Abstract
We analyzed the travel-related health problems in persons returning to Japan from overseas. Data were extracted retrospectively for all patients visiting the infectious diseases department of Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan, between July 2012 and September 2013. There were 209 sick returning travelers during the period of the study. The median age of the subjects was 34.3 years, and the subjects consisted of 133 tourists (63.6%), 39 business travelers (18.7%), 17 expatriates (8.1%), 14 volunteer workers (6.7%), and four persons who visited friends and relatives (1.9%). The most visited destinations were Asia (n=162, 77.5%), including East Asia (n=26, 12.4%), Southeast Asia (n=116, 55.5%), South Asia (n=25, 12.0%), Central Asia (n=3, 1.4%), and Africa (n=30, 14.3%). The most commonly diagnosed diseases were gastrointestinal tract infection (n=81, 38.8%), dengue fever (n=26, 12.4%), and animal bites (n=26, 12.4%). Twenty-nine patients (13.8%) were hospitalized, mainly for dengue fever and gastrointestinal tract infection.
Keywords: travel medicine, travel-related health problems, Japan
Introduction
With the expansion of the commercial air traffic network, international travel has become commonplace. In 2014, the number of international tourist arrivals all over the world was estimated at 1 billion, up from the estimated 1,087 million in 2013.1 Japanese citizens are also increasingly traveling overseas. According to the Japan Association of Travel Agents, the number of Japanese traveling abroad was approximately 18.4 million in 2013, trending toward an increase as compared to the estimated number of 17.3 million in 2007.2 In 2009, a report was published describing travel-related health problems in travelers returning to Tokyo, Japan.3 However, no such data exist for the Kansai region, including Osaka. In this descriptive study, we report the results of our analysis of the travel-related health problems in travelers returning from overseas to Osaka, Japan.
Materials and methods
The study was a single-center, retrospective descriptive study. We included all adult (>15 years) travelers returning to their country of residence from overseas, who were diagnosed as having one or more travel-related diseases. We extracted the records of all the patients visiting the Center for Infectious Diseases at Osaka City General Hospital (OCGH), a 1,063-bed tertiary care hospital in Osaka, Japan, between July 1, 2012 and September 30, 2013. OCGH is in charge of pre-travel health-related consultation and post-travel health problems in travelers. The following demographic data of the study participants were analyzed: age, sex, nationality, category of travel (tourism, business, expatriates, volunteer work, and visiting friends/relatives), travel destinations, including the geographical region (East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Africa, Oceania, North America, South America, and Europe), chief health-related complaints at the first consultation, primary diagnosis, and hospitalization status. If the overseas destinations had included more than two countries, all visited countries were included in the data. This study was approved by the Osaka City General Hospital Ethics Committee. As a retrospective study, only medical records were reviewed. No patient was directly involved in the study. As a result, the Osaka City General Hospital Ethics Committee waived the requirement for patient consent.
Results
There were 209 sick returning travelers during the 15-month study period, consisting of 85 men (40.7%) and 124 women (59.3%). The median age was 32 years (15−78 years). Depending on the category of travel, the subjects were classified into 133 tourists (63.6%), 39 business travelers (18.7%), 17 expatriates (8.1%), 14 volunteer workers (6.7%), and four travelers who had visited friends and relatives (1.9%). The median interval between return to the country of residence and visit to our hospital was 7.3 days (1−120 days) and the median time from onset of symptoms to visiting our clinic was 6.7 days (1−90 days). Of the 209 persons, 140 (66.9%) visited our hospital directly, 69 (33.1%) were referred to our hospital from another clinic or hospital (55 patients, 26.4%), or from a quarantine station (14 patients, 6.7%). The travel destinations were distributed as follows: Asia (n=162, 77.5%), including East Asia (n=26, 12.4%), Southeast Asia (n=116, 55.5%), South Asia (n=25, 12.0%), Central Asia (n=3, 1.4%), Africa (n=30, 14.3%), Oceania (n=3, 1.43%), North America (n=7, 3.3%), South America (n=4, 1.9%), and Europe (n=3, 1.43%) (Table 1). The destinations included 48 countries around the world, with the top five being Thailand (n=31), Indonesia (n=27), including Bali island (n=17) and other regions (n=10), People’s Republic of China (n=17), Cambodia (n=13), and Malaysia (n=7).
Table 1.
Reported diagnosis according to the area of travel in travelers returning to Japan
| Primary diagnosis | Numberof patients | East Asia N=26 | Southeast Asia N=116 | South Asia N=25 | Central Asia N=3 | Africa N=30 | OceaniaN=3 | North America N=7 | South America N=4 | Europe N=3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal infections | 81 | 13 | 42 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| Dengue fever | 26 | 0 | 24 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Animal bites | 26 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Acute respiratory infections | 23 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Influenza | 7 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pneumonia | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Skin problems | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Malaria falciparum | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Typhoid and paratyphoid fever | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Infectious mononucleosis | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Streptococcal infections | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rubella | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hepatitis A | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Measles | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Urinary tract infection | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Chikungunya fever | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Tuberculosis | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Acute appendicitis | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Diverticulitis | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Duodenal cancer | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Unknown | 19 | 1 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 209 | 26 | 116 | 25 | 3 | 30 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 3 |
Among the 209 patients, the most frequent presenting complaints were as follows: fever (n=110, 52.6%), diarrhea (n=48, 23.0%), and animal bites (n=26, 12.4%) (Table 2). The primary diagnoses are shown in Table 3. The most common diagnoses were gastrointestinal tract infection (n=81, 38.8%), dengue fever (n=26, 12.4%), and animal bites (n=26, 12.4%). Among the patients diagnosed as having gastrointestinal infection, stool examination was performed in 68 patients, and causative pathogens were identified in 19 patients (six Plesiomonas spp., three Shigella spp., three Salmonella spp., two Aeromonas spp., one Campylobacter jejuni, one Clostridium perfringens, one Bacillus cereus, one Staphylococcus aureus, and one Entamoeba histolytica). Among the 110 patients presenting with fever, the primary diagnoses were as follows: gastrointestinal tract infection (n=28, 25.5%), dengue fever (n=26, 23.6%), acute respiratory tract infections (n=20, 18.2%), influenza (n=7, 6.4%) and pneumonia (n=4, 3.6%), malaria (n=3, 2.7%), including Plasmodium falciparum (three patients), typhoid fever (n=2, 1.8%), infectious mononucleosis (n=2, 1.8%), streptococcal infections (n=2, 1.8%), rubella (n=2, 1.8%), measles (n=1, 0.9%), chikungunya fever (n=1, 0.9%), and diverticulitis (n=1, 0.9%). The cause of the fever remained unknown in nine patients (8.1%) (Table 4). Among the patients diagnosed as having dengue fever, there were no cases of severe illness. In all, 29 patients (13.8%) were hospitalized, and 190 patients were treated on an outpatient basis. The main reasons for admission were dengue fever and gastrointestinal tract infection (Table 5). In regard to the travel destination, 23 (79.3%) patients had been to Asia, four (13.8%) to Africa, and one each (3.4%) to North America and South America, respectively. All of the hospitalized patients improved.
Table 2.
Chief complaints in travelers returning to Japan
| Chief complaint | Number of patients |
|---|---|
| Fever | 110 (52.6%) |
| Diarrhea | 48 (23.0%) |
| Animal bites | 26 (12.4%) |
| Medical check-up | 5 (2.4%) |
| Upper respiratory symptoms | 5 (2.4%) |
| General fatigue | 4 (1.9%) |
| Abdominal pain | 4 (1.9%) |
| Jaundice | 2 (1.0%) |
| Other symptoms | 5 (2.4%) |
| Total | 209 (100%) |
Table 3.
Primary diagnosis in 209 patients who were travelers returning to Japan
| Diseases | Number of patients |
|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal tract infections | 81 |
| Dengue fever | 26 |
| Animal bites | 26 |
| Acute respiratory tract infections | 23 |
| Influenza | 7 |
| Pneumonia | 4 |
| Skin problems | 3 |
| Malaria | 3 |
| Typhoid and paratyphoid fever | 2 |
| Infectious mononucleosis | 2 |
| Streptococcal infections | 2 |
| Rubella | 2 |
| Hepatitis A | 2 |
| Measles | 1 |
| Urinary tract infection | 1 |
| Chikungunya fever | 1 |
| Tuberculosis | 1 |
| Acute appendicitis | 1 |
| Diverticulitis | 1 |
| Duodenal cancer | 1 |
| Unknown | 19 |
| Total | 209 |
Table 4.
Diseases diagnosed in 110 febrile patients who were travelers returning to Japan
| Diagnosis | Number of patients |
|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal tract infections | 28 (25.5%) |
| Dengue fever | 26 (23.6%) |
| Acute respiratory tract infections and influenza-like illness | 20 (18.2%) |
| Influenza | 7 (6.4%) |
| Pneumonia | 4 (3.6%) |
| Malaria | 3 (2.7%) |
| Typhoid and paratyphoid fever | 2 (1.8%) |
| Infectious mononucleosis | 2 (1.8%) |
| Streptococcal infections | 2 (1.8%) |
| Rubella | 2 (1.8%) |
| Measles | 1 (0.9%) |
| Hepatitis A | 1 (0.9%) |
| Measles | 1 (0.9%) |
| Chikungunya fever | 1 (0.9%) |
| Diverticulitis | 1 (0.9%) |
| Unknown | 9 (8.1%) |
| Total | 110 (100%) |
Table 5.
Diseases diagnosed in 29 hospitalized patients who were travelers returning to Japan
| Diseases | Number of patients |
|---|---|
| Dengue fever | 8 (27.6%) |
| Gastrointestinal tract infections | 7 (24.1%) |
| Pneumonia | 4 (13.8%) |
| Typhoid and paratyphoid fever | 2 (6.9%) |
| Malaria | 2 (6.9%) |
| Streptococcal infections | 1 (3.4%) |
| Acute appendicitis | 1 (3.4%) |
| Hepatitis A | 1 (3.4%) |
| Duodenal cancer | 1 (3.4%) |
| Measles | 1 (3.4%) |
| Rubella | 1 (3.4%) |
| Total | 29 (100%) |
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the second study of travel-related health problems in returning travelers to Japan, carried out at the OCGH, Osaka. In this study, 77.5% of the patients were returning after having traveled to other countries in Asia, especially Southeast Asia. This suggests a difference in the destinations of travel from persons in Western countries.4,5 In similar studies reported from Western countries, up to 50% of returning travelers with travel-related health problems had been to Africa. Therefore, the distribution of travel-related medical problems in returning travelers in Japan was different. It is important for physicians in Japan to be aware of the tendency of travelers returning from travel to other Asian countries, especially in Southeast Asia, to show post-travel health problems.
There were only three cases of malaria during the study period, and all were returning after travel to Africa. There are two possible reasons for this. First, there were only four “visiting friends/relatives” travelers and Africa was not the destination for any. In general, immigrants who visit friends and relatives are at an increased risk of infections associated with their travel. Second, the percentage of travelers returning from Africa, where malaria is endemic, was only 14.3%, as compared to 30% in the previous study carried out in Tokyo, Japan.3 According to the imported malaria surveillance in Japan, 76% of cases are travelers who had contracted the disease in Africa.6 Although malaria is a rare disease in Japan, physicians should not rule it out.
By contrast, imported dengue fever is increasing year by year in Japan. In this study, 23.4% of the patients who presented with fever were diagnosed as having dengue fever and almost all patients were returning after travel to South-east Asia. The estimated number of imported dengue fever cases in Japan was 244 in 2010 as compared to 74 in 2005.7 Moreover, a case of dengue fever without a patient history of traveling to foreign countries was confirmed in Japan, after a dengue outbreak occurred in Tokyo, Japan, in 2014.8 Thus, dengue fever is becoming one of the more commonly encountered traveler’s diseases in Japan, especially in travelers returning from Southeast Asia.
Among the 209 subjects of this study, the most frequent presenting complaint was fever, and the primary diagnoses included non-tropical diseases such as infectious mononucleosis, streptococcal infections, and diverticulitis. In addition, acute appendicitis and duodenal cancer were diagnosed in the patients presenting with fever. It is important for the physician to keep in mind both tropical diseases and non-tropical diseases in the differential diagnosis. In this study, 13.8% of the patients were hospitalized and the main reasons for hospitalization were dengue fever, gastrointestinal tract infection, and pneumonia. This trend is similar to that observed in previous studies, after exclusion of the patients with malaria.9,10
There are some limitations to this study. To begin with, the data were extracted from the records of a single center, and the results of the study are representative just for the population which relates to this hospital. Another limitation was that not all patients were returning travelers because 26% were referred from another clinic or hospital, and self-limiting diseases may be underrepresented. Finally, our hospital is not a Geo Sentinel site.
Conclusion
Nevertheless, our study describes the epidemiology of travel-related health problems among returning travelers to Osaka, Japan. Gastrointestinal tract infection, dengue fever, and animal bites were the most common diseases affecting the returned traveler. These data may be useful for doctors in Japan of pre- and post-travel consultations, especially in Osaka. Physicians in Japan have to learn the epidemiology and common tropical diseases in Southeast Asia.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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