Table 3.

The effect of PNMS on atopic disorders in children, study results

	References	Exposure PNMS	Results: crude odds ratiosa	Results: adjusted odds ratiosa , b	Exposure‐responsec
Asthma
1a	de Marco et al. 32, d	Negative life events	N/A	1.71 (1.02–2.89)	N/A
2a	Hartwig et al. 22, d	Negative life events,
		1st–2nd trimester	2.38 (1.33–4.26), 6 years	1.73 (0.87–3.44), 6 years	+
			2.24 (1.10–4.54), 14 years	1.26 (0.54–2.91), 14 years	+
		2nd–3rd trimester	1.65 (0.88–3.08), 6 years	0.99 (0.47–2.08), 6 years	−
			2.50 (1.17–5.35), 14 years	1.81 (0.74–4.46), 14 years	−
6	Cookson et al. 19	Anxiety,			+*
		2nd trimester	1.64 (1.31–2.05)	1.53 (1.22–1.93)
		3rd trimester	1.76 (1.40–2.20)	1.65 (1.30–2.08)
7a	Guxens et al. 21, d	Depression, Anxiety	N/A	1.45 (0.91–2.31)	+
9	Fang et al. 20	Bereavement	N/A	1.06 (0.97–1.15)e, 1–4 years	N/A
			N/A	1.06 (0.95–1.17), 7–12 years
10	Khashan et al. 23	Bereavement	1.22 (1.05–1.41) f	1.43 (1.06–1.92) g	N/A
15a	Larsen et al. 24, d	Job strain	1.16 (0.99–1.35)	1.08 (0.92–1.27)	N/A
Wheezing
1b	de Marco et al. 32, d	Negative life events	N/A	1.41 (1.03–1.94)	N/A
3	Chiu et al. 18	Negative life events	4.13 (1.58–10.8) 1.9 (1.7–2.2)	3.79 (1.39–10.3)	+*
7b	Guxens et al. 21, d	Depression, Anxiety		2.15 (1.47–3.13)	+*
8	Lefevre et al. 33	Depression	N/A	1.55 (0.12–19.8)	N/A
		Anxiety	N/A	1.98 (0.69–5.68)	N/A
11a	Reyes et al. 27, d	Psychological distress	1.60 (1.24–2.06)	1.66 (1.29–2.14)	N/A
Atopic dermatitis
1c	de Marco et al. 32, d	Negative life events	N/A	1.53 (1.11–2.10)	N/A
2b	Hartwig et al. 22, d	Negative life events
		1st–2nd trimester	1.43 (0.72–2.84), 6 years	1.41 (0.61–3.29), 6 years	−
			1.43 (0.76–2.69), 14 years years	1.18 (0.54–2.60), 14 years	+
		2nd–3rd trimester	2.34 (1.23–4.47), 6 years	2.38 (0.63–2.19), 6 years	+
			3.23 (1.79–5.83), 14 years	4.19 (1.97–8.89), 14 years	+*
12	Sausenthaler et al., 2009 28	Stress‐related factors	1.13 (0.72–1.77)	1.13 (0.71–1.79)	N/A
13	Wen et al. 31	Psychological distress	2.3 (1.1–5.2)	2.3 (1.1–5.3)	N/A
15b	Larsen et al. 24, d	Job strain	1.14 (1.01–1.29)	1.15 (1.02–1.31)	N/A
16	Wang et al. 30	Job strain	N/A	1.34 (1.16–1.54)	+*
Allergic rhinitis
1d	de Marco et al. 32, d	Negative life events	N/A	1.75 (1.08–2.84)	N/A
2c	Hartwig et al.22, d	Negative life events
		1st–2nd trimester	2.18 (1.24–3.82), 6 years	1.62 (0.81–3.26), 6 years	+
			1.90 (1.10–3.27), 14 years	0.96 (0.49–1.88), 14 years	+
		2nd–3rd trimester	1.69 (0.92–3.11), 6 years	1.24 (0.58–2.62), 6 years	+
			2.65 (1.52–4.62), 14 years	2.38 (1.21–4.70), 14 years	+*
IgE
2d	Hartwig et al. 22, d	Negative life events
		1st–2nd trimester	0.83 (0.44–1.60), 6 years	0.70 (0.41–1.21), 6 years	−
			0.85 (0.45–1.62), 14 years	0.72 (0.33–1.57), 14 years	−
		2nd–3rd trimester	0.80 (0.33–1.91), 6 years	0.73 (0.29–1.84), 6 years	−
			1.45 (0.63–3.32), 14 years	1.71 (0.64–4.61), 14 years	+
4	Peters et al. 26	Negative life events	N/A	N/A	+*
5	Sternthal et al. 29	Negative life events	2.23 (0.97–5.13)	2.19 (0.89–5.38)	N/A
11b	Reyes et al. 27, d	Psychological distress	1.04 (0.74–1.45)	N/A	N/A
14	Lin et al. 25	Psychological distress	N/A	4.0 (1.3–12.8)	+*

^aBold indicates significant reported results.

^bTable 2 describes each studies respective adjustments for covariates.

^cDose–response symbols: +, positive dose response; −, no dose response; *, significant reported results.

^dStudies separated into several analyses.

^eHazard ratio.

^fOdds ratio calculated by current authors of the systematic review.

^gRelative risk.

N/A, nothing reported.