Abstract
Background
The STin2 VNTR polymorphism has a variable number of tandem repeats in intron 2 of the serotonin transporter gene. We aimed to explore the relationship between STin2 VNTR polymorphism and lifelong premature ejaculation (LPE).
Material/Methods
We recruited a total of 115 outpatients who complained of ejaculating prematurely and who were diagnosed as LPE, and 101 controls without PE complaint. Allelic variations of STin2 VNTR were genotyped using PCR-based technology. We evaluated the associations between STin2 VNTR allelic and genotypic frequencies and LPE, as well as the intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) of different STin2 VNTR genotypes among LPE patients.
Results
The patients and controls did not differ significantly in terms of any characteristic except age. A significantly higher frequency of STin2.12/12 genotype was found among LPE patients versus controls (P=0.026). Frequency of patients carrying at least 1 copy of the 10-repeat allele was significantly lower compared to the control group (28.3% vs. 41.8%, OR=0.55; 95%CI=0.31–0.97, P=0.040). In the LPE group, the mean IELT showed significant difference in STin2.12/12 genotype when compared to those with STin2.12/10 and STin2.10/10 genotypes. The mean IELT in10-repeat allele carriers was 50% longer compared to homozygous carriers of the STin2.12 allele.
Conclusions
Our results indicate the presence of STin2.10 allele is a protective factor for LPE. Men carrying the higher expression genotype STin2. 12/12 have shorter IELT than 10-repeat allele carriers.
MeSH Keywords: Polymorphism, Genetic; Premature Ejaculation; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
Background
Premature ejaculation (PE) is one of the most common male sexual dysfunctions, with prevalence ranging from 3% to 30% according to different definitions [1,2]. In general, PE is divided into lifelong PE (LPE) and acquired PE (APE) [3]. The latest definition of LPE includes 3 points: (i) IELT<1 minute; (ii) the inability to delay ejaculation; and (iii) negative personal consequences [4].
Previous studies of twins and familial studies had proved the genetic predisposition in LPE [5–7]. A twins study in Finnish men indicated that 0.30 of the etiology was a result of hereditary effect [7]. However, twins and familial studies did not clarify which genetic variant might explain the genetic effects in LPE. To explore this problem, genetic association studies may be a possible approach. The susceptibility to LPE was considered to be a polygenic pattern, such as those genes linked to the metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) and those related to the expression of serotonin transporter (5-HTT). The focus of genetic research on 5-HT has had a very strict theoretical basis. Firstly, various selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were successfully used in the treatment of PE, and dapoxetine became the first approved drug for PE treatment [8,9]. Secondly, animal experiments also demonstrated the role of 5-HT in ejaculation [10,11]. Decreased duration of intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) was associated with decreased 5-HT or the dysfunction of different 5-HT receptors [12]. Furthermore, SNPs located in genes encoding 5-HT receptors were also reported to play a role in IELT of patients with PE [13–16].
SLC6A4, which encodes 5-HTT, locates on chromosome 17q11.1–17q12 of the human genome [17]. Three common polymorphisms were described: an ins/del in the promoter, called 5-HTTLPR; a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) in intron 2, called STin2; and a SNP polymorphism in the noncoding 3′-UTR. In fact, 5-HTTLPR has been studied thoroughly, but the effect and function of STin2 VNTR is not yet clear. It has been proved to include 10-repeat and 12-repeat alleles of a 16/17 bp element in all ethnicities, and the rare 9-repeat allele appears only in people of European or African descent [18,19]. STin2 VNTR works as a transcriptional regulator, and the transcriptional activity is determined by the number of repeats, with the STin2.12 having the highest expression [20,21]. Therefore, STin2 VNTR could affect the amount of 5-HTT. Many studies had linked VNTR with disorders such as depression, bipolar depression, and a predisposition to obsessive compulsive disorder [18,22,23].
Although many studies have explored SLC6A4 and LPE [24–28], only 1 of them studied STin2 VNTR [27], and there have been no such studies in Chinese populations. Considering the important role of the serotonergic system in ejaculatory function, we aimed to determine whether STin2 VNTR is related to LPE in China.
Material and Methods
Subjects and assessments
The current study was carried out between October 2012 and October 2015. Each participant was informed of the purpose of the study and signed the informed consent. The initial evaluation of each subject completed a detailed face-to-face interview by an andrologist, including a questionnaire and physical examination. LPE in our study was defined according to the definition of ISSM [4]. Finally, 115 patients with LPE were recruited by referral from the Andrology Outpatient Clinic. At the same time, 101 controls without PE complaint were enrolled from the medical examination center.
Subjects had to meet the following inclusion criteria: (I) heterosexual male patient aged 20–60 years; (II) Han descent and speaking Chinese; (III) in a regular sexual relationship with 1 female partner for ≥6 months. None of the subjects had mental or other major medical diseases. None of the participants had received antidepressants or phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors before enrolling in the trial. Patients with a urinary infection or disorders of the nervous system were also excluded from the study. We obtained 2 ml of EDTA-anticoagulated peripheral blood samples from every participant. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (No.20150047).
Genotyping
Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood using the Puregene DNA extraction kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Allelic-specific PCR was used to determine STin2 VNTR polymorphism. We designed a pair of primers using the Primer3 Software Online Program. Oligonucleotide primers were as follows: forward 5′-TGGCGAGATTTGACTTTTCTACC-3′ and reverse 5′-CTGAGCTTCATCAAGGGGAAC-3′ were used to amplify the STin2 VNTR region. A 20-μl mixture was ready for PCR amplification, including HotStarTaq buffer, 3.0 mM Mg2+, 0.3 mM dNTP, 0.1μM of primers, 1 U HotStarTaq polymerase (Qiagen, Inc.), and 1 μl template DNA. PCR conditions were as follows: 15 min of initial denaturation at 95°C; 11 cycles of 94ºC for 20 s and 62–0.5ºC per cycle for 40 s and 68ºC for 2 min; followed by 24 cycles of 20 s of denaturation at 94°C, 56ºC for 40 s and 2 min of extension at 68°C, and a final extension of 60 min at 60°C. After digestion, the products were analyzed on a 3730 DNA analyzer (ABI, California). Two technicians called genotypes independently by visual observation of peak sizes using GeneMapper 4.0.
Statistical analyses
The participants were classified according to alleles and genotypes. For the quantitative data, results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and a 2-tailed t-test was used. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the genotype proportions. After the normality and homoscedasticity test, analyses of variance (ANOVA) using IELT as a variate were performed to test differences between different genotypes. All statistical evaluations were performed with SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, United States) for Windows. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Demographic characteristics
Among 216 subjects who met the inclusion criteria, only 1 patient was excluded from the present study because of sample coagulation. Finally, there were 114 patients and 101 controls completing the study. Demographic characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The patients and controls showed no significant difference in terms of any characteristic except age (35.3±7.8 vs. 31.7±8.1, P<0.001). However, because LPE is assumed be lifelong, the difference did not affect the comparability of the 2 groups.
Table 1.
Comparision of the demographic characteristics in PE and control group.
| Characteristics | PE group | Control group | t/χ2 | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=114 (%) | N=101 (%) | |||
| Age, years | 35.3±7.8 | 31.7±8.1 | 16.135 | <0.001*** |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.1±2.1 | 21.6±1.9 | 1.576 | 0.116 |
| Duration of relation, years | 10.7±5.1 | 9.4±5.3 | 1.832 | 0.068 |
| Smoking | 76 (66.7) | 78 (77.2) | 2.939 | 0.860 |
| Drinking | 62 (54.4) | 52 (51.5) | 0.181 | 0.671 |
| Marital status (merried) | 99 (86.8) | 92 (91.1) | 0.974 | 0.324 |
| Educational level | 7.718 | 0.052 | ||
| Primary school | 9 (7.9) | 11 (10.9) | ||
| Middle school | 25 (21.9) | 20 (19.8) | ||
| High school | 19 (16.7) | 31 (30.7) | ||
| University | 61 (53.5) | 39 (38.6) | ||
| Occupational status | – | 0.064** | ||
| Workers | 22 (19.3) | 27 (26.7) | ||
| Drivers | 10 (8.8) | 5 (5.0) | ||
| Farmers | 6 (5.3) | 1 (1.0) | ||
| Officials | 17 (14.9) | 27 (26.7) | ||
| Businessmen | 15 (13.2) | 11 (10.9) | ||
| Other occupations | 44 (38.6) | 30 (29.7) | ||
| Monthly income (RMB) | 4.132 | 0.127 | ||
| <1,000 | 5 (4.4) | 12 (11.9) | ||
| 1,000–3,000 | 49 (43.0) | 40 (39.6) | ||
| >3,000 | 60 (52.6) | 49 (48.5) |
Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or count (percentage), as appropriate. BMI – body mass index; RMB – Renminbi; PE – premature ejaculation.
Difference between two subgroups was assessed by two-tailed t-test or Chi-square test, as appropriate.
Except results of Fisher exact test.
Significant difference compared with control.
STin2 VNTR allelic and genotypic frequencies distribution
STin2 VNTR allelic frequencies are shown in Table 2. In our study, the most common allele was STin2.12 (patients: 82.5%, controls: 75.2%), and no significant difference was found between the 2 groups (P=0.182). The STin2.9/12 and STin2.9/9 genotypes were infrequent, so they were excluded from further analyses. The distribution of genotypes of patients and controls followed HWE. The results showed a significantly higher frequency of STin2.12/12 genotype in LPE patients than in controls (P=0.026). Interestingly, the less common STin2.9 allele was present in our study, which was found in people of European or African descent in previous studies.
Table 2.
Results of STin2 VNTR polymorphism in patients and control group.
| PE group | Control group | P value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count (N=114) | Frequency (%) | Count (N=101) | Frequency (%) | ||
| STin2 allele | 0.182 | ||||
| STin2.12 | 188 | 82.5 | 152 | 75.2 | 0.067 |
| STin2.10 | 38 | 16.7 | 47 | 23.3 | 0.086 |
| STin2.9 | 2 | 0.9 | 3 | 1.5 | 0.669** |
| STin2 genotype | 0.108*** | ||||
| STin2.12/12 | 81 | 71.1 | 57 | 56.4 | 0.026# |
| STin2.12/10 | 26 | 22.8 | 35 | 34.7 | 0.054 |
| STin2.10/10 | 6 | 5.3 | 6 | 5.9 | 0.892 |
| STin2.9/12 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3.0 | – |
| STin2.9/9 | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | – |
Data were expressed as count and frequency.
Difference between two subgroups was assessed by Chi-square test.
Except results of Fisher exact test.
STin2.9/12 and STin2.9/9 genotypes were excluded from analyses.
Significant difference compared with control.
Correlation between STin2 VNTR dominant models and the risk of PE
Table 3 shows results of analyses under the 3 models: (I) dominant STin2. 12 model (STin2.12/12+STin2.12/10 vs. STin2.10/10), (II) dominant STin2.10 model (STin2.10/10+STin2.12/10 vs. STin2.12/12), and (III) codominant model (STin2.12/12 vs. STin2.12/10 vs. STin2.10/10). To investigate the association between the 3 models and the risk of PE, binary logistic regression models were fitted. In the codominant model, we found a significantly lower frequency of STin2.12/10 in the LPE patients (23.0% vs. 35.7%, OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.28–0.96), although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.108). A statistically significant association of the dominant STin2.10 model of STin2 was observed. In this model, the combined frequency of STin2.10 carriers was significantly lower in patients with LPE when compared with controls (28.3% vs. 41.8%, OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.31–0.97, P=0.040).
Table 3.
Results of dominant models of the polymorphisms of the STin2 VNTR genotype.
| Dominant models | STin2 genotype | LPE group count (%) | Control group count (%) | OR (95% CI) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STin2.12 dominant | 12/12 + 12/10 | 107 (94.7) | 92 (93.9) | 1.00 | 0.799 |
| 10/10 | 6 (5.3) | 6 (6.1) | 0.86 (0.27–2.76) | ||
| STin2.10 dominant | 12/12 | 81 (71.7) | 57 (58.2) | 1.00 | 0.040** |
| 12/10 + 10/10 | 32 (28.3) | 41 (41.8) | 0.55 (0.31–0.97) | ||
| Codominant | 12/12 | 81 (71.7) | 57 (58.2) | 1.00 | 0.108 |
| 12/10 | 26 (23.0) | 35 (35.7) | 0.52 (0.28–0.96) | ||
| 10/10 | 6 (5.3) | 6 (6.1) | 0.70 (0.22–2.29) |
Data were expressed as count (percentage).
Difference between two subgroups was assessed by logistic regression analysis.
Statistical significant after logistic regression analyses.
OR – odds ratio; CI – confidence interval.
Comparison of IELT of different STin2 VNTR genotypes in the LPE group
The IELT distribution is shown in Table 4. The mean IELTs were 22.68±11.41 s, 33.62±9.13 s, and 33.17±9.26 s for STin2.12/12, STin2.12/10, and STin2.10/10, respectively. After the normality and homoscedasticity test, ANOVA of IELT was performed. The results showed significant difference in patients with STin2.12/12 when compared to STin2.12/10 and STin2.10/10 genotypes (STin2.12/12 vs. STin2.12/10; P=0.001; STin2.12/12 vs. STin2.10/10; P=0.024). According to the STin2.10 dominant model, the IELT results of STin2.12/12 also showed a significant difference compared to STin2.12/10+ STin2.10/10 genotypes (P=0.001). The fold-increase of the mean IELT in the STin2.12/10 and STin2.10/10 genotypes compared to STin2.12/12 genotype was 1.48. These data indicate that STin2.10 carriers on average had nearly a 50% longer intravaginal ejaculation time compared to STin2.12 homozygous in this study.
Table 4.
Comparision of intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) of STin2 genotype in LPE group.
| Count | Median IELT (second) | Geometric mean IELT (second) | Mean IELT (second) |
95% CI of mean | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genotype | |||||
| STin2.12/12 | 81 | 22.00 | 19.36 | 22.68±11.41**,# | 20.16–25.20 |
| STin2.12/10 | 26 | 34.50 | 32.10 | 33.62±9.13## | 29.93–37.31 |
| STin2.10/10 | 6 | 31.5 | 32.26 | 33.17±9.26## | 23.45–42.89 |
| STin2.10 dominant | |||||
| STin2.12/12 | 81 | 22.00 | 19.36 | 22.68±11.41 | 20.16–25.20 |
| STin2.12/10 + 10/10 | 32 | 33.00 | 32.13 | 33.53±9.01## | 30.28–36.78 |
| Sum | 113 | 25.00 | 22.34 | 25.75±11.82 | 23.55–27.95 |
Difference between Mean IELT of subgroups was assessed by one-way ANOVA analysis.
Significant difference compared with STin2.12/10.
Significant difference compared with STin2.10/10.
Significant difference compared with STin2.12/12.
IELT – intravaginal ejaculation latency time; CI – confidence interval.
Discussion
Recently, polymorphisms in SLC6A4 have been increasingly associated with LPE, especially 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. But the other polymorphism in SLC6A4, STin2 VNTR, has received less attention.
Our study evaluated 114 patients and 101 controls for the relationship between STin2 VNTR and LPE. The allelic frequency of the STin2.12 was 0.825 in patients and 0.752 in controls, which showed no significant difference (P=0.067). There was a significant difference in STin2.12/12 genotype, which was more common in the LPE group (P=0.026). However, our results contradicted a previous study by Zuccarello et al. [27], which showed no difference between these 2 groups in genotypic and allelic frequency. More studies and meta-analyses of STin2 VNTR polymorphisms in this field are needed.
We also found a significant association between LPE and STin2.10 in the dominant model. Our data demonstrate that STin2.12/10 and STin2.10/10 genotypes, which carry the lower transcriptional activity STin2.10 allele, were protective genotypes when compared with the STin2.12/12 genotype. One explanation may be that the STin2.10 allele is dominant to the STin2.12 allele.
A third major finding was that IELT in the patients group was associated with STin2 VNTR. STin2.10 allele carriers had a longer IELT than those with STin2.12/12 genotypes. This result is consistent with psychopharmacological results from studies on 5-HT neurotransmission. Animal studies have shown that decreased 5-HT level can accelerate the process of ejaculation [10]. Evidence shows that the STin2.12 allele has higher transcriptional activity than the STin2.10 allele [29]. Therefore, the men carrying the higher expressing allele homozygote STin2.12/12 could have more functioning 5-HTT, thus leading to lower 5-HT availability [18]. Our results add to this knowledge.
The effect of STin2 VNTR on ejaculatory function may be quite complicated. On the one hand, gene frequencies of STin2 VNTR vary significantly among different races and ethnicities, and is more common in Japanese (0.997) than in African Americans (0.713) and white Americans (0.523) [30]. Our sample size of participants, as well as the relative homogeneity of demographic and clinical characteristics, make our study distinct. On the other hand, the function of Stin2 VNTR is still not clear. It may have a synergistic effect together with other polymorphisms on ejaculation, such as 5-HTTLPR [31]. Further research on gene–gene interaction effects in LPE are needed.
Regarding treatment of SSRIs in LPE, only 1 study found that therapeutic effects were related to both STin2 VNTR and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms [32]. The findings indicated STin2.12/12 genotype responded better to sertraline (P=0.001). We will plan to replicate the present study in this interesting field in the future.
Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to focus on the STin2 VNTR polymorphism in Chinese patients with LPE. Our present results indicate that STin2 VNTR polymorphism is related to LPE. In summary, men with at least 1 copy of STin2.10 allele were at lower risk of PE than men with other variant at this locus. The current study shows that the STin2 VNTR polymorphism is associated with IELTs of LPE. Patients with STin2.12/12 genotypes had significantly shorter IELT than men with other genotypes.
Acknowledgements
We thank all patients and controls who provided the plasma and information necessary for this study. We also thank Shanghai Genesky Bio-Tech Co, Ltd. (www.geneskybiotech.com) for help with the genotype testing.
Footnotes
Competing interests
There are no conflicts of interests to disclose.
Source of support: This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81571429)
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