember, create, apply, analyze, and evaluate [14]. The survey questions explored which of these cognitive skills in relation to professional skills was improved by social media (Multimedia Appendix 1). Bloom’s framework has been used previously in studies investigating the use of social media among health specialists [15]. An additional question with set responses asked respondents to indicate their reasons for using social media for professional development. Demographic data were also collected from participants including gender, age, level of qualification, type of work (categorized as “academic only,” “clinical only,” “academic and clinical,” or “other”), country of residence, and country of origin. The first draft of this survey was reviewed by 3 health professionals similar to the target group to ensure clarity of the questions and rating scale. No major changes were suggested. A cover letter was attached to the survey explaining its purpose, the investigator’s information, the anonymity of participants, and the confidentiality of the information. No personal identification was requested or stored. The survey was distributed via URL link through Google forms.
Statistical Analysis
Analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). As well as basic descriptive data for all outcomes, results were compared between participants according to their demographic data. For the purpose of these analyses, data concerning the frequency of use were dichotomized into “yes” (“most of the time” and “all the time”) or “no” (“never” and “rarely”). Similarly, categorical data regarding the perceptions of the helpfulness of social media for professional development were dichotomized into “yes” (“somewhat helpful,” “very helpful,” or “extremely helpful”) or “no” (“not at all helpful”). Summary statistics are reported as frequency and percentages.
Results
Participants
The survey was sent to a total of 2500 people, which is the total number of followers of the author’s social media accounts, and 231 people responded to the survey. Among the 231 respondents, most were aged 20-40 years and the majority were female (Table 1). Level of education was evenly divided between those with, at highest, a Bachelor’s degree and those with a postgraduate degree. Most participants were involved in clinical work only or a combination of clinical and academic work. Saudi Arabia was the country of origin and residence for the majority of respondents.
Table 1.
Demographic data for the 231 respondents.
| Characteristics | Number (%) | |
| Age (years) | ||
|
|
20-30 | 111 (48.1) |
| 31-40 | 67 (29.0) | |
| 41-50 | 45 (19.5) | |
| > 50 | 8 (3.5) | |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 149 (64.5) | |
| Male | 82 (35.5) | |
| Highest level of qualification | ||
| Bachelor’s degree or below | 113 (49.0) | |
| Master’s degree or higher | 118 (51.0) | |
| Type of work | ||
| Academic only | 51 (22.2) | |
| Clinical only | 109 (47.4) | |
| Academic and clinical | 52 (22.6) | |
| Other | 19 (8.2) | |
| Country of residence | ||
| Saudi Arabia | 203 (87.9) | |
| United Arab Emirates | 10 (4.3) | |
| Other | 14 (6.1) | |
| Not specified | 4 (1.7) | |
| Country of origin | ||
| Saudi Arabia | 204 (88.3) | |
| United Arab Emirates | 9 (3.9) | |
| Other | 11 (4.8) | |
| Not specified | 7 (3.0) | |
Use of Social Media
All the 231 respondents reported that they used social media, with 163 (70.6%) reporting they used social media for professional development. The most frequently used social media platforms were similar for general usage and for professional development (Figure 1). For professional development, respondents indicated that Twitter was most frequently used (n=137; 84.1%), followed by YouTube (n=119; 73.0%), Instagram (n=116; 71.2%), Facebook (n=99; 61%), Snapchat (n=96; 60%), and LinkedIn (n=79; 49%) (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Frequency of the types of social media used generally (n=231) and for professional development (n=163).
Among all the age groups, more than 60% reported using social media for professional development, reaching a high of 75.7% for those aged 20-30 years (Table 2). Male respondents reported using social media for professional development significantly more than females (79.3% vs 65.8%; P=.03). No significant association of social media usage for professional development was found with educational level or type of work.
Table 2.
Use of social media for professional development according to demographic variables for the 231 respondents.
| Variables | N | Used social media for professional development n (%)a |
P-value | ||
| Yes (n=163) | No (n=68) | ||||
| Age | |||||
| 20-30 years | 111 | 84 (75.7) | 27 (24.3) | .35 | |
| 31-40 years | 67 | 46 (68.7) | 21 (31) |
|
|
| 41-50 years | 45 | 28 (62.2) | 17 (38) |
|
|
| > 50 years | 8 | 5 (62.5) | 3 (38) |
|
|
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 149 | 98 (65.8) | 51 (34.2) | .03b | |
| Male | 82 | 65 (79.3) | 17 (21) |
|
|
| Highest level of education | |||||
| Bachelor’s degree or below | 111 | 79 (70.3) | 34 (29.7) | .83 | |
| Master’s degree or higher | 120 | 84 (70.8) | 34 (29.2) |
|
|
| Type of work | |||||
| Academic only | 51 | 33 (64.7) | 18 (35) | .58 | |
| Clinical only | 109 | 76 (69.7) | 33 (31.2) |
|
|
| Academic and clinical | 52 | 40 (76.9) | 12 (23) |
|
|
| Other | 19 | 14 (68.4) | 5 (21) |
|
|
aPercentages are calculated relative to the total number within each row of data.
bStatistically significant.
The majority of the 163 respondents who used social media for professional development perceived social media networks to be somewhat, very, or extremely helpful in terms of their benefits and impacts across all the 8 domains listed (Table 3). Domains where social media were most frequently rated as somewhat, very, or extremely helpful were knowledge (n=161; 98.8%) followed by problem solving (n=147; 90.2%), with clinical skills least frequently rated as helpful (n=127; 77.9%). When the various types of social media were compared for their helpfulness across the 8 domains, Twitter was perceived as being most helpful across all domains (Table 4). Respondents were also asked to select their reasons for using social media networks for professional development, and as summarized in Table 5, the most frequent reasons for using social media for professional development were for knowledge exchange and networking.
Table 3.
Perceptions about the benefits and impacts of using social media for professional development for the 163 respondents who used social media for this purpose.
| Variables | Degree of helpfulness n (%) |
||||
|
|
Not at all helpful | Somewhat helpful | Very helpful | Extremely helpful | Helpfula |
| Knowledge | 2 (1.2) | 69 (42.3) | 77 (47.2) | 15 (9.2) | 161 (98.8) |
| Clinical reasoning | 23 (14.1) | 83 (50.9) | 47 (28.8) | 10 (6.1) | 140 (85.9) |
| Critical thinking | 22 (13.5) | 74 (45.4) | 53 (32.5) | 14 (8.6) | 141 (86.5) |
| Clinical skills | 36 (22.1) | 71 (43.6) | 48 (29.4) | 8 (4.9) | 127 (77.9) |
| Problem solving | 16 (9.8) | 72 (44.2) | 62 (38.0) | 13 (8.0) | 147 (90.2) |
| Creativity | 18 (11.0) | 54 (33.1) | 70 (42.9) | 21 (12.9) | 145 (89.0) |
| Decision making | 24 (14.7) | 75 (46.0) | 55 (33.7) | 9 (5.5) | 139 (85.3) |
| Patient outcome | 20 (12.2) | 72 (44.2) | 56 (34.4) | 15 (9.2) | 143 (87.7) |
aRepresents the frequency of merged responses (ie, “somewhat helpful,” “very helpful,” plus “extremely helpful”).
Table 4.
The frequency with which the social media networks were perceived as helpful to improve professional development domains.
| Variables | Na | YouTube | Snap chat | ||||
|
|
|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| Knowledge | 161 | 136 (84.5) | 118 (73.3) | 115 (71.4) | 81 (50.3) | 75 (46.6) | 39 (24.2) |
| Clinical reasoning | 140 | 123 (87.9) | 105 (75.0) | 107 (76.4) | 73 (52.1) | 64 (45.7) | 22 (15.7) |
| Critical thinking | 141 | 124 (87.9) | 105 (74.5) | 105 (74.5) | 72 (51.1) | 64 (45.4) | 27 (19.1) |
| Clinical skills | 127 | 111 (87.4) | 95 (74.8) | 105 (82.7) | 69 (54,3) | 54 (42.5) | 28 (22.0) |
| Problem solving | 147 | 127 (86.4) | 109 (74.1) | 108 (73.5) | 77 (52.4) | 69 (46.9) | 28 (19.1) |
| Creativity | 145 | 125 (86.2) | 107 (73.8) | 107 (73.8) | 75 (51.7) | 69 (47.6) | 40 (27.6) |
| Decision making | 139 | 120 (86.3) | 101 (72.7) | 102 (73.4) | 74 (53.2) | 67 (48.2) | 30 (21.6) |
| Patient outcome | 143 | 122 (85.3) | 106 (74.1) | 107 (74.8) | 77 (53.8) | 65 (45.5) | 31 (21.7) |
aRepresents the frequency of merged responses (ie, “somewhat helpful,” “very helpful,” plus “extremely helpful”).
Table 5.
Reasons given by the 163 respondentsa for using social media networks professionally.
| Reason | N (%) |
| Knowledge exchange | 114 (69.9) |
| Networking | 86 (52.8) |
| Professional development | 81 (49.7) |
| Health promotion | 70 (42.9) |
| New updates | 66 (40.5) |
| Self-promotion | 59 (36.2) |
| Employment or research opportunities | 43 (26.4) |
| Other | 2 (1.2) |
| All the above | 43 (26.4) |
aRespondents were able to choose more than one reason.
Discussion
Principal Findings
This exploratory study investigated the use of social media networks by health care professionals in Saudi Arabia for the purpose of professional development. All 231 respondents indicated that they used one or more social media networks, with 163 (70.6%) of those reporting that they used social media for their professional development. The social media platforms most often used for professional development were Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat, and LinkedIn. Social media were perceived as being most beneficial for professional development in terms of their impact on the domains of knowledge and problem solving and least helpful for enhancing clinical skills. Respondents most frequently reported that social media were useful for professional development for the reasons of knowledge exchange and networking.
Comparison With Previous Work
In our sample of health care professionals in Saudi Arabia, we found that Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and Facebook were the most frequently used social media platforms for general usage, with Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram most often used for professional development. These findings are similar to data compiled by Reyaee and Ahmed [16] who reported that Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube dominated the social media market among the general population in Saudi Arabia.
Among our sample, a higher proportion of younger age groups used social media networks for professional development purposes compared with the older age groups, although this did not achieve statistical significance. This trend may reflect that, in general, younger age groups have been reported to use the social media networks more than older age groups [17].
Using social media for professional development was perceived by the participants in this study as helpful in a number of domains, including most frequently, improving knowledge, and problem solving. These findings support those of Almaiman et al [12] who found, among physicians in Saudi Arabia using Twitter for professional development, that it was reported as being beneficial for increasing medical knowledge and in improving clinical practice.
Limitations
One of the limitations of this study was that it was a pilot study involving only a relatively small number of health care professionals in Saudi Arabia, thus limiting the generalizability of the results. Another limitation was that as the sample was drawn from health care professionals already active online and further utilized a Web-based survey, it is likely that the sample was biased toward those who were more likely to use social media for professional development. Nevertheless, the results provide new data concerning social media usage for professional development among health care professionals in Saudi Arabia who are already engaged in online social media. Further research using offline methods of recruiting participants will be essential to confirm and extend the results of this study.
Conclusions
We found that the majority of health care professionals in Saudi Arabia participating in this study used social media for the purposes of professional development. Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat, and LinkedIn were the media platforms most often used for professional development. In terms of their benefits, social media were perceived as being most helpful for professional development for improving knowledge and problem solving. These findings suggest that social media networks can be powerful tools to engage health care professionals in their professional development.
The survey questions.
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest: None declared.
References
- 1.Statista. [2016-09-08]. Number of social network users worldwide from 2010 to 2020 http://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/
- 2.Grajales FJ, Sheps S, Ho K, Novak-Lauscher H, Eysenbach G. Social media: a review and tutorial of applications in medicine and health care. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16(2):e13. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2912. http://www.jmir.org/2014/2/e13/ v16i2e13 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Gustafson DL, Woodworth CF. Methodological and ethical issues in research using social media: a metamethod of Human Papillomavirus vaccine studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:127. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-14-127. http://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2288-14-127 .1471-2288-14-127 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Ventola CL. Social media and health care professionals: benefits, risks, and best practices. P T. 2014 Jul;39(7):491–520. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/25083128 . [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Barry J, Hardiker N. Advancing nursing practice through social media: a global perspective. Online J Issues Nurs. 2012 Sep;17(3):5. http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-17-2012/No3-Sept-2012/Advancing-Nursing-Through-Social-Media.html .Vol-17-2012/No3-Sept-2012/Articles-Previous-Topics/Elder-Mistreatment-and-Elder-Justice-Act.html [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Barry A, Pearson G. Professional use of social media by pharmacists. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2015;68(1):22–7. doi: 10.4212/cjhp.v68i1.1421. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/25762816 . [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Moorhead SA, Hazlett DE, Harrison L, Carroll JK, Irwin A, Hoving C. A new dimension of health care: systematic review of the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health communication. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(4):e85. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1933. http://www.jmir.org/2013/4/e85/ v15i4e85 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Brown J, Ryan C, Harris A. How doctors view and use social media: a national survey. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16(12):e267. doi: 10.2196/jmir.3589. http://www.jmir.org/2014/12/e267/ v16i12e267 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Al-Badi A. The adoption of social media in government agencies: Gulf Cooperation Council case study. J Technol Research. 2013;5:1–26. [Google Scholar]
- 10.DMC. [2016-09-08]. Arab Social Media Influencers Summit - Arab Social Media Report 2015 http://dmc.ae/img/pdf/white-papers/ArabSocialMediaReport-2015.pdf .
- 11.Arab Health Magazine. 2015. [2016-09-08]. Changing the healthcare landscape - social media success stories http://hcsm.plus91.in/p/4047840063/2015/07/22/changing-the-healthcare-landscape-social-media-success-stories .
- 12.Almaiman S, Bahkali S, Al FA, Bamuhair S, Househ M, Alsurimi K. The Prevalence of Using Social Media among Healthcare Professionals in Saudi Arabia: A Pilot Study. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2015;213:263–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Schutt R. Investigating the Social World. 8th edition. Los Angeles: Sage publications Inc; 2015. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Krathwohl D. A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy: An Overview. Theory Into Practice. 2002;41(4):212–218. [Google Scholar]
- 15.Alber JM, Bernhardt JM, Stellefson M, Weiler RM, Anderson-Lewis C, Miller MD, MacInnes J. Designing and Testing an Inventory for Measuring Social Media Competency of Certified Health Education Specialists. J Med Internet Res. 2015;17(9):e221. doi: 10.2196/jmir.4943. http://www.jmir.org/2015/9/e221/ v17i9e221 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Reyaee S, Ahmed A. Growth Pattern of Social Media Usage in Arab Gulf States: An Analytical Study. Social Networking. 2015;4(2):23–32. doi: 10.4236/sn.2015.42003. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Pew Research Center. 2013. [2016-09-08]. Social Networking Fact Sheet http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheets/social-networking-fact-sheet/
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
The survey questions.