Abstract
Background
Exertional heat stroke is a fatal condition and remains a health problem. This paper evaluates the publication trend regarding exertional heat stroke research between 1996 and 2015 using a bibliometric method.
Method
Articles regarding exertional heat stroke research published between 1996 and December 2015 were searched for in the SCI-EXPANDED database of Web of Science. The search results were analyzed with regard to publication year; publication quantity regarding countries/regions, and authors; citation frequency; and journal distribution. CiteSpace (v3.6) was used for a document co-citation visualization analysis.
Results
In total, 289 publications on heat stroke were located. After selection, 209 original articles conducted across 28 countries/regions and published in 83 journals were included in the analysis. The USA, Isreal, and France were the most common locations for exertional heat stroke studies. The CiteSpace visualization cluster analysis showed that exertional heat stroke-related mortality and protective measures were constant concerns of research.
Conclusions
Research related to exertional heat stroke has been continuous concerned. USA is still the leading country in this field.
Keywords: Heat stroke, Bibliometric analysis
Background
Heat stroke is a severe and fatal condition clinically characterized by a severe rise in core body temperature (often >40 °C), with concomitant central nervous system dysfunctions such as delirium, convulsions, epilepsy, and coma [1]. Heat stroke is primarily classified into classic heat stroke and exertional heat stroke. The latter is particularly encountered during modern warfare and military training. Over the past few decades, the incidence of exertional heat stroke has significantly increased. According to data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7,000 cases of heat stroke death occurred in the US between 1979 and 1997 [2]. Along with the change in global climate, the progress of urbanization, and the extension of life expectancy, exertional heat stroke is expected to remain a health problem that cannot be ignored [3]. The most common treatment for exertional heat stroke is rapid cooling to promptly lower body temperature to normal. This strategy can reduce the risk of organ damage [4]. Despite effective cooling, numerous patients suffer from multiple organ failure, disability, and even death following active cooling treatment. Several studies related to exertional heat stroke have been published over the last few decades [1–3]. However, many problems remain to be addressed regarding the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of exertional heat stroke [3]. Bibliometric analysis is a wildly used method to evaluate the publication trend on a special topic [5].
Although many papers investigated exertional heat stroke, reports are still currently lacking regarding the trend of exertional heat stroke publications. We aimed to employ a bibliometric method to analyze the trend of exertional heat stroke publication in the latest twenty years.
Methods
This trend analysis was performed using the Web of Science database with regard to publication quantity, country/region, institution, author, journal, and so on. The co-citation patterns were visualized to provide evidence for relevant clinics and research.
Data source and retrieval
The SCI-EXPANDED database of Web of Science was searched, and the last search occurred on June 14, 2016. The search terms “heat stroke” or “heatstroke” and “exertional” were used to create the following search queries: (topic = “heat stroke”) OR (topic = heatstroke)) AND “exertional”. The time span was set to between 1996 and 2015. The publication type was not limited, and “article” was selected for an in-depth analysis.
Statistical analyses
Histcite 12.03.07 (Thomson Reuters) was used for the descriptive analysis. A bibliometric method was used to quantitatively describe the published articles regarding year of publication; publication quantity, including country/region, institution, and author; citation frequency; and journal distribution. A citation map was generated. The co-citation visualization analysis was performed using CiteSpace 3.6.
Results
Selection of articles
Using the search queries, 289 publications were searched, including 209 original articles, 37 reviews, 11 editorials, 10 meeting abstracts, 10 letters, 8 proceedings papers, 4 corrections. Based on the selection criteria, 80 non-original articles were excluded, and 209 original articles related to exertional heat stroke were included in the analysis.
Distribution of articles by publication years
The quantity of published articles on exertional heat stroke showed an overall trend by year, which rose from 12 in 1996 to 31 in 2015 (Table 1).
Table 1.
Number and citation frequency of published articles on extertional heat stroke between 1996 and 2016
| Publication year | Articles | Citation frequency | Average citation frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 12 | 485 | 40.4 |
| 1997 | 4 | 38 | 9.5 |
| 1998 | 6 | 105 | 17.5 |
| 1999 | 3 | 135 | 45.0 |
| 2000 | 1 | 24 | 24.0 |
| 2001 | 6 | 82 | 13.7 |
| 2002 | 6 | 93 | 15.5 |
| 2003 | 10 | 98 | 9.8 |
| 2004 | 11 | 318 | 28.9 |
| 2005 | 7 | 213 | 30.4 |
| 2006 | 12 | 244 | 20.3 |
| 2007 | 12 | 250 | 20.8 |
| 2008 | 7 | 117 | 16.7 |
| 2009 | 10 | 192 | 19.2 |
| 2010 | 11 | 151 | 13.7 |
| 2011 | 16 | 120 | 7.5 |
| 2012 | 9 | 111 | 12.3 |
| 2013 | 12 | 61 | 5.1 |
| 2014 | 23 | 43 | 1.9 |
| 2015 | 31 | 43 | 1.4 |
| Total | 209 | 2923 | 14.0 |
Distribution of articles by countries and regions
The 209 articles originated from 28 countries and regions. The USA, Isreal, France, Mainland China and Taiwan, and UK were the most common locations for publishing articles on exertional heat stroke (Table 2). USA is the leading country during the twenty years in publishing articles on exertional heat stroke.
Table 2.
An analysis of the number and citation frequency of published articles with regard to major countries/regions
| Rank | Country/region | Total records | Publication year | Total citation | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||
| 1 | USA | 105 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 22 | 1725 |
| 2 | Israel | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 266 |
| 3 | France | 14 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 177 |
| 4 | Mainland China | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 37 |
| 5 | UK | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 283 |
| 6 | Taiwan | 11 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 109 |
Distribution of articles by authors
The 209 articles were written by 803 authors in total. The top 10 authors publishing articles on exertional heat stroke primarily came from the US and Israel (Table 3). Casa DJ from the University Connecticut of USA published the most articles (20 records) and accounted for 9.6 % of all published articles. Casa DJ published the first article on exertional heat stroke in 2005 [6]; the most recent research on exertional heat stroke was published in 2015 [7].
Table 3.
Ten authors who published at least 10 articles on exertional heat stroke from 1996 to 2016
| Rank | Author | Records | Citations | Average citation | Country/region | Institution |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Casa DJ | 20 | 302 | 15.1 | USA | University Connecticut |
| 2 | Armstrong LE | 12 | 325 | 27.1 | USA | University Connecticut |
| 3 | Epstein Y | 9 | 253 | 28.1 | Israel | Tel Aviv University |
| 4 | Moran DS | 9 | 203 | 22.6 | Israel | Tel Aviv University |
| 5 | Roberts WO | 8 | 241 | 30.1 | USA | University of Minnesota |
| 6 | Wenger CB | 8 | 255 | 31.9 | USA | US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine |
| 7 | Heled Y | 7 | 131 | 18.7 | Israel | Heller Institute of Medical Research |
| 8 | Maresh CM | 7 | 193 | 27.6 | USA | University Connecticut |
| 9 | Gardner JW | 6 | 191 | 31.8 | USA | Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences |
| 10 | McDermott BP | 6 | 114 | 19.0 | USA | University of Tennessee |
Distribution of articles by journals
The 209 articles were published across 105 journals. The top 10 journals published 83 articles on heat stroke and accounted for 32.9 % of all articles included in this study (Table 4). The JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC TRAINING published the most articles (16). Ellis A published the most frequently cited article in Gut in 1996 which was referenced 102 times [8].
Table 4.
Top ten SCI journals for heat stroke publications
| Journals | Records | Categories | Quartile | F2014 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Journal of athletic training | 16 | Sport sciences | Q2 | 2.017 |
| Medicine and science in sports and exercise | 16 | Sport sciences | Q2 | 3.983 |
| Military medicine | 12 | Medicine, general & internal | Q3 | 0.911 |
| Aviation space and environmental medicine | 8 | Medicine, general & internal/public, environmental & occupational health/sport sciences | Q3/Q4/Q5 | 0.875 |
| Journal of applied physiology | 7 | Physiology/sport sciences | Q2/Q1 | 3.056 |
| Wilderness & environmental medicine | 6 | Public, environmental & occupational health/sport sciences | Q3/Q3 | 1.196 |
| European journal of applied physiology | 5 | Physiology/sport sciences | Q3/Q2 | 2.187 |
| Journal of thermal biology | 5 | Biology/zoology | Q2/Q2 | 1.505 |
| American family physician | 4 | Primary health care/medicine, general & internal | Q1/Q2 | 2.175 |
| Journal of strength and conditioning research | 4 | Public, environmental & occupational health/sport sciences | Q3/Q3 | 1.196 |
Citation map
One of the core documents cited was published by Epstein Y in 1999, titled “Exertional heat stroke: a case series” [9]. Another core document cited was published by Smith JE in 2005, titled “Cooling methods used in the treatment of exertional heat illness” [10] (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
A citation map, with Ref 9 and Ref 10 as core documents
Analysis of time-frequency of key words
The time frequency of the keywords was obtained via a co-citation analysis using CiteSpace (Fig. 2). The core documents co-cited were subject to a cluster analysis (Table 5). Fifteen categories were generated in the cluster analysis, with the following nine major categories: “fulminant hepatic failure”, “contribution”, “near-fatal exertional heat stroke”, “plasma beta-endorphin concentration”, “marine corp”, “suspected heat illness”, “distance”, “air force”, and “energy metabolism” et al. In this figure, the timeline of clusters labeled using keywords is shown horizontally. The earliest concern was “marine corp”.
Fig. 2.
Timeline for the keyword analysis of the document co-citation clustering
Table 5.
Documents at the nodes of the co-citation clusters
| Frequency (cited times) | Centrality (article’s degree of centralized in the cluster) | Year | Co-cited articles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 84 | 0.30 | 2002 | Bouchama A, 2002, New Engl J Med, V346, P1978, DOI 10.1056/NEJMRA011089 |
| 51 | 0.06 | 2007 | Armstrong LE, 2007, Med Sci Sport Exer, V39, P556, DOI 10.1249/MSS.0B013E31802FA199 |
| 35 | 0.31 | 1990 | Costrini A, 1990, Med Sci Sport Exer, V22, P15 |
| 30 | 0.06 | 2002 | Binkley HM, 2002, J Athl Train, V37, P329 |
| 29 | 0.17 | 1990 | Shapiro Y, 1990, Med Sci Sport Exer, V22, P6 |
| 28 | 0.09 | 1999 | Epstein Y, 1999, Med Sci Sport Exer, V31, P224, DOI 10.1097/00005768-199902000-00004 |
| 27 | 0.10 | 2007 | Casa DJ, 2007, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, V35, P141 |
| 24 | 0.07 | 2005 | Casa DJ, 2005, Curr Sport Med Rep, V4, P309 |
| 23 | 0.04 | 2004 | Rav-acha M, 2004, Am J Med Sci, V328, P84, DOI 10.1097/00000441-200408000-00003 |
| 22 | 0.28 | 1996 | Armstrong LE, 1996, Am J Emerg Med, V14, P355, DOI 10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90048-0 |
| 22 | 0.17 | 1967 | Shibolet S, 1967, Q J Med, V36, P525 |
| 22 | 0.11 | 2003 | Proulx CI, 2003, J Appl Physiol, V94, P1317, DOI 10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00541.2002 |
| 22 | 0.09 | 1998 | Dematte JE, 1998, Ann Intern Med, V129, P173 |
| 21 | 0.13 | 2005 | Smith JE, 2005, Brit J Sport Med, V39, P503, DOI 10.1136/BJSM.2004.013466 |
| 84 | 0.30 | 2002 | Bouchama A, 2002, New Engl J Med, V346, P1978, DOI 10.1056/NEJMRA011089 |
Discussion
According to classical bibliometric theory, increases or decreases in the number of scientific research publications indicate the speed of scientific/technological development. The present study shows that the number of published research articles on exertional heat stroke between 1996 and 2015. These publications indicate several findings. First, heat stroke research has been of continuous concern. Second, environmental heat damage, sports heat damage, and military action training heat damage remain problems that cannot be ignored. Finally, many problems have yet to be solved regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of heat stroke.
With regard to distribution by country/region, US and Israel are the two leading countries. Mainland China published the most articles on heat stroke ranking No.4. Previous bibliometric studies in other fields have also found a sharp increase in the number of research articles from Mainland China, exceeding Hong Kong and Taiwan [11–13] and ranking second only to the US [14]. The continuous research progress in the number of published articles on exertional heat stroke demonstrates the overall improvements in critical care medicine, sports medicine, and military medicine in the output country.
With respect to journal distribution, the top 10 journals publishing articles on exertional heat stroke were all specialist publications, and none were comprehensive. On one hand, this evidence indicates that exertional heat stroke research is relatively esoteric. Most of these top 10 journals were classified as quartile 2 or 3 SCI publications. These journals mainly focus on Sport Science or Military Medicine. Although impact factor has been extensively used to evaluate the quality of research published [15], its value has always been questioned. Professor Alberts, the editor-in-chief of Science, the top journal in the sciences, recently published an editorial stating that impact factor has led to abnormalities in the research evaluation system [16]. Moreover, high impact factor journals occasionally publish low-quality research. Therefore, we did not analyze or discuss impact factor in the present study.
Recently, an increasing number of bibliometric analyses have emerged in medicine [11–13, 17–20] and have demonstrated significant value [21]. Previous analyses have shown that the number of published articles grew rapidly in certain countries that are emerging in scientific research, which reduced the share of articles from traditional research powers in Europe and the US [22]. A 2010 study showed that 100 classic publications in Bone Science were primarily from the UK and the US [23]. The authors of that study predicted that China would reverse this situation and establish a new balance in the near future [21]. As the present study revealed, this trend has begun to show in heat stroke research. Furthermore, we performed a visualization cluster analysis of co-cited documents on heat stroke and listed core documents in these clusters.
The present study has a few limitations. For example, to perform the citation analysis, we only searched the SCI database and not the Medline or Embase databases. However, we are certain that the SCI database generally includes all mainstream documents in the natural sciences.
Conclusions
In summary, the research evidence gained continous attention in exertional heat stroke-related fields. USA is the dominated country in this field.
Acknowledgments
Funding
None.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].
Authors’ contributions
ZM and CL contributed equally to this work. ZM and CL conceived the study, participated in the design, collected the data, performed statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. SC performed statistical analyses, and helped to draft the manuscript. ZGZ and HJK revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. FHZ performed statistical analyses, helped to revise the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Abbreviation
- SCI
Science Citation Index
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].