Fig. 3.

Effects of H. pylori infection with different diets on circulating inflammatory cytokines and metabolic hormones. Serum levels of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B) and IL-6 (C) were not significantly different between H. pylori-infected and non-infected mice regardless of the diet structure at 12 weeks. Animals with H. pylori infection, especially those fed a HFD, showed significant increases in serum levels of metabolic hormones including GIP (D), leptin (E) and resistin (F) compared to their vehicle-treated controls at 12 weeks. The level of resistin increased rapidly in the HFD control group after 24 weeks compared with 12 weeks (G) and thus come up with H. pylori-infected groups fed HFD at 24 weeks (H). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.