Abstract
Introduction
Hypertension still remains poorly controlled.
Result
Adequate BP control was achieved in 37.4% of patients and significant attributes for poor control were BMI, marital status, literacy, socioeconomic status, smoking, medication adherence, absence of side effects, number of drugs, number of years on drug therapy and co-morbid conditions.
Keywords: Hypertension, Adherence, Diabetes mellitus
Adult hypertension prevalence has risen dramatically in India over the past three decades and is the leading non-communicable disease.1, 2 For countering the increasing prevalence of hypertension in developing nations undergoing epidemiological transition like India; better awareness, management, and control of high BP levels are crucial for the reduction of CVD.
It is important to gather information regarding awareness, adherence and control of hypertension so as to investigate variables associated with inadequate BP control.
The study was conducted at outpatient clinic in Department of Cardiology at SMS Medical College Jaipur from December 2013 to November 2015. All hypertensive patients attending the cardiology clinic during the study period were asked to complete a standardized questionnaire on demography, medication adherence, knowledge about target BP values, hypertension risks, and the presence of drug side effects (Table 1).
Table 1.
Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of the patients.
| S. no. | Variable | Total subjects (n = 958) N (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Age, mean (SD) | 57.06 (13.15) |
| 2 | Male | 620 (64.7) |
| 3 | Body mass index (BMI), mean (SD) | 24.09 (4.60) |
| 4 | Married | 903 (94.3) |
| 5 | Literate | 557 (58.1) |
| 6 | Socioeconomic class (I, II, III) | 397 (41.4) |
| 7 | Socioeconomic class (IV, V) | 561 (58.6) |
| 8 | Smoker | 208 (21.7) |
| 9 | No. of drugs, mean (SD) | 2.23 (0.88) |
| 10 | No. of years on drugs, mean (SD) | 4.35 (2.7) |
| 11 | Low adherence | 437 (45.6) |
| 12 | Knowledge of target BP | 484 (50.5) |
| 13 | Knowledge of hypertension risks | 510 (53.2) |
| 14 | Regular BP monitoring | 617 (64.4) |
| 15 | Reported side effects | 198 (20.7) |
| 16 | Co-morbid conditions | |
| Coronary artery disease | 66 (6.9) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 33 (3.4) | |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | 55 (5.7) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 167 (17.4) | |
| Metabolic syndrome | 200 (20.88) | |
Most of the patients were long-term hypertensives, with 69.5% (666/958) of patients taking antihypertensive medications for at least 3 years. Overall, only 54.6% of patients were highly adherent to antihypertensive medication. Current strategies to control BP among Indian hypertensive patients are not satisfactory because only 37.4% of hypertensive patients have their BP adequately controlled even if they were taken care by a tertiary care hospital. These findings from this study have enormous public health significance for policy makers and physicians alike. There was a significantly greater BP control (P = 0.001) in patients without diabetes and/or CKD (40.8%) when compared to patients with diabetes and/or CKD (20.96%).
Although a significant percentage (64.4%) of patients reported to measure BP regularly, only 50.5% were aware of their target BP figures (systolic and diastolic) and just 53.2% of patients were aware of risks due to HTN. Therefore, a major implication of this study is the need for education of patients and their caretakers to target BP figures so that they can correctly identify whether it is elevated or controlled. The logistic regression analyses of the study population revealed that the covariates medication adherence, marital status, BMI, socio-economic status, literacy, smoking, drug side effects, number of drugs and number of years on antihypertensive drugs significantly influence BP control. Variables most likely to be favourably influenced by team-based health care interventions are medication adherence and smoking. In patients with hypertension, medication non-adherence is a significant, often unrecognized, risk factor that contributes to inadequate BP control. Roughly 21% of patients reported side effects of antihypertensive drugs, and drug side effect was significantly associated with poor BP control in our study. Continuing consideration should be given to side effects of antihypertensive drugs, because side effects are one of the most important causes of nonadherence.3
It is important to assess the current status of patient's knowledge and awareness with respect to hypertension, lifestyle, medication, and risk factors so as to enrol the patient as a participant in the management of his hypertension. Without being distracted by the guidelines controversy, we should concentrate on achieving adequate BP control rates around the world.
Conflicts of interest
The authors have none to declare.
References
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