Glypican-3 level assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is inferior to alpha-fetoprotein level for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis

Abstract

Background/Aims

Glypican-3 (GPC3) protein is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue. It has been suggested as a diagnostic biomarker, but its inconsistent performance means that it requires further assessment. We therefore investigated the diagnostic value of the plasma GPC3 level compared to the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level as a diagnostic biomarker of HCC.

Methods

We enrolled 157 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed HCC and 156 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) as the control group. GPC3 plasma levels were measured using two commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs, named as Assay 1 and 2), and AFP levels were measured using an enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunoassay. The diagnostic accuracy was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve.

Results

Plasma GPC3 levels in HCC patients were very low (0–3.09 ng/mL) in Assay 1, while only 3 of the 157 patients (1.9%) showed detectable GPC3 levels in Assay 2. The median GPC3 level was not significantly elevated in the HCC group (0.80 ng/mL) compared with the LC group (0.60 ng/mL). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for GPC3 was 0.559 in Assay 1. In contrast, the median AFP level was significantly higher in HCC (27.72 ng/mL) than in LC (4.74 ng/mL), with an AUC of 0.729.

Conclusion

The plasma level of GPC3 is a poor diagnostic marker for HCC, being far inferior to AFP. The development of a consistent detection system for the blood level of GPC3 is warranted.

INTRODUCTION

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 80-90% of liver cancer, which is the 6^th most frequent cancer and the third leading cause of all cancer related deaths [1,2].

While typical diagnostic methods for HCC include imaging methods and histological analysis, in the former it is difficult to detect and differentiate small nodules, whereas the latter is invasive and holds high-risk, especially in patients with cirrhotic backgrounds. Blood alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels have been used as a marker for HCC diagnosis and to supplement radiological findings. The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines recommend AFP as a tumor marker for HCC with a cutoff value at 200 ng/mL in addition to radiological examinations [3]. However, the current guidelines of the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease and the European Association for the Study of the Liver have excluded AFP based on its limited accuracy [4]. AFP has moderate sensitivity for HCC, but lacks specificity as it is elevated in benign hepatic condition including cirrhosis and hepatitis [5]. Therefore, additional biomarkers that are HCC-specific and -sensitive require investigation.

The heparin sulfate proteoglycan glypican-3 (GPC3) is a member of the glypican family and is bound to the membrane through a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor [6]. It is highly expressed in HCC cells and promotes HCC proliferation through the canonical Wnt pathway, and therapeutic methods that target GPC3 are currently being investigated [6-8]. However, GPC3 elevation in the sera of HCC patients is less conclusive. Initial studies reported high sensitivity of GPC3 as a specific biomarker for HCC [5,9]. Nonetheless, subsequent studies have led to inconsistent results, questioning plasma GPC3’s value as a diagnostic biomarker [6]. The aim of this study was to address this concern by assessing and comparing the diagnostic accuracy of GPC3 and AFP plasma level in a South Korean HCC population.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients

The study design was a cross sectional, retrospective, case-control study including 157 HCC patients and a control group of 156 liver cirrhosis (LC) patients at the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (Seongnam, Republic of Korea) from August 2006 through September 2013. This study was approved by the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital’s Institutional Review Board (IRB, B-1307/210-006). Informed consent was confirmed by the IRB and received from all HCC patients. LC plasma samples were derived from repository samples, and thus informed consent was waived by the IRB.

HCC was diagnosed by histological and imaging findings outlined by American Association for the Study of Liver Disease guidelines and staged by the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) system. Patients with double primary cancer in non-liver organs or those who underwent intent-to-cure treatment (resection, liver transplantation, radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, or percutaneous ethanol injection) were excluded from this study. LC was diagnosed by histological examination or by one or more clinical findings of portal hypertension: 1) cirrhotic appearance of the liver with splenomegaly on imaging studies (ultrasonography, computed tomography or magnetic resonance image), 2) thrombocytopenia (platelet < 120,000/mm³), 3) presence of esophagogastric varices on endoscopy, 4) presence of ascites, and 5) presence of portosystemic encephalopathy. LC patients for whom the presence of HCC was not evaluated within six months before enrollment were excluded.

Sample storage and measurement of AFP and GPC3

Blood samples were collected from HCC patients before curative treatment and from LC patients at the time of clinic visit. Plasma aliquots were stored at -70o C until time of measurement. Plasma AFP was measured using an automated enzyme-linked chemiluminescent immunoassay (ELICA). Plasma GPC3 levels were assessed using two different commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits named as Assay 1 and 2 (Assay 1: USCN Life Science Inc., Wuhan, China and Assay 2: R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), which were compared in Table 1. Tests were performed in accordance to manufacturer’s instructions and in duplicates by two experienced researchers (YSC and YJ). In Assay 2, a sample dilution of 1:1 did not yield results within the range studied. Sample dilutions (1:1, 1:10, 1:50, 1:100, 1:500, and 1:1000) showed that 1:100 yielded consistent and peak GPC3 values. This dilution factor was therefore used for all samples.

Table 1.

Descriptions of Assay 1 and Assay 2 used to measure plasma GPC3 levels

Category	Assay 1	Assay 2
Manufacturer	USCN Life Science Inc	R&D Systems, Inc.
Capture antibody	Monoclonal mouse	Monoclonal mouse
Detection antibody	Polyclonal rabbit	Polyclonal sheep
Plate	Pre-coated with capture antibody	Manual capture antibody coating
Incubation temperature	37°C	Room temperature
Biotin binding protein	Avidin	Streptavidin
Wash	Aspirate but no wash between adding sample and detecting antibody	Aspirate and wash between adding sample and detecting antibody
Detection range	0.156 ng/mL – 10 ng/mL	0.312 ng/mL – 20 ng/mL
Sample dilution factor	1:1	1:100

ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Statistical analysis

Pearson’s χ² (categorical variables), Student’s independent t-test (continuous parametric variables), and Mann-Whitney U test (continuous nonparametric variables) were used to compare HCC and LC groups. Significance was defined as P<0.05. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were performed to compare diagnostic accuracies of GPC3 and AFP. The maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity on the ROC curve determined the GPC3 cut-off level. All statistical analyses were performed via SPSS Statistics 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

RESULTS

Characteristics of HCC patients and control group of cirrhosis patients

The clinical characteristics of the study population (157 HCC and 156 LC) were summarized in Table 2. The HCC group had a higher proportion of males and was older than the LC control group. In both groups, hepatitis B virus (HBV) was the most common etiology (67.5% in HCC and 74.4% in LC). Among the HCC patients, 6.4% and 87.3% had underlying liver diseases of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, respectively. There were no significant differences in Child-Pugh class between the two groups. BCLC staging was 0 in 13.4%, A in 35.7%, B in 7.0%, C in 39.5% and D in 4.5% of the HCC patients. Major portal vein invasion was observed in 20.4% of the HCC patients.

Table 2.

Clinical characteristics of the study population

	Total (N=313)	LC (N=156)	HCC (N=157)	P-value
Age, year*	58.8 (11.5)	56.7 (10.8)	60.8 (11.8)	0.002
Gender†
Male	217 (69.3)	90 (57.7)	127 (80.9)	<0.001
Female	96 (30.7)	66 (42.3)	30 (19.1)
BMI, kg/m2 *	23.88 (4.12)	23.92 (4.6)	23.84 (3.6)	0.860
Etiology†
Alcohol Consumption	20 (6.4)	3 (1.9)	17 (10.8)
HBV	222 (70.9)	116 (74.4)	106 (67.5)
HCV	54 (17.3)	37 (23.7)	17 (10.8)
Cryptogenic	14 (4.5)	0 (0.0)	14 (8.9)
Others	3 (0.9)	0 (0.0)	3 (1.9)
Child-Pugh class†
A	261 (83.0)	133 (85.3)	128 (81.5)	0.516
B	45 (14.8)	19 (12.2)	26 (16.6)
C	7 (2.3)	4 (2.5)	3 (1.9)
Underlying liver disease†
Chronic hepatitis	10 (3.2)	0 (0.0)	10 (6.4)	<0.001
Liver cirrhosis	293 (93.6)	156 (100.0)	137 (87.3)
Tumor characteristics†
BCLC stage
0	-	-	21 (13.4)
A	-	-	56 (35.7)
B	-	-	11 (7.0)
C	-	-	62 (39.5)
D	-	-	7 (4.5)
Diffuse type	-	-	18 (11.5)
With major PVI	-	-	32 (20.4)

LC, liver cirrhosis; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; BMI, body mass index; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; BCLC, barcelona clinic liver cancer; PVI, portal vein invasion.

^*Mean (Standard Deviation).

^†Number (Percentage).

Plasma levels of GPC3 and AFP in HCC and LC patients

The median and mean levels of GPC3 and AFP were summarized in Table 3.

Table 3.

Plasma GPC3 and AFP levels in HCC and LC patients

	Total (N=313)	LC (N=156)	HCC (N=157)	P-value
AFP level				<0.001
Median	7.44	4.74	27.72
Range	0.72-42000	1.08-145.08	0.72-42000.00
Mean	1960.79	9.90	3899.26
SD	8026.26	17.72	11011.53
GPC3 in Assay 1				0.255
Median	0.65	0.60	0.80
Range	0-7.40	0.07-7.40	0-3.09
Mean	0.89	0.86	0.92
SD	0.78	0.86	0.69
GPC3 in Assay 2 *
Median	14.79	All Results	14.79
Range	10.59-83.16	Out of	10.59-83.16
Mean	36.18	Range	36.18
SD	40.74		40.74

All values are in ng/mL.

GPC3, Glypican-3; AFP, Alpha-fetoprotein; HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; LC, Liver cirrhosis; SD, Standard deviation.

^*Only three HCC samples had detectable GPC3 values.

In Assay 1, the median GPC3 value for HCC patients was 0.80 ng/mL (range, 0.00 ng/mL to 3.09 ng/mL) for HCC patients, and for LC patients was 0.60 ng/mL (range, 0.07 ng/mL to 7.40 ng/mL). These differences were not significant (P=0.255).

In Assay 2, all but 3 HCC samples were “Out of Range”. None of the LC samples reached concentrations within the range of the assay. Because of the lack of HCC patients with detectable GPC3 levels, AUC analysis was not performed based on this data. Clinical characteristics and GPC3 concentrations based on Assay 1 and 2 of these samples were listed in Table 4.

Table 4.

Comparison of clinical characteristics for three patients with detectable plasma GPC3 levels in both ELISA assays

Patient	Age	Etiology	Cirrhosis	BCLC stage	Tumor number	Max tumor size (cm)	GPC3 (ng/mL)
							Assay 1	Assay 2
A	66	HBV	Yes	A	1	3.0	0.18	83.16
B	62	HBV	Yes	A	2	1.7	1.11	14.79
C	51	HBV	Yes	C	1	4.6	0.78	10.59

ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; BCLC, barcelona clinic liver cancer; GPC3, glypican-3; HBV, hepatitis B virus.

Median plasma AFP level was 27.72 ng/mL (range, 0.72 ng/mL to 42,000.0 ng/mL) in HCC patients and 4.74 ng/mL in LC patients (range, 1.08 ng/mL to 145.08 ng/mL), which showed significantly elevated levels in HCC patients compared to LC patients (P<0.001).

In addition, when comparing LC GPC3 and AFP median values to just that of early HCC patients (BCLC 0~B, n=88), again only AFP was significantly elevated in the latter (GPC3 0.65 ng/mL P=0.916, AFP=11.94 ng/mL P<0.001; data not shown).

Diagnostic Accuracy of GPC3 and AFP

Using the ROC curves (Fig. 1), AUCs were calculated to assess the diagnostic accuracy of plasma AFP and GPC3 for HCC. Based on maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity, a GPC3 cut-off of 0.61 ng/mL was determined. At this cut-off, GPC3 had a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 52%. At a cut-off of 20 ng/mL, AFP had a sensitivity of a 55% and specificity 91%. The AUC was 0.559 and 0.729 for GPC3 and AFP respectively, indicating AFP as a stronger diagnostic tool. Combining the two markers only provided a marginal change; GPC3 and AFP (at cut-offs of 0.61 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL respectively) had an AUC of 0.744, sensitivity of 55%, and specificity of 91%. Furthermore, when comparing the LC group to the early HCC subgroup, at the same cut-offs, AFP (AUC=0.665) was a superior diagnostic biomarker compared to GPC3 (AUC=0.527).

Figure 1.

ROC curves of plasma GPC3 and AFP levels for HCC diagnosis. ROC curve of GPC3 (cut off level of 0.61 ng/mL), AFP (cut off level of 20 ng/mL), combined GPC3 and AFP, and reference for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis displayed with data summary. ROC, receiver operating characteristic; GPC3, glypican-3; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; Sn, sensitivity; Sp, specificity; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval.

DISCUSSION

We set out to determine whether GPC3 could be useful as a diagnostic biomarker for HCC in comparison to the traditional AFP in an HBV endemic, South Korean background. While AFP levels were significantly elevated in HCC patients compared to LC patients, plasma GPC3 levels were either very low or undetectable. Our study reported comparable sensitivity, but much lower specificity and AUC values for GPC3 (52% and 0.559) compared to other studies (84% and 0.762) [10]. The ROC determined cut-off value for GPC3 of 0.61 ng/mL was lower than most reported values, though it has been reported to range from 3.9 pg/mL to 300 ng/mL [10]. Meanwhile, AFP sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were comparable to reported results [10]. Overall, the plasma level of GPC3 was a poor diagnostic biomarker for HCC compared to AFP.

Though we used 2 commercially available GPC3 assays, GPC3 values detected by the two assays showed discrepancies. Assay 1 resulted in lower GPC3 values in HCC patients than those reported by previous studies, although some studies have reported similarly low values [11-14]. In Assay 2, only 1.9% of the HCC patients had detectable values in this study. The technical differences between the two assays included sample dilution factor and washing method. These differences may have contributed to discrepancies between the two assays.

Since first reported to be present in the plasma of 53% HCC patients but undetectable in healthy liver controls, GPC3 has been studied as a biomarker for HCC to replace or complement AFP [5]. However, subsequent studies have yielded inconsistent results as summarized in Table 5, showing inter- and intra-ELISA variances. Differences in capture and detection antibodies could explain inter-method differences [5,9,11-20]. While Capurro et al. developed antibodies targeting the COOH-terminus for their ELISA, Hippo et al. used antibodies targeting the NH2-terminus [5,9]. Though Capurro et al. and Hippo et al. reported similarly elevated rates of GPC3 in HCC patients (53% and 51%, respectively), their scales were completely different (0-2924 ng/mL vs 0-~60 ng/mL) [5,9].

Table 5.

Summary of reported studies measuring blood GPC3 levels in HCC patients using ELISA

Author (year)	Country	HCC cases	GPC3 mean	GPC3 median	GPC3 range	ELISA kit
Beale et al. (2008) [13]	UK	50	161.41 ng/mL	56.57 ng/mL		BioMosaics limited (Burlington, VT, USA)
Yasuda et al. (2010) [11]	Japan	200		924.8 pg/mL
Lee et al. (2014) [15]	South Korea	120		75.8 ng/mL	21.7-482.5 ng/mL	Cusabio (Wuhan, China)
Wang et al (2013) [14]	China	84		4.55 ng/mL
Badr et al. (2014) [16]	Egypt	30	551.47 µg/mL			USCN Life Science Inc. (Wuhan, China)
El Gawad et al. (2014) [17]	Egypt	40		7.7 ng/mL
El-Shenawy et al. (2012) [18]	Egypt	85	1,646.3 ng/mL
Ozkan et al. (2011) [12]	Turkey	75		3.9 pg/mL		EIAab Science Co. (Wuhan China)
Capurro et al. (2003) [5]	Canada	34			0-2924 ng/mL	Non-Commercial
Chen et al. (2013) [19]	China	155	99.94 ng/mL	15.11 ng/mL	0–2400.00 ng/mL
Hippo et al. (2004) [9]	Japan	69	4.84 ng/mL
Tangkijvanich et al. (2010)* [20]	Thailand	100		46.3 ng/mL	0-7826.6 ng/mL

^*Reported to use same procedure as (5).

GPC3, glypican-3; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The nature of plasma GPC3 may impact ELISA utility. Plasma GPC3 can be produced when an extracellular lipase (Notum) cleaves the GPI anchor of membrane bound GPC3 or when secreted, possibly by endogenous Notum or GPI-phospholipase D, by the cell [21]. Various species of GPC3 may also be found, as Hippo et al. was able to detect a 50-kDa fragment produced by a cleavage site in the COOH-terminal in addition to the commonly detected glycanated GPC3 [22]. Furthermore, plasma GPC3 competitively binds with several growth factors, which could interfere with antibody binding [23]. Given these possibilities, it is clear that a uniform understanding of plasma GPC3 has not been reached. There may be ways to circumvent these proposed obstacles. Comparison of cell lysate and supernatant could help differentiate membrane bound and secreted GPC3; an antibody that targets the NH2 terminal may detect both the 50kDa and glycanated forms of GPC3; and a dilution of the plasma could help prevent interference of antibody binding [22]. Nonetheless, for plasma GPC3 to be a universal biomarker, the biochemistry behind plasma GPC3 concerning its origin as well as structure(s) must be elucidated.

Finally, heterogeneity in HCC composition, ethnicity, etiology, and clinical manifestation may lead to variability [8,24]. Moreover, meta-studies point out methodological issues such as differences in inclusion and exclusion criteria or use of reference standard tests [6,10].

The limitations of this study were that it was a single center, cross-sectional design without external validation samples, no assessment of concurrent GPC3 tissue expression, and usage of plasma samples. It also included only 2 commercially available ELISA.

In conclusion, plasma GPC3 level measured by currently available 2 ELISA kits clearly failed to be a useful diagnostic biomarker for HCC compared to AFP. Persistent inconsistency in GPC3 values questions its utility. Future studies regarding the development of more reliable detection systems perhaps including blood GPC3 levels are warranted.

Abbreviations

AFP

alpha-fetorprotien

BCLC

Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer

ELICA

enzymelinked chemiluminescent immunoassay

ELISA

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

GPC3

glypican-3

GPI

glycophosphatidylinositol

HBV

hepatitis B virus

HCC

hepatocellular carcinoma

HCV

hepatitis C virus

LC

liver cirrhosis

ROC

receiver operating characteristic