Table 2.
The effect of prenatal maternal stress factors on atopic disorders in children, studies included
| References | Design | Study population (Country) | Prenatal stress factor (Measurement, time of assessment) | Outcome atopic disorder (Measurement, age of child) | Covariates accounted for | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1a | de Marco et al. 32, a | Cross‐sectional retrospective population‐based study |
3854 mother–child pairs (Italy) |
Negative life events (Self‐reported, any time during pregnancy) |
Asthma |
Maternal: Ag, SES, Et, Sm, FA Child: Sx, BF, sharing room with sibling Other: EE, APC |
| 1b | Wheezing | |||||
| 1c | Atopic dermatitis | |||||
| 1d |
Allergic rhinitis (Maternal reported, 3‐14 years (mean 8.5 SD = ±3.2) |
|||||
| 2a | Hartwig et al. 22, b | Prospective cohort study |
994 mother–child pairs (Australia) |
Negative life events (Self‐reported, 2nd and 3rd trimester |
Asthma (doctor diagnosis, 6 and 14 years) |
Maternal: Ag, SES, Sm, FA, postnatal maternal life events Child: Sx, PB, BW number of siblings, multiple birth, BF, second‐hand smoking, Other: EE, APC, parity |
| 2b |
Atopic dermatitis (doctor diagnosis or self‐reported, 6 and 14 years) |
|||||
| 2c |
Allergic Rhinitis (doctor diagnosis, 6 and 14 years) |
|||||
| 2d |
Blood IgE (Blood sample, 6 and 14 years) |
|||||
| 3 | Chiu et al. 18 | Prospective cohort study |
653 mother–child pairs (USA) |
Negative life events (Self‐reported, any time during pregnancy) |
Wheezing (Maternal reported, 0–2 years) |
Maternal: Ag, SES, Et, Sm, FA, pre‐pregnancy BMI Child: Sx, BW, season of birth Other: EE |
| 4 | Peters et al. 26 | Prospective cohort study |
403 mother–child pairs (USA) |
Negative life events (Self‐reported, 2nd to 3rd trimester) |
Cord blood IgE (Blood sample, 0 years) |
Maternal: Ag, SES, Et, Sm Child: Sx, BW, PB, season of birth |
| 5 | Sternthal et al. 29 | Prospective cohort study |
478 mother–child pairs (USA) |
Negative life events (Self‐reported, 2nd trimester) |
Cord blood IgE (Blood sample, 0 years) |
Maternal: Ag, SES, Et, Sm, FA Child: Sx, BW, season of birth |
| 6 | Cookson et al. 19 | Prospective population‐based cohort study |
5810 mother–child pairs (UK) |
Anxiety (Self‐reported, 2nd and 3rd trimester) |
Asthma (Maternal‐reported doctor diagnosis, 7½ years) |
Maternal: Ag, SES, Sm, FA, Child: Sx, PB, BF, number of siblings, multiple birth Other: APC |
| 7a | Guxens et al. 21, a | Prospective population‐based cohort study |
4848 mother–child pairs (Netherlands) |
Depression, Anxiety (Self‐reported, 2nd trimester) |
Asthma (Maternal‐reported doctor diagnosis, 6 years) |
Maternal: Ag, SES, Et, Sm, FA, pre‐pregnancy BMI Child: Sx, BW, PB, BF, day care attendance, eczema, lower respiratory tract infections Other: parity, pet keeping |
| 7b |
Wheezing (Maternal reported, 1, 2, 3, and 4 years) |
|||||
| 8 | Lefevre et al. 33 |
Cross‐sectional retrospective, case‐control |
147 mother–child pairs (France) |
Depression, Anxiety (Self‐reported, any time during pregnancy) |
Wheezing (Maternal reported, mean = 15.4 months (SD ± 6.7 months) |
Maternal: Sm, FA Child: Sx, Ag, place of birth |
| 9 | Fang et al. 20 | Prospective register‐based, nationwide study |
920 147 mother–child pairs (Sweden) |
Bereavement (Register, from one year before pregnancy to child birth) |
Asthma (Register, doctor diagnosed, or use of asthma medication, 1–4 and 7–12 years) |
Maternal: Ag, SES, Sm, perinatal BMI Child: Sx, Ag |
| 10 | Khashan et al. 23 | Prospective register‐based, nationwide cohort study |
3 019 003 mother–child pairs (Sweden) |
Bereavement (Register, from half a year before pregnancy to child birth) |
Asthma (Register, doctor diagnosed, 0‐9 years) |
Maternal: Ag, SES, Sm, FA Child: Sx, place of birth Other: calendar year |
| 11a | Reyes et al. 27, a | Prospective cohort study |
279 mother–child pairs (USA) |
Psychological distress (Self‐reported, 3rd trimester) |
Wheezing (Maternal reported, 0–5 years ‐14 times) |
Maternal: Ag, SES, Et, FA Child: Sx, wheeze reported in flu season, second‐hand smoking |
| 11b |
Blood IgE (Blood sample, 0, 2, 3, and 5 years) |
|||||
| 12 | Sausenthaler et al. 28 | Prospective cohort study |
3004 mother–child pairs (Germany) |
Stress‐related factors (Medical records, any time during pregnancy) |
Atopic dermatitis (Parental‐reported doctor diagnosis, 0–6 years – 6 times) |
Maternal: Ag, SES, Sm, FA |
| 13 | Wen et al. 31 | Prospective cohort study |
1159 mother–child pairs (Taiwan) |
Psychological distress (Self‐report, 3rd trimester) |
Atopic dermatitis (Maternal‐reported doctor diagnosis, 6 months and 2 years) |
Maternal: SES, FA, cord blood IgE, susceptible genotype Child: Sx |
| 14 | Lin et al. 25 | Prospective cohort study |
334 mother–child pairs (Taiwan) |
Psychological distress (Self‐reported, 3rd trimester) |
Cord blood IgE (Blood sample, 0 years) |
Maternal: Ag, SES, Sm, FA, Other: EE |
| 15a | Larsen et al. 24, a | Prospective cohort Study | 32 771 mother–child pairs (Denmark) | Job strain (Self‐reported, 2nd trimester) |
Asthma (maternal‐reported and/or maternal reported doctor diagnosis, 7 years) |
Maternal: Ag, BMI, Sm, alcohol, gestational age at interview, FA, medicine Child: Sx, Other: parity, EE, APC |
| 15b |
Atopic Dermatitis (parental‐reported, 7 years) |
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| 16 | Wang et al. 30 | Prospective cohort study with retrospective stress assessment |
19 381 mother–child pairs (Taiwan) |
Job strain (Self‐reported, 6 months and 36 months after delivery) |
Atopic dermatitis (Maternal‐reported doctor diagnosis, 3 years) |
Maternal: SES, Sm, FA Child: Sx, number of siblings |
Maternal: Ag, age; SES, socio‐economic status; Et, ethnicity; Sm, smoking; FA, family history of relevant atopy. Child: Sx, sex; BW, birthweight; PB, preterm birth; BF, breast feeding. Other: EE, environmental exposure; APC, adverse pregnancy conditions.
a
Studies separated into several analyses.