Society of Surgical Oncology–American Society for Radiation Oncology–American Society of Clinical Oncology Consensus Guideline on Margins for Breast-Conserving Surgery with Whole Breast Irradiation in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

Abstract

Background

Controversy exists regarding the optimal negative margin width for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treated with breast-conserving surgery and whole breast irradiation (WBRT).

Methods

A multidisciplinary consensus panel used a meta-analysis of margin width and ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) from a systematic review of 20 studies including 7883 patients and other published literature as the evidence base for consensus.

Results

Negative margins halve the risk of IBTR compared to positive margins defined as ink on DCIS. A 2 mm margin minimizes the risk of IBTR compared to smaller negative margins. More widely clear margins do not significantly decrease IBTR compared to 2 mm margins. Negative margins less than 2 mm alone are not an indication for mastectomy, and factors known to impact rates of IBTR should be considered in determining the need for re-excision.

Conclusions

The use of a 2 mm margin as the standard for an adequate margin in DCIS treated with WBRT is associated with low rates of IBTR and has the potential to decrease re-excision rates, improve cosmetic outcome, and decrease health care costs. Clinical judgment should be used in determining the need for further surgery in patients with negative margins < 2 mm.

INTRODUCTION

Breast-conserving therapy (BCT), defined as surgical excision of the primary tumor with a margin of surrounding normal tissue followed by whole-breast radiation therapy (WBRT), results in long-term cause-specific survival rates of greater than 95% for women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) as demonstrated in both randomized trials¹ and observational studies.^2,3 Although the addition of WBRT to surgical excision does not improve survival, it substantially reduces rates of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR), even among patients with small, non-high–grade DCIS.^1,4 In the 4 early randomized trials of WBRT for DCIS, microscopically clear margins defined as no ink on tumor were required in 3 studies^5–7, but not in the fourth.⁸ These studies provide no information on whether more widely clear margins than no ink on tumor reduce rates of IBTR in patients having BCT.

Retrospective single-institution studies have suggested that a negative margin width of 1 cm or more may eliminate the reduction in IBTR seen with WBRT⁹, leading some to conclude that larger margins are also beneficial in patients receiving WBRT. Despite the widespread use of BCT for DCIS, there is still no consensus on what constitutes an optimal negative margin width.¹⁰ As a consequence, approximately 1 in 3 women attempting BCT for DCIS undergo a re-excision.¹¹ Re-excisions have the potential for added discomfort, surgical complications, compromise in cosmetic outcome, additional stress for patients and families, and increased health care costs, and have been associated with conversion to bilateral mastectomy.¹²

Since BCT was established, the landscape of DCIS management has evolved with advances in imaging and pathologic evaluation, and the availability of adjuvant endocrine therapy, resulting in a decline in IBTR rates.¹³ In view of these changes and the lack of consensus on what represents adequate negative margins in DCIS, the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO), American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO), and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) convened a multidisciplinary margins panel (MP) to evaluate IBTR in relation to margin width. The primary question addressed was “what margin width minimizes the risk of IBTR in patients with DCIS receiving breast-conserving surgery?” The guideline developed from this consensus panel is intended to assist treating physicians and patients in the clinical decision-making process based on the best available evidence. The key findings of the guideline are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1.

Summary of Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendations

Clinical Question	Recommendation	Strength of Recommendation	Level of Evidence	Strength of Evidence	Consensus on Recommendation
Are positive margins associated with an increased risk of IBTR? Can the use of WBRT mitigate this increased risk?	A positive margin, defined as ink on DCIS, is associated with a significant increase in IBTR; this increased risk is not nullified by the use of WBRT	Strong	Meta-analysis (patient level) of RCTs (not primary endpoint); meta-analysis (study level) of observational studies; individual RCT	Strong	100%
What margin width minimizes the risk of IBTR in patients receiving WBRT?	a. Margins of at least 2 mm are associated with a reduced risk of IBTR relative to narrower negative margin widths in patients receiving WBRT; b. the routine practice of obtaining negative margin widths wider than 2 mm is not supported by the evidence	a. Moderate b. Strong	Meta-analysis (study level) of observational studies	a. Moderate b. Strong	100%
Is treatment with excision alone and widely clear margins equivalent to treatment with excision and WBRT?	Treatment with excision alone, regardless of margin width, is associated with substantially higher rates of IBTR than treatment with excision and WBRT (even in pre-defined low-risk patients)	Strong	Meta-analysis (patient level) of RCTs; individual RCT	Strong	100%
What is the optimal margin width for patients treated with excision alone?	The optimal margin width for treatment with excision alone is unknown, but should be at least 2 mm. Some evidence suggests lower rates of IBTR with margin widths wider than 2 mm	Moderate	Meta-analysis observational studies; prospective single-arm studies; retrospective studies	Moderate	100%
What are the effects of endocrine therapy on IBTR? Is the benefit of endocrine therapy associated with negative margin width?	Rates of IBTR are reduced with endocrine therapy, but there is no evidence of an association between endocrine therapy and negative margin width.	Weak	RCTs	Weak	100%
Should margin widths greater than 2 mm be considered in the presence of unfavorable factors such as comedo necrosis, high grade, large size of DCIS, young patient age, negative ER status, or high risk multi-gene panel scores?	Multiple factors have been shown to be associated with the risk of IBTR in patients treated with and without WBRT, but there are no data addressing whether margin widths should be influenced by these factors	Weak	Expert opinion	Weak	100%
Should margin width be taken into consideration when determining WBRT delivery technique?	Choice of WBRT delivery technique, fractionation, and boost dose should not be dependent upon negative margin width. There is insufficient evidence to address optimal margin widths for APBI	Weak	Retrospective studies; expert opinion	Weak	100%
Should DCIS with microinvasion be considered as invasive carcinoma or DCIS when determining optimal margin width?	DCIS with microinvasion, defined as no invasive focus > 1 mm in size, should be considered as DCIS when considering the optimal margin width	Weak	Expert opinion	Weak	100%

IBTR, ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence; WBRT, whole breast radiation therapy; DCIS, ductal carcinoma in situ; RCT, randomized controlled trial; ER, estrogen receptor; APBI, accelerated partial breast irradiation

METHODS

The guideline development process was funded by a Susan G. Komen grant. Committee members were chosen by their respective organizations based upon interest and expertise in DCIS management (Table 2). Processes recommended in the Institute of Medicine report “Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust”¹⁴ which were followed as part of the guideline development process included: 1) the development of a systematic review/study-level meta-analysis based on questions to be addressed by the MP to serve as the primary evidence base, with additional topic-specific literature reviews conducted by participants for questions not addressed in the meta-analysis; 2) the provision for each recommendation of a rating of the strength of the evidence and the strength of the recommendation; 3) the ascertainment of the level of agreement of panel members with each recommendation by vote, and the revision of recommendations to achieve greater than 90% consensus; and 4) the declaration by MP candidates of potential conflicts of interest before convening, and the obtaining of written disclosures at the consensus meeting. (The co-chairs deemed no MP members had conflicts that could influence the process/development of specific recommendations.)

Table 2.

Expert Panel Members

Panel Member	Society	Affiliation
Mariana Chavez-MacGregor, MD	ASCO	University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Jay R. Harris, MD	ASTRO	Harvard Medical School
Janet Horton, MD	ASTRO	Duke University Medical Center
Nehmat Houssami, MBBS, PhD	School of Public Health	Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney
E. Shelley Hwang, MD, MPH	ASBS	Duke University Medical Center
Peggy L. Johnson	Patient Advocate	Advocate in Science, Susan G. Komen
M. Luke Marinovich, PhD	School of Public Health	Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney
Meena S. Moran, MD (co-chair)	ASTRO	Yale University
Monica Morrow, MD (co-chair)	SSO	Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Stuart J. Schnitt, MD	CAP	Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
Lawrence Solin, MD	ASTRO	Albert Einstein Healthcare Network
Irene Wapnir, MD	SSO	Stanford University
Kimberly J. Van Zee, MS, MD	SSO	Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

ASCO, American Society of Clinical Oncology; ASTRO, American Society for Radiation Oncology; SSO, Society of Surgical Oncology; ASBS, American Society of Breast Surgeons; CAP, College of American Pathology

The MP convened in November 2015; the resulting manuscript was approved by all panel members and externally reviewed, and feedback was incorporated. The final manuscript was approved by the SSO Executive Council, the ASTRO Board of Directors, and the ASCO Board of Directors, and endorsed by the Board of Directors of the American Society of Breast Surgeons. Patient-related materials will be available on the Susan G. Komen website (komen.org).

Meta-Analysis

The methodology for the systematic review/meta-analysis has been published elsewhere.¹⁵ Briefly, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Institute of Medicine guidelines, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PREMEDLINE, and evidence-based medicine databases were searched in October 2014 for eligible studies. A summary providing details of the methodology and statistical approaches is provided in the Appendix. Analysis was performed using 2 different statistical approaches. In the frequentist approach, multiple margin cut points within studies, if reported, were condensed into a single cut point, while the Bayesian approach allowed for the use of multiple cut points.¹⁶ All reported odds ratio (ORs) were adjusted for study-specific median follow-up time (to account for the inherent increased risk of IBTR with longer follow-up) and are reported relative to positive (or positive/close) margins, or to a minimal negative margin (no ink on tumor or margin > 1 mm).¹⁵

Inclusion/exclusion criteria

Studies that included a minimum of 50 patients with DCIS treated with local excision and reported IBTR in relation to microscopic margin widths with a minimum median follow-up of 4 years were eligible.¹⁵

Study quality/literature limitations

All publications in the meta-analysis (except for 2) were retrospective and provided observational data at the study level. The characteristics of these studies have been reported elsewhere.¹⁵

Results

The meta-analysis included 20 studies, 7883 DCIS patients with known margin status, and 865 IBTRs.¹⁵ The median proportion of patients receiving WBRT was 100% (interquartile range [IQR] 53.3–100.0%), and the median proportion receiving endocrine therapy was 20.8% (IQR 0.0–31.4%). The median follow-up was 78.3 months, and the median incidence of IBTR was 8.3% (IQR 5.0–11.9%). Due to heterogeneity in classification and reporting of margins data, both a frequentist analysis and a Bayesian network meta-analysis were conducted with sensitivity analyses. Characteristics of patients included in the studies are summarized in Table 3.¹⁵

Table 3.

Summary of Study Characteristics Included in Meta-analysis¹⁵

Characteristics	No. of Studies*	Median value or proportion across studies	Range of values or proportions across studies
Age, Years	20	53.7	43.0–62.1
Type of IBTR
DCIS	17	50.0%	0.0–75.0%
Invasive	17	50.0%	25.0–100.0%
Unknown	17	0.0%	0.0–7.1%
Screen Detected
Yes	14	85.8%	45.6–100.0%
No	14	14.2%	0.0–54.4%
Unknown	14	0.0%	0.0–2.8%
Grade
I	13	17.5%	1.8–64.5%
II	13	28.0%	5.5–45.0%
I–II	16	57.3%	7.3–92.5%
III	16	28.4%	3.5–45.6%
Unknown	16	9.2%	0.0–87.3%
Hormone Receptor
Positive	5	50.4%	23.0–80.4%
Negative	5	8.7%	2.8–14.3%
Unknown	5	40.9%	14.8–69.8%
WBRT Dose (Gy median)	11	50.0	42.5–50.0
Radiation Boost	19	70.9%	0.0–100%
Boost Dose (Gy median)	8	10.0	10.0–10.8

IBTR, ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence; DCIS, ductal carcinoma in situ; WBRT, whole breast radiation therapy

^*Number of studies refers to studies contributing information on the characteristic including studies with subsets of patients missing data for the characteristic.

Data from Marinovich ML, Azizi L, Macaskill P, et al. The Association of Surgical Margins and Local Recurrence in Women with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Treated with Breast-Conserving Therapy: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2016 (In Press)

GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATIONS

Positive Margins

A positive margin, defined as ink on DCIS, is associated with a significant increase in IBTR. This increased risk is not nullified by the use of WBRT

There is no debate that a positive margin, defined as the presence of ink from the specimen surface on ducts containing DCIS, implies a potentially incomplete resection and is associated with a higher rate of IBTR. In the Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) meta-analysis of randomized DCIS trials¹, patients with positive margins had a 2-fold higher IBTR risk compared with patients with negative margins despite receiving WBRT (10-year IBTR rate 24% vs 12 %), and approximately 50% were invasive recurrences. The relationship between margin status and WBRT was examined in a subset analysis of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B-17 trial by central pathology review of 573 of 818 participants.¹⁷ The annual hazard rate for IBTR after lumpectomy alone was 8.1 % for those with positive margins compared to 3.3% for patients with negative margins, reduced by WBRT to 2.7% and 1.2%, respectively. Positive margins were significantly associated with IBTR in a multivariate analysis of the long-term results of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) 10853 trial.¹⁸ In the meta-analysis of Marinovich et al using the Bayesian analytic approach, similar results were obtained.¹⁵ After adjustment for study-level follow-up, patients with negative margins were significantly less likely to experience IBTR than patients with positive margins (OR 0.45, 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.30–0.62). Similar findings were observed in the frequentist analysis which necessitated combining positive and close margins (OR 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45–0.62; p < .001). This result persisted after study-level adjustment for age, median recruitment year, grade of DCIS, use of WBRT, and use of endocrine therapy.

Negative Margin Widths

Margins of at least 2 mm are associated with a reduced risk of IBTR relative to narrower negative margin widths in patients receiving WBRT. The routine practice of obtaining negative margin widths wider than 2 mm is not supported by the evidence

To address the question of optimal negative margin width, the MP considered data on the distribution of DCIS in the breast. Studies of mastectomy specimens using whole organ sectioning and radiologic-pathologic correlation have demonstrated that while most cases of DCIS are unicentric, the involvement of the segment may be multifocal, with “gaps” of uninvolved tissue between foci of DCIS.¹⁹ Given this, a “negative margin” does not guarantee the absence of residual DCIS in the breast.

There are also technical limitations to margin assessment which impact the relationship between margin width and IBTR. For example, margins are artifactually narrower ex-vivo when specimens become flattened from lack of surrounding supportive tissue, a phenomenon exaggerated by compression for specimen radiography. Additionally, surface ink can track into deeper portions of the specimen, posing significant challenges in determining true margin location. Finally, tumor-to-ink distance on any single slide may not be representative of the entire specimen; an “adequate” margin on one section may become positive if additional or deeper sections are examined. Two common methods for margin evaluation include sectioning perpendicular to ink (to determine tumor-to-ink width) or en-face examination of shaved margins (where any residual tumor in the shaved specimen is considered a positive margin). While an advantage of the shaved method is greater surface-area examination, a known disadvantage is the higher frequency of margins categorized as positive that are, in comparison, negative by the perpendicular method, which may in turn result in unnecessary re-excision or even mastectomy.²⁰ Specimen sampling is also highly variable, and even total sequential embedding results in only a small proportion (< 1%) of the specimen margins being examined.²¹ Together, these studies highlight the substantial variability in margin assessment irrespective of the technique used.

Despite variability in margin assessment, great emphasis has been placed on achieving specific negative margin widths. In the Marinovich frequentist meta-analysis, comparison of specific margin width thresholds (2 mm, 3 or 5 mm, and 10 mm) relative to negative margins defined as > 0 mm or 1 mm included 7883 patients with a median follow-up of 6.5 years. The ORs for 2 mm (0.51 [95% CI 0.31–0.85], p = 0.01), 3 or 5 mm (0.42 [95% CI 0.18–.97], p = .04), and 10 mm (0.60 [0.33–1.08], p = .09) showed comparable reductions in the odds of IBTR compared to > 0 mm or 1 mm, and pairwise comparisons found no significant differences in the odds of IBTR between the 2 mm, 3 or 5 mm, and 10 mm margin thresholds (all p > 0.40). In this model, the predicted 10-year IBTR probability for 2 mm negative margins was 10.1% (95% CI 6.3–16.0%) compared to 8.5% for 3 or 5 mm (95% CI 3.6–18.9%) and 11.7% (95% CI 6.7–19.4%) for 10 mm margins. In the Bayesian network meta-analysis (Table 4)¹⁵, the ORs of incrementally wider negative margins relative to the positive margin category were 0.45 (95% CrI 0.32–0.61) for > 0 or 1 mm, 0.32 (95% CrI 0.21–0.48) for 2 mm, 0.30 (95% CrI 0.12–0.76) for 3 mm, and 0.32 (95% CrI 0.19–0.49) for 10 mm. Adjustments for clinically relevant covariates, including sensitivity analysis limited to studies using radiation therapy (RT), did not alter these mean OR estimates (Table 4). In this analysis, the relative odds ratio (ROR) of IBTR between the 10 mm and 2 mm threshold groups compared to positive margins was 0.99 (95% CrI 0.61–1.64), indicating no statistically meaningful difference.

Table 4.

Margin Threshold and Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence: Bayesian Network Meta-analysis¹⁵

	Threshold distance for negative margins relative to positive: mean OR (95% CrI) adjusted for follow-up
	> 0 or 1 mm	2 mm	3 mm	10 mm
Main model (N patients)	2230	2412	289	1963
All studies	0.45 (0.32–0.61)	0.32 (0.21–0.48)	0.30 (0.12–0.76)	0.32 (0.19–0.49)
Sensitivity analysis (N patients)	1957	1851	272	1079
RT cohorts only	0.45 (0.34–0.61)	0.33 (0.23–0.47)	0.22 (0.08–0.53)	0.37 (0.24–0.57)
Sensitivity analysis (N patients)	1781	1524	289	616
Van Zee et al. excluded	0.43 (0.31–0.57)	0.29 (0.19–0.45)	0.32 (0.14–0.75)	0.27 (0.16–0.47)
Sensitivity analysis (N patients)	2230	2412	-	1963
3 mm excluded	0.47 (0.34–0.63)	0.34 (0.23–0.49)	-	0.36 (0.23–0.56)
Sensitivity analysis (N patients)	2692	2555	322†	2160
Adding studies with no summary age data*	0.44 (0.30–0.63)	0.31 (0.19–0.51)	0.32 (0.14–0.73)	0.20 (0.11–0.35)‡
Adjustment for covariates (based on main model)
Age	0.46 (0.33–0.63)	0.34 (0.22–0.51)	0.33 (0.13–0.83)	0.33 (0.20–0.51)
Median recruitment year	0.45 (0.31–0.62)	0.31 (0.19–0.46)	0.29 (0.12–0.68)	0.32 (0.20–0.49)
Proportion with radiotherapy	0.46 (0.33–0.63)	0.33 (0.22–0.49)	0.29 (0.12–0.74)	0.32 (0.20–0.50)
Proportion with endocrine therapy**	0.45 (0.29–0.70)	0.33 (0.18–0.57)	0.29 (0.10–0.79)	0.31 (0.17–0.57)
Proportion with high-grade DCIS**	0.45 (0.32–0.62)	0.33 (0.21–0.48)	0.31 (0.12–0.74)	0.39 (0.25–0.59)

^*These studies were ineligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis from Marinovich et al because of lack of summary age data (see eligibility criteria); hence sensitivity analysis reports estimates if these were included in models.

^**Due to missing covariate information, these analyses were undertaken in a reduced number of studies (19 for endocrine therapy; 16 for high-grade DCIS).

^†Two studies using a 5 mm threshold were included with the 3 mm threshold group.

^‡95% CrI for relative odds ratio of 10 mm versus > 0 or 1 mm did not cross 1 (see meta-analysis methods)

OR, odds ratio; CrI, credible interval; RT, radiation therapy; DCIS, ductal carcinoma in situ

Reproduced from Marinovich ML, Azizi L, Macaskill P, et al. The Association of Surgical Margins and Local Recurrence in Women with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Treated with Breast-Conserving Therapy: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2016 (In Press)

The choice of the 2 mm threshold rather than > 0 (no ink on tumor) or 1 mm was based upon evidence of a statistically significant decrease in IBTR for 2 mm compared to 0 or 1 mm in the frequentist analysis (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.31–0.85; p = .01) coupled with weak evidence in the Bayesian model of a reduction in IBTR with the 2 mm distance compared to smaller distances (ROR 0.72, 95% CrI 0.47–1.08). However, while the MP felt that there was evidence that the 2 mm margin optimized local control, clinical judgment must be utilized in determining whether patients with smaller negative margin widths (> 0 or 1 mm) require re-excision. Factors felt to be important to consider include assessment of IBTR risk (residual calcifications on post-excision mammography, extent of DCIS in proximity to margin, which margin is close [i.e., anterior excised to skin or posterior excised to pectoral fascia versus margins associated with residual breast tissue]), cosmetic impact of re-excision, and overall life expectancy. The conclusion that re-excision could be selectively employed with margins smaller than 2 mm was influenced by the high long-term rates of local control reported in the NSABP DCIS trials which required a margin of no ink on tumor⁷ as well as the study of Van Zee et al which, after adjusting for multiple covariates, found no difference in risk between margins of ≤ 2 mm and more widely clear margins in patients receiving WBRT.²²

Treatment with Excision Alone

Treatment with excision alone, regardless of margin width, is associated with substantially higher rates of IBTR than treatment with excision and WBRT, even in pre-defined low-risk patients. The optimal margin width for treatment with excision alone is unknown, but should be at least 2 mm. Some evidence suggests lower rates of IBTR with margin widths wider than 2 mm

The EBCTCG DCIS meta-analysis showed that the 10-year IBTR rate for patients treated with excision alone was higher than with excision and WBRT, both for those with negative margins (26.0% vs 12.0%, p < 0.00001) and positive margins (48.3% vs 24.2%; p = 0.00004).¹ The same proportional benefit for WBRT was seen in women treated with local excision and those having large sector resections. In the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9804 trial where patients with small, mammographically detected low-to-intermediate grade DCIS and margins ≥ 3 mm were randomized to excision alone or excision plus WBRT, 7-year IBTR rates were 6.7% and 0.9% (p = .0003), respectively.⁴ The prospective, multi-institutional Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) E5194 study of patients with low-risk DCIS treated with excision alone (negative margin width ≥ 3 mm) reported 12-year rates of IBTR of 14.4% for non-high grade DCIS ≤ 2.5 cm in size and 24.6% for high-grade DCIS ≤ 1 cm in size. However, IBTR rates did not differ significantly for margins < 5 mm, 5–9 mm, or ≥ 10 mm (p=.85).²³ A prospective single-arm study of patients with mammographically detected DCIS ≤ 2.5 cm in size reported a 10-year IBTR rate of 15.6%²⁴ despite requiring margins of ≥ 1 cm.⁴ In contrast, Van Zee et al found in 1266 patients treated with excision alone that 10-year IBTR rates were 16% for margins > 10 mm, and increased to 23% for margins > 2–10 mm, 27% for ≤ 0–2 mm, and 41% for positive margins. After adjustment for multiple factors, margin width was a more highly significant predictor of IBTR (p < 0.0001).²² The MP felt that, overall, the heterogeneity of the evidence between the above-reported studies did not allow for a definitive recommendation for margin widths greater than 2 mm in patients foregoing RT.

Endocrine Therapy

Rates of IBTR are reduced with endocrine therapy, but there is no evidence of an association between endocrine therapy and negative margin width

Tamoxifen reduces the incidence of both IBTR and contralateral breast cancer, but the absolute benefit is relatively small.^7,25 In the NSABP B-24 trial, patients treated with lumpectomy and WBRT were randomized to tamoxifen or placebo; 25% of the population had positive or unknown margins. The 15-year IBTR rate for the placebo group was 17.4% in those with positive margins compared to 7.4% for clear margins. Adjuvant tamoxifen lowered IBTR rates among those with positive margins to levels similar to those in the negative margin cohort (17.4% placebo, 11.5% tamoxifen); conversely, there was little impact of tamoxifen in the negative margin cohort (IBTR 7.4% placebo, 7.5% tamoxifen).⁷ Hence, the MP felt that while tamoxifen decreases IBTR in patients with positive margins, there was no evidence to suggest an association between negative margin width and the benefit of endocrine therapy.

Patient and Tumor Features

Multiple factors have been shown to be associated with the risk of IBTR in patients treated with and without WBRT, but there are no data addressing whether margin widths should be influenced by these factors

Young patient age has consistently been associated with IBTR, and tumor factors such as histologic pattern, comedo necrosis, and nuclear grade and size of DCIS also modify the risk of IBTR.^17,26,27 More recently, unfavorable gene profile scores have also been associated with IBTR.^28,29 However, there are no data addressing whether margin widths should be influenced by these factors, and this represents an appropriate area for further study.

Radiation Delivery

Choice of WBRT delivery technique, fractionation, and boost dose should not be dependent upon negative margin width. There is insufficient evidence to address optimal margin widths for accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI)

The vast majority of patients treated in the 5 prospective randomized DCIS trials of excision with or without WBRT received conventionally fractionated WBRT without a boost. Only one of the trials allowed the option of hypofractionated whole breast RT (HWBRT) in addition to standard WBRT⁴, and ≤ 10% of the patients in 3 of the trials received a boost.^6–8 None of the randomized trials varied RT technique according to margin status, and intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) and accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) were not utilized.

There is no direct evidence from randomized trials to support the use of a boost to the primary tumor site for patients with DCIS, although in patients with invasive breast carcinoma, the long-term value of a boost in reducing IBTR has been demonstrated.³⁰

Two ASTRO consensus guidelines have addressed technical issues in the setting of BCT. While largely focusing on invasive breast carcinoma, the ASTRO statement on HWBRT concluded there was insufficient evidence to recommend for or against HWBRT in the setting of DCIS.³¹ In the ASTRO statement on APBI, DCIS was placed into the “cautionary” group based on the lack of evidence from randomized trials, while noting that DCIS patients have been included in some retrospective cohort studies.³²

Therefore, there is no evidence that margin width, in isolation, should determine radiation delivery technique, fractionation of WBRT, or use/dose of a boost. The MP considered the evidence base insufficient to address optimal margin width in APBI.

DCIS in the Presence of Invasive Breast Cancer

DCIS with microinvasion, defined as no invasive focus > 1 mm in size, should be considered as DCIS when considering the optimal margin width

There are 2 diagnoses for which there is overlap between the DCIS Margin Guideline and the Invasive Cancer Margin Guideline³³: DCIS with microinvasion (DCIS-M) and invasive carcinoma associated with DCIS (extensive intraductal component [EIC] or lesser amounts of scattered DCIS). In DCIS-M, defined by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) as the extension of cancer cells beyond the basement membrane with no focus more than 0.1 cm in greatest dimension³⁴, small retrospective studies suggest that rates of IBTR are similar to those seen with pure DCIS.^35,36 In the absence of specific data to address margin width in DCIS-M, the MP, based on expert opinion, felt that DCIS-M should be considered as DCIS when considering the optimal margin width, given that the majority of the lesion is comprised of DCIS and that systemic therapy utilization for DCIS-M more closely reflects the treatment pattern for DCIS than for invasive carcinoma.

In contrast, when considering margin width for an invasive cancer with a DCIS component, regardless of extent, the MP felt that the invasive cancer guideline³³ was applicable, primarily because the natural history and treatment of these lesions is more similar to invasive cancer than DCIS, even when the close margin contains DCIS. In particular, the vast majority of patients with invasive cancer receive systemic therapy, which remains less common for pure DCIS. The invasive cancer guideline³³ did note that an EIC is a marker for a potential heavy burden of residual DCIS and that post-excision mammography, the presence of multiple close margins, and young patient age can be used to select patients who will benefit from re-excision. These statements echo the discussion of the MP regarding the use of re-excision in pure DCIS with margins < 2 mm discussed previously, and thus we believe that the guidelines are compatible.

LIMITATIONS

There are limitations to this guideline. It applies to patients with DCIS and DCIS-M treated with WBRT. The findings should not be extrapolated to DCIS patients treated with APBI or those with invasive carcinoma for whom a separate guideline has been developed.³³ While studies including patients treated with and without WBRT were included in the meta-analysis, a meta-analysis of studies of treatment with excision alone was not conducted. Additionally, all of the studies included in the meta-analysis were retrospective. However, in the absence of any planned prospective randomized trials addressing the question of margin width and local recurrence, these studies represent the best available evidence for clinical decision making.

Supplementary Material

S1. Appendix 1.

Summary of Methodology for the Margins Meta-Analysis