Skip to main content
PMC home page
Scientific Reports logoLink to Scientific Reports
. 2016 Oct 26;6:35998. doi: 10.1038/srep35998

Mesenchymal stem cells with Sirt1 overexpression suppress breast tumor growth via chemokine-dependent natural killer cells recruitment

Yang Yu 1,*, Yan Liu 2,*, Chen Zong 3,*, Qingbo Yu 4, Xue Yang 3, Lei Liang 3, Fei Ye 3, Li Nong 2, Yuxian Jia 2, Yongkui Lu 2,a, Zhipeng Han 3,b
PMCID: PMC5080609  PMID: 27782173

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are generally used in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and therapy for immune disorder diseases. However, due to the immunosuppressive function of MSCs, the application of MSCs in breast cancer therapy remains limited. Sirt1 is the closest mammalian homologue of the yeast enzyme Sir2 which has an established capacity to influence yeast replicative lifespan. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of MSCs with Sirt1 overexpression (MSCs-Sirt1) in mice bearing 4T1 breast cancer and investigated the underlying mechanism. Firstly, we found that MSCs could accelerate breast tumor growth with promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis, whereas MSCs-Sirt1 significantly suppressed tumor growth with proliferation inhibition and apoptosis promotion. Moreover, we detected that NK cells were the prominent antitumor effectors for the MSCs-Sirt1-induced antitumor activity. Besides that, CXCL10 and IFN-γ showed the high level expression in MSCs-Sirt1 treatment group. The impulsive effect of MSCs-Sirt1 on 4T1 cells in vivo could be reversed by inhibition of CXCL10 and IFN-γ. Overall, our results suggest that MSCs-Sirt1 can effectively inhibit breast tumor growth via the recruitment of NK cells in tumor inflammatory microenvironment.

Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality among women with cancer in the United States1, and shows an increasing incidence in the developing world. It has been reported that breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancers among women in China, which is expected to account for 15% of all new cancers in women2. As a heterogeneous disease with distinct molecular subtypes, breast cancer has very different prognoses. Especially hormone-independent and triple-negative carcinomas are problematic due to the limited options for providing adjuvant therapy3. It is essential to find a new effective method for breast cancer therapy.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous subset of stromal stem cells, which can be isolated from bone marrow4. MSCs may differentiate into various specialized cell types under certain physiological or experimental conditions, which is a potential source of stem cells for cellular and genetic therapy5. And based on its low immunogenicity, MSCs are believed to be a promising stem cell population for clinical applications, especially in treating immune-based disorders6,7,8. In recent years, MSCs have been attempted to use for prevention or treatment with autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and collagen-induced arthritis9,10. Besides that, the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs is plastic, depending on the inflammatory status of tissue microenvironment11,12. Currently, there are many studies showing that MSCs can migrate to injured tissues and induce peripheral tolerance, where they can inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote the survival of damaged cells13,14,15. MSCs from bone marrow have also been shown to be an important component of the tumor microenvironment, assisting tumor escape from immunosurveillance16, which contributes to the growth of cancer cells. Nowadays, it has been demonstrate that MSCs could migrate into the breast cancer tissue and play a significant role in breast cancer development17,18.

Sirtuins is a molecular family with seven members (Sirt1–7), of which Sirt1 is the closest mammalian homologue of the yeast enzyme Sir2, a protein with an established capacity to influence yeast replicative lifespan19. Consequently, the tremendous interest in Sirt1 occurred rapidly due to its possible role in eukaryote. It has been proved that Sirt1 plays an important role in regulating several biological functions, such as aging, metabolism, DNA damage and tumor development in mammalian20. Sirt1 was also shown to be expressed in MSCs21 and the essential roles of Sirt1 in the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs have gain more interest in recent years22. It has been reported that overexpression of SIRT1 in aged MSCs could reverse the senescence phenotype and stimulated cell proliferation. However, the exactly effect of mammalian Sirt1 overexpressed MSCs on cancer as a metabolic and age-related disease remain unclear.

In this study, we constructed Sirt1 overexpressed MSCs (MSC-Sirt1) through infecting MSCs with an adenovirus containing the Sirt1 gene and used the 4T1 breast cancer cell line to observe the potential effect of MSC-Sirt1 on regulating breast cancer cells growth in vivo. We further investigated the mechanism underlying the regulatory effects of MSCs-Sirt1 on tumor growth. This report shows that MSCs-Sirt1 can exert a profound inhibitory effect on tumor growth and this would be a new potential manner for breast cancer therapy.

Results

MSCs with Sirt1 overexpression can effectively suppress breast tumor growth

Firstly, bone marrow-derived MSCs were prepared and detected as previous study23. To demonstrate the effect of MSCs with Sirt1 overexpression, we constructed Sirt1 overexpressed MSCs through infecting MSCs with an adenovirus containing the Sirt1 gene (Supplementary Fig. 1). Then, we applied subcutaneously implanted tumor model in BALB/c mice to determine the effect of MSCs-Sirt1 on 4T1 breast cancer cells growth in vivo. Mice were treated as described in materials and methods. All mice survived until they were sacrificed at 18th day after subcutaneous injection. As shown in Fig. 1A, the tumor volume increased at an accelerated rate. The development of 4T1 cells coinjected with MSCs was significantly faster than those injected alone, while 4T1 cells coinjected with MSCs-Sirt1 grew the most slowly. Besides that, tumors in weight were more heavier in the group coinjected with MSCs and 4T1 cells than those in the group injected with 4T1 cells alone. However, when 4T1 cells were coinjected with MSCs-Sirt1, tumor showed a significant reduction in weight (Fig. 1B,C). These results indicate that MSCs-Sirt1 can inhibit the growth of breast cancer in mice.

Figure 1. The effect of MSCs with Sirt1 overexpression on breast cancer tumor growth in mice.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

(A) The tumor growth were detected per 3 days after subcutaneous administration with 4T1 cells. The width and length of 4T1 tumors were measured, then the volume of tumor was calculated using the formula: volume = width2  × length × 0.5236. (B) Tumor weights were measured after they were harvested from the mice. (C) Tumors were presented by representive photographs. Each group consists of 5 mice. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. MSCs-GFP, MSCs with GFP overexpression; MSCs-Sirt1, MSCs with Sirt1 overexpression.

MSCs with Sirt1 overexpression could induce tumor cells apoptosis promotion and proliferation inhibition in vivo

To evaluate the tumor cells proliferation and apoptosis induced by MSCs-Sirt1, the protein expression of PCNA (a cell proliferation indicator) and Caspase-3 (a cell apoptosis indicator), as well as mRNA expression were measured by western blotting and real-time PCR respectively. As shown in Fig. 2A–C, MSCs treatment groups induced a higher expression level of PCNA and a lower expression level of Caspase-3 (or Cleaved Caspase-3) than those of control groups. In contrast, MSCs-Sirt1 treatments resulted in a decrease in the expression level of PCNA and an increase of Caspase-3 (or Cleaved Caspase-3) compared with the controls (Fig. 2A–C).

Figure 2. The effect of Sirt1 overexpressed MSCs on 4T1 cells prolifeation and apoptosis in vivo.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

(A) Western blotting was employed to examine the PCNA, Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression levels of tumors. Real-time PCR was employed to examine the PCNA (B) and Caspase-3 (C) expression levels of tumors. Results were reported as ratio to control group. (D) 4T1 tumor tissues were analyzed for immunohistochemical staining of Ki-67. Apoptosis of 4T1 tumor tissues were determined by TUNEL assay. Typical photographs were presented (original magnification: × 200). (E) The number of Ki-67-positive cells per HP (mean ± SD) was quantified from each group. (F) The quantification of TUNEL-positive tumor cells was shown as mean ± SD. (G) The apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI and data were shown as mean ± SD. HP, high power field (400 × ). **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.

We also analyzed tumor xenograft tissues sections with Ki67 and TUNEL, markers for proliferative and apoptotic response respectively. As shown in Fig. 2D–F, compared with controls, MSCs treatment groups showed a marked increase in number of Ki67-positive cells and an obvious decrease in number of TUNEL-positive cells. Conversely, there was an apparent rise of the percentage of TUNEL-positive tumor cells and a significant decline of Ki67-positive tumor cells in MSCs-Sirt1 treatment groups (Fig. 2D–F). Additionally, FACS analysis showed the corresponding data for apoptosis (Fig. 2G). Together, these results indicate that MSCs-Sirt1 can suppress breast tumor growth through proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction.

Sirt1 overexpressed MSCs treatment elicits significantly high level of IFN-γ in vivo

Several studies have reported that MSCs can enhance tumor development through immunosuppressive activity with inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines13,14,15. Then we detected related inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α etc. Interestingly, MSCs-Sirt1 treatment groups had higher IFN-γ level of serum in mice than other treatment groups (Fig. 3A). Meanwhile, there was no obvious difference in other inflammatory cytokines (Fig. 3B). These data suggest that MSCs-Sirt1 can greatly induce IFN-γ production in vivo.

Figure 3. Serum inflammatory cytokines levels of mice suffered with subcutaneous tumors.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

(A,B) Serum inflammatory cytokines levels were determined by Bio-Plex ProTM mouse cytokine assay kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) at 18th day since cells subcutaneous injection. Each group consists of 5 mice. ***, P < 0.001; NS, P > 0.5.

Sirt1 overexpressed MSCs recruit natural killer cells to tumor tissues for tumor suppression

Natural killer (NK) cells are important immune cells, which can produce many inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, NK cells are the major IFN-γ-secreting cells in vivo24. In order to confirm whether NK cells induced local inflammatory response and performed the effect of MSCs-Sirt1-induced tumor suppression in tumor-bearing mice, tumor-infiltrating NK cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. As shown in Fig. 4A, dramatically higher numbers of IFN-γ-secreting NK cells were detected in tumor xenograft tissues of MSCs-Sirt1 group than those in tumor xenograft tissues of control group, as well as MSCs-GFP group. However, tumor xenograft tissues of MSCs group showed lower numbers of IFN-γ-secreting NK cells than those of control group. Besides that, we isolated splenocytes from the mice to detect the cytolytic NK activity. The data showed that there was a significant enhancement of cytolytic NK activity in MSCs-Sirt1 treatment group compared with those in other treatment group (Fig. 4B). These results were in good agreement with the finding presented in Fig. 4A.

Figure 4. The effect of NK cells on tumor repression in tumor-bearing mice.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

(A) Tumor infiltrating cells were isolated from the tumors of mice and were stained with antibody against NK cells, followed by intracelluar IFN-γ staining. (B) Splenocytes (effector, E) were isolated from the mice after sacrifice and assayed against YAC-1 cells (target cell, T). Cell lysis was determined in triplicate and 51Cr isotope release assay at different effector-to-target cell (E/T) ratios were performed to determine the cytotoxic potential of effector populations. (C) Mice were depleted of IFN-γ and NK cells by anti-IFN-γ mAb and rabbit anti-asialoGM1 antiserum by intraperitoneal injection, respectively. The depletion rates were also texted through ELISA kit and flow cytometry. Each group consists of 5 mice. (D) 4T1 tumor growth under IFN-γ or NK cell subset depletion was examined again. Mice treated with an irrelevant mouse monoclonal IgG2a or normal rabbit serum at the same dose were included as control. The width and length of 4T1 tumors were measured per 3 days, then the volume of tumor was calculated using the formula: volume = width2  × length × 0.5236. (E) Tumor weights were measured after they were harvested from the mice. (F) Tumor tissues were analyzed for immunohistochemical staining of CD49b for pan-NK cells (original magnification: × 200). (G) The number of pan-NK cells per HP (mean ± SD) was quantified. Each group consists of 5 mice. HP, high power field (400 × ). *, P < 0.05; ***, P   < 0.001.

Next, to further clarify the role of IFN-γ and NK cells in MSCs-Sirt1-induced immunopotentiation to inhibit breast tumor growth in vivo, anti-asialoGM1 antiserum was utilized to inhibit the production of NK cells, and anti-IFN-γ antibody was also applied to realize IFN-γ depletion in tumor-bearing mice. As depicted in Fig. 4C, 97.1% depletion for IFN-γ and 92.6% depletion for NK cells were measured by ELISA and flow cytometry respectively. Obviously, as shown in Fig. 4D,E, neutralization of IFN-γ greatly impaired the antitumor effect of MSCs-Sirt1 in tumor-bearing mice and the tumor growth was greatly restored. Similarly, depletion of NK cells significantly weakened the antitumor effect, establishing that NK cells were critical to the antitumor effects of MSCs-Sirt1 in tumor-bearing mice. Then, we analyzed tumor xenograft tissues sections with CD49b, marker for NK cells. There was a significant decline of pan-NK cells when neutralization of IFN-γ or NK cells was performed in MSCs-Sirt1 group (Fig. 4F,G). Together, these results suggest that MSCs-Sirt1 can perform antitumor effect via NK cells recruitment.

Sirt1 overexpressed MSCs promote NK cells recruitment by increasing CXCL10 expression in vivo and in vitro

To detect the potential mechanism of MSCs-Sirt1 recruiting NK cells for tumor inhibition, the level of related chemotactic factors which could recruit NK cells including CCL3, CCL4 and CXCL10 were examined in tumor-bearing mice serum through ELISA. As shown in Fig. 5A, the serum CXCL10 level was effectively upregulated in MSCs-Sirt1 group compared with that in MSCs-GFP group. Meanwhile, there was no obvious difference in the other two chemotactic factors (Fig. 5B). Next, we found that MSCs-Sirt1 treatments showed a marked increase on mRNA expression level of CXCL10 in vitro compared with MSCs-GFP treatments (Fig. 5C). Besides that, MSCs-Sirt1 showed a higher expression of CXCL10 in vitro than MSCs-GFP (Fig. 5D). All of these results imply that CXCL10 may be the key chemotactic factor that recruits NK cells for antitumor effect.

Figure 5. The evaluation of chemotactic factors production.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

ELISA kit was utilized to determine the serum chemotactic factors level of tumor-bearing mice, including CXCL10 (A), CCL3 and CCL4 (B). Results were reported as ratio to MSCs group. Serum samples were taken at the 18th day since cells subcutaneous injection. Each group consists of 5 mice. (C) Real-time PCR was employed to examine the CXCL10 expression level of tumors and the data were reported as ratio to MSCs group. Each group consists of 5 mice. (D) ELISA assay was also used to examine the CXCL10 expression in the conditioned medium of MSCs, MSCs-GFP and MSCs-Sirt1. The data presented are from three replicates as mean ± SD. **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; NS, P > 0.5.

Sirt1 overexpressed MSCs perform breast tumor inhibition through CXCL10-recruited NK cells in vivo

To confirm the CXCL10 chemotactic effect on NK cells, we further performed transwell co-culture of the NK cells and MSCs-Sirt1 in vitro. Results showed that MSCs-Sirt1 had a strongly chemotactic effect on NK cells compared with MSCs-GFP (Fig. 6A). Whereas MSCs-Sirt1 treated with rabbit anti-murine CXCL10 could attenuate the chemotactic effect on NK cells (Fig. 6B). These results demonstrate that MSCs-Sirt1 can effectively recruit NK cells through CXCL10 secretion.

Figure 6. CXCL10 recruits NK cells caused subcutaneous tumor suppression.

Figure 6

Open in a new tab

(A) Conditioned medium of MSCs, MSCs-GFP, and MSCs-Sirt1 were applied to detect their chemotactic effect to NK cells via transwell assay. NK cells were counted under a microscope. Typical photographs were presented (original magnification:  × 200). Mean level was obtained for plotting. The data presented are from three replicates as mean ± SD. (B) The role of chemotactic factor CXCL10 in NK cells migration were demonstrated through rabbit anti-murine CXCL10 (Abnova) in vitro. MSCs-Sirt1 treated with an irrelevant normal rabbit serum at the same dose were included as control conditioned medium. NK cell count was obtained as described above. 4T1 tumor weight (C) and volume (D) under CXCL10 depletion were examined in mice treated with rabbit anti-murine CXCL10 (2.5 ug/5ul, Abnova) intraperitoneally. Each group consists of 5 mice. (E) Tumors were presented by representive photographs. *, P < 0.05; ***, P < 0.001.

In order to further elucidate the role of CXCL10 in tumor inhibition, rabbit anti-murine CXCL10 was also applied to the tumor-bearing model. BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with rabbit anti-murine CXCL10 for CXCL10 depletion or rabbit-serum as control before the treatment of MSCs-Sirt1 and 4T1 cells subcutaneous coinjection. Dramatically, the tumor showed an increased weight and volume when rabbit anti-murine CXCL10 was additionally injected in tumor-bearing mice with MSCs-Sirt1 and 4T1 cells coinjection, compared with those under rabbit-serum injection (Fig. 6C–E). The data indicate that the effect of MSCs-Sirt1 in tumor suppression can be greatly blocked by CXCL10 inhibition. These results demonstrate that CXCL10 can recruit NK cells contributing to the MSCs-Sirt1 induced suppression of breast tumor growth in mice.

Discussion

Mesenchymal stem cells, as a heterogeneous subset of stromal stem cells, can differentiate into various specialized cell types5 and they have been recognized to contribute to the regeneration of a wide variety of organs and healing of some diseases25,26,27. In recent years, several studies have reported that MSCs play an important role in immunosuppressive effects6,7,8. Unfortunately, tumor can create a tumor microenvironment promoting tumor development through escaping immune surveillance28,29, thus the immunosuppressive effect may promote tumor growth in certain circumstances. Djouad et al. revealed that MSCs exhibited side effects related to systemic immunosuppression which induced tumor growth in vivo13. Several previous studies have also clarified that MSCs can be recruited to breast cancer site and accelerate the cancer growth and invasion17,18,30. So there are still various problems limiting the application of MSCs in clinical therapy. Therefore, we designed the current study to investigate the effect changes of MSCs on breast tumor growth after they were infected with the Sirt1 overexpression. Interestingly, the major finding of this study was that Sitr1 overexpressed MSCs showed a strong suppressive effect on 4T1 breast cancer cells growth in vivo, in contrast to the promoting effect of MSCs in tumor-bearing mice model. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MSCs-Sirt1 could induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation to suppress 4T1 tumor growth in vivo. We then proved for the first time that this antitumor effect was associated with the enhancement of inflammatory responses.

As we know, reinforcing the function of the immune system could effectively control cancer progression. Several reports have demonstrated that intratumoral infiltration of NK cells correlates with a good prognosis in a variety of cancers31,32,33. NK cells constitute an important component of the innate immune system, performing surveillance against intracellular bacteria, certain viruses, and transformed cells34. NK cells can be rapidly activated to attack certain abnormal cells spontaneously through producing large inflammatory cytokines (eg: TNF-α, IFN-γ etc.) and chemotactic factors (eg: CCL3, CCL4, CXCL10 etc.) in vivo24, especially tumor or virus infected cells, so lack of NK cells increased susceptibility to viral infections and possibility to tumorigenesis35. In recent years, adoptive infusion of NK cells has gained an increased attention as immunotherapy against cancer36. In the current study, we detected high level of IFN-γ-secreting NK cells in tumor tissues excised from mice under MSCs-Sirt1 and 4T1 cells coinjection, compared with those under MSCs-GFP and 4T1 cells coinjection, as well as 4T1 cells injection alone. Then we made a depletion on NK cells in mice and the result showed that the antitumor effect of MSCs-Sirt1 was obviously weakened in vivo, which indicated that NK cells played an important role in tumor inhibition induced by MSCs-Sirt1 in tumor-bearing mice.

Consistently, we detected significantly higher IFN-γ level of mice serum in MSCs-Sirt1 treatment group than those in other different treatment groups and the antitumor effect of MSCs-Sirt1 in tumor-bearing mice was greatly impaired when neutralization of IFN-γ was performed, which suggested that IFN-γ showed an important effect on MSCs-Sirt1-induced tumor inhibition in tumor-bearing mice. However, whether the antitumor effect of MSCs-Sirt1 performed through NK cells secreting IFN-γ is unidentified and it is pending further investigation. CXCL10 is an inflammatory chemokine produced by different cell types such as endothelial and epithelial cells, as well as keratinocytes, in response to IFN-γ37. It is related to NK cells migration and involved in inflammatory processes37. On one hand, our data demonstrated an obvious increase of CXCL10 expression in serum level and mRNA level in vivo when the serum and tumors of tumor-bearing mice were harvested at the end of the experiment. In addition, we also proved that MSCs-Sirt1 showed a significant increase in CXCL10 production, which performed a powerful chemotaxis effect on NK cells in vitro. On the other hand, as we know CXCL10 is a chemotactic factors which can also be produced by NK cells24,38, which plays important biological function in promoting immune responses and antitumor effects39. In our study we evaluated the effect of CXCL10 via neutralization, which demonstrated that CXCL10 played a significant role in MSC-Sirt1-induced tumor suppression in vivo. Overall, all of our findings support that the increased production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines maintain MSCs-Sirt1-induced inflammatory responses with consequently tumoricidal activation. However, the source of CXCL10 in tumor-bearing mice need a further study.

In conclusion, in view of the limitation of MSCs in cancer therapy, it is necessary to explore a new manner to make MSCs play negative effect on tumor growth. Significantly, we infected MSCs with an adenovirus containing the Sirt1 gene and demonstrated the antitumor function of MSCs with Sirt1 expression through enhancing local inflammatory responses induced by NK cells in this study. Our preliminary results suggest that MSCs-Sirt1 may represent a promising strategy for tumor treatment in the clinic.

Materials and Methods

Cell culture

MSCs were generated from bone marrow flushed out of tibia and femur of 4–6 weeks old BALB/c mice. Cells were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (all from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) as previous report23. Murine 4T1 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS, supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin. Mouse spleens were disaggregated into 10 ml RPMI-1640 medium to isolate splenocytes. Murine NK cells were prepared by NK Cell Activation/Expansion Kit (Miltenyi Biotec) and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS. All cells were cultured at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere.

Adenoviral vector construction

The adenoviral vector containing a mouse Sitr1 cDNA (Ad-Sirt1) or a GFP gene (Ad-GFP) as control was constructed. According to the manufacturer’s instruction, the recombined adenoviral expression vectors were constructed by the Gateway Cloning System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope. By verification, we confirmed that adenoviral delivery of Sirt1 (Ad-Sirt1) are effect on 48th hour, and then the next experiments were performed.

Animals and treatments

Female BALB/c mice, 6–8 weeks old, weighting 21–23 g, were obtained from the Shanghai Experimental Animal Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. Mice in this study were housed in pathogen-free conditions. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Experimentation Committee of Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, and in accordance with the guidelines of Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. The mice were divided randomly into four groups (n = 5/group) and builded tumor-bearing model closely mimicking the tumor growth of breast cancer. MSCs after infection 48 hours were utilized for tumor formation. Subcutaneous administration of these cells was performed in the armpit area of mice, separately defining as Control group (1 × 106 4T1 cells in 200 μl PBS), MSCs group (1 × 106 4T1 cells and 2 × 105 MSCs in 200 μl PBS), MSCs-GFP group (1 × 106 4T1 cells and 2 × 105 MSCs-GFP in 200 μl PBS), and MSCs-Sirt1 group (1 × 106 4T1 cells and 2 × 105 MSCs-Sirt1 in 200 μl PBS). Mice were observed every 3 days to detect tumor formation and tumor growth was evaluated by measuring the length and width of tumor mass using calipers. All tumor-bearing mice were sacrificed on the 18th day. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and spleens were excised for further experiment. Tumor tissues were then collected and photographed. the length, width and weight of tumors were measured. Tumor tissues were also dissected quickly, and portions of tissue were fixed in neutral buffered formalin, while others were frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately and stored at −80 °C. Serum samples were obtained by centrifugation (1750g, 15 min, 4 °C) and stored at −80 °C for further analysis.

Flow cytometric analysis

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from breast cancer tumor tissues were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis. At first, tumor tissues were briefly cut into small pieces using a razor blade and the tissue fragments were incubated for 15 minutes at 37 °C using HBSS solution containing collagenase type I (0.05 mg/ml), collagenase type IV (0.05 mg/ml), hyaluronidase (0.025 mg/ml), DNase I (0.01 mg/ml) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (1mg/ml) (Sigma). Cells were recovered by centrifugation and suspended again in a fresh aliquot of the HBSS digestion solution for 15 minutes at 37 °C. The liberated cells were obtained through a 40μm mesh sieve and recovered and washed with RPMI-1640 medium. They were further separated on a Ficoll-Paque gradient to remove dead cells and the left cells were used for cytometric analysis. Anti-mouse-NKp46-Perep (eBioscience) was used to identify NK cells. Cells then were stained with Alexa Fluor647-conjugated anti-IFN-γ mAb according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Samples were analyzed by a BD FACS Aria flow cytometer.

Antibody-mediated depletion of diverse cells

Anti-IFN-γ mAb (R4-6A2) was employed to deplete IFN-γ by intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mg before subcutaneous administration and then 0.25 mg per 2 days. Rabbit anti-asialoGM1 antiserum (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd) was employed to deplete NK cells with dose of 20 μl in the same manner and schedule.

NK activity assay

NK cytolytic activity was determined using mice splenocyte as effector and YAC-1 cells as target cells at different effector/target (E/T) ratios following manufacturer instruction. Target cells were labeled with 51Cr isotope. The percentage of specific lysis was calculated by the following formula: percent cytotoxicity = [(experimental release - spontaneous release by effector and target)/(maximal release - spontaneous release)] × 100. All assays were performed in triplicate.

Real-time PCR

Total RNA was isolated by using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s specifications. cDNA was reverse-transcribed using the Revert Aid RT-PCR system (Fermentas, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Real-time PCR was performed by mixing cDNA with primers and Maxima SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA) using a Stratagene Mx3000P Real-time PCR System with supplied software (Applied Biosystems), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The sequences of the primers were as follows: Sirt1(forward: 5′-GCTGACGACTTCGACGACG-3′; reverse: 5′-TCGGTCAACAGGAGGTTGTCT − 3′), PCNA (forward: 5′-TTTGAGGCACGCCTGATCC-3′; reverse: 5′-GGAGACG TGAGACGAGTCCAT-3′), Caspase3 (forward: 5′-ATGGAGAACAACAAAACCTC AGT-3′; reverse: 5′-TTGCTCCCATGTATGGTCTTTAC-3′), CXCL10 (forward: 5′-CCAAGTGCTGCCGTCATTTTC-3′; reverse: 5′-GGCTCGCA GGGATGATTTC AA-3′) and β-action (forward: 5′-GGCTGTATTCCCCTCCATCG-3′ reverse: 5′-CCAGTTGGTAACAATGCCATGT-3′). β-action was used as internal control for RNA integrity and loading normalization.

Immunohistochemistry evaluation and TUNEL staining

Tumor tissue sections were suffered deparaffinage in xylene, and then rehydrated in a graded alcohol series and blocked with 3% H2O2 or 5% BSA in methanol for 10–30 minutes. Tissue sections were washed with PBS and then immunostained with primary antibodies for Ki-67 (Abcam) or CD49b (Biolegend). TUNEL staining (Calbiochem) was used to assess the apoptosis level according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After glass slides were mounted, each sample was observed at a 200 × magnification of microscopic field in 10 randomly selected areas.

Western blotting analysis

Cells or tissues were lysed in RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime) with 1 mM PMSF. The whole-cell lysates were subjected to SDS–PAGE. The membranes were incubated with specific primary antibodies against PCNA, Caspase-3, Cleaved Caspase-3 or β-actin antibody (both from Abcam, Cambridge, UK), followed by incubation with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Hangzhou HuaAn Biotech, Zhejiang, China). Signals were visualized by chemiluminescent detection (Beyotime).

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

ELISA assays were performed with a commercial ELISA kit (R&D Systems). The MSCs conditioned medium was collected for further experiment. Assays were performed in duplicate, and readings were compared with standard curves obtained with standard protein provided with the kit. Means and standard deviations of concentrations in triplicate samples were compared by t-test.

Transwell assay

The chemotactic effect of MSCs overexpressed Sirt1 on NK cells were assayed using transwell with polycarbonate membranes (5 μm pore size, Cell Biolabs, San Diego, CA) in 24-well plate. NK cells (1.5 × 105) were added in the upper chamber containing 200 μL serum-free medium, and 300μL MSCs-Sirt1 conditioned medium without serum was placed in the lower chamber. The plate was incubated at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 for 4 hours. At the end of the experiment, the cells that passed through the filters were counted under a microscope. These experiments were performed in triplicate.

Statistical analysis

All of the experiments were repeated at least three times. Final data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis of the data was done by using GraphPad Prism 5. Student’s t-test was used to compare between mean values of two groups. Value of at least p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Additional Information

How to cite this article: Yu, Y. et al. Mesenchymal stem cells with Sirt1 overexpression suppress breast tumor growth via chemokine-dependent natural killer cells recruitment. Sci. Rep. 6, 35998; doi: 10.1038/srep35998 (2016).

Publisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary Information
srep35998-s1.docx (170KB, docx)

Acknowledgments

This project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81660424, 81602315, 81401308, 81402018, 81502417).

Footnotes

Author Contributions Y.Y., Z.H. and Y.L. conceived the study and drafted the paper, Y.Y., Y.L., C.Z., X.Y., Y.J., F.Y. and L.L. performed the experiments, Y.Y., Q.Y., Y.L. and L.N. gathered and analyzed the data. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

References

  1. Siegel R. L., Miller K. D. & Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 65, 5–29, 10.3322/caac.21254 (2015). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Chen W. et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 66, 115–132, 10.3322/caac.21338 (2016). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Reis-Filho J. S. & Pusztai L. Gene expression profiling in breast cancer: classification, prognostication, and prediction. Lancet 378, 1812–1823, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61539-0 (2011). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Deans R. J. & Moseley A. B. Mesenchymal stem cells: biology and potential clinical uses. Experimental hematology 28, 875–884 (2000). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barry F. P. & Murphy J. M. Mesenchymal stem cells: clinical applications and biological characterization. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 36, 568–584, 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.11.001 (2004). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Sato K. et al. Nitric oxide plays a critical role in suppression of T-cell proliferation by mesenchymal stem cells. Blood 109, 228–234, 10.1182/blood-2006-02-002246 (2007). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Rasmusson I., Ringden O., Sundberg B. & Le Blanc K. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit lymphocyte proliferation by mitogens and alloantigens by different mechanisms. Experimental cell research 305, 33–41, 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.12.013 (2005). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Krampera M. et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the response of naive and memory antigen-specific T cells to their cognate peptide. Blood 101, 3722–3729, 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2104 (2003). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Djouad F. et al. Reversal of the immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells by tumor necrosis factor alpha in collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism 52, 1595–1603, 10.1002/art.21012 (2005). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Zappia E. et al. Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis inducing T-cell anergy. Blood 106, 1755–1761, 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1496 (2005). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Li W. et al. Mesenchymal stem cells: a double-edged sword in regulating immune responses. Cell death and differentiation 19, 1505–1513, 10.1038/cdd.2012.26 (2012). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Han X. et al. Interleukin-17 enhances immunosuppression by mesenchymal stem cells. Cell death and differentiation 21, 1758–1768, 10.1038/cdd.2014.85 (2014). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Djouad F. et al. Immunosuppressive effect of mesenchymal stem cells favors tumor growth in allogeneic animals. Blood 102, 3837–3844, 10.1182/blood-2003-04-1193 (2003). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Sotiropoulou P. A. & Papamichail M. Immune properties of mesenchymal stem cells. Methods in molecular biology 407, 225–243, 10.1007/978-1-59745-536-7_16 (2007). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Han Z. et al. Immunosuppressive effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in inflammatory microenvironment favours the growth of B16 melanoma cells. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 15, 2343–2352, 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01215.x (2011). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Ren G. et al. CCR2-dependent recruitment of macrophages by tumor-educated mesenchymal stromal cells promotes tumor development and is mimicked by TNFalpha. Cell stem cell 11, 812–824, 10.1016/j.stem.2012.08.013 (2012). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Liu S. et al. Breast cancer stem cells are regulated by mesenchymal stem cells through cytokine networks. Cancer research 71, 614–624, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0538 (2011). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Yan X. L. et al. Mesenchymal stem cells from primary breast cancer tissue promote cancer proliferation and enhance mammosphere formation partially via EGF/EGFR/Akt pathway. Breast cancer research and treatment 132, 153–164, 10.1007/s10549-011-1577-0 (2012). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Michan S. & Sinclair D. Sirtuins in mammals: insights into their biological function. The Biochemical journal 404, 1–13, 10.1042/BJ20070140 (2007). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Haigis M. C. & Sinclair D. A. Mammalian sirtuins: biological insights and disease relevance. Annual review of pathology 5, 253–295, 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092250 (2010). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chen H. et al. SIRT1 ameliorates age-related senescence of mesenchymal stem cells via modulating telomere shelterin. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 6, 103, 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00103 (2014). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Simic P. et al. SIRT1 regulates differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by deacetylating beta-catenin. EMBO molecular medicine 5, 430–440, 10.1002/emmm.201201606 (2013). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Cheng J. et al. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB accelerates prostate cancer growth by promoting the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of cellular biochemistry 114, 1510–1518 (2013). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Dorner B. G. et al. Coordinate expression of cytokines and chemokines by NK cells during murine cytomegalovirus infection. Journal of immunology 172, 3119–3131 (2004). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. D’Agostino B., Sullo N., Siniscalco D., De Angelis A. & Rossi F. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert opinion on biological therapy 10, 681–687, 10.1517/14712591003610614 (2010). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Mazzini L. et al. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A Phase I clinical trial. Experimental neurology 223, 229–237, 10.1016/j.expneurol. 2009.08.007 (2010). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Loebinger M. R., Eddaoudi A., Davies D. & Janes S. M. Mesenchymal stem cell delivery of TRAIL can eliminate metastatic cancer. Cancer research 69, 4134–4142, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4698 (2009). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Fidler I. J. The role of the organ microenvironment in brain metastasis. Seminars in cancer biology 21, 107–112, 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.12.009 (2011). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Shree T. et al. Macrophages and cathepsin proteases blunt chemotherapeutic response in breast cancer. Genes & development 25, 2465–2479, 10.1101/gad.180331.111 (2011). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Patel S. A. et al. Mesenchymal stem cells protect breast cancer cells through regulatory T cells: role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived TGF-beta. Journal of immunology 184, 5885–5894, 10.4049/jimmunol.0903143 (2010). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Takanami I., Takeuchi K. & Giga M. The prognostic value of natural killer cell infiltration in resected pulmonary adenocarcinoma. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 121, 1058–1063, 10.1067/mtc.2001.113026 (2001). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Ishigami S. et al. Prognostic value of intratumoral natural killer cells in gastric carcinoma. Cancer 88, 577–583 (2000). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Villegas F. R. et al. Prognostic significance of tumor infiltrating natural killer cells subset CD57 in patients with squamous cell lung cancer. Lung cancer 35, 23–28 (2002). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. French A. R. & Yokoyama W. M. Natural killer cells and viral infections. Current opinion in immunology 15, 45–51 (2003). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Orange J. S. Human natural killer cell deficiencies. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology 6, 399–409, 10.1097/ACI.0b013e3280106b65 (2006). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Yu J. P. et al. Alloreactive NK cells enhance the effect of donor lymphocyte infusion in the management of relapsed lung cancer after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi/Zhongguo bing li sheng li xue hui = Journal of experimental hematology/Chinese Association of Pathophysiology 17, 164–169 (2009). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Cassatella M. A. et al. Regulated production of the interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) chemokine by human neutrophils. European journal of immunology 27, 111–115, 10.1002/eji.1830270117 (1997). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Inngjerdingen M., Damaj B. & Maghazachi A. A. Expression and regulation of chemokine receptors in human natural killer cells. Blood 97, 367–375 (2001). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Ikeda H., Old L. J. & Schreiber R. D. The roles of IFN gamma in protection against tumor development and cancer immunoediting. Cytokine & growth factor reviews 13, 95–109 (2002). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Information
srep35998-s1.docx (170KB, docx)

Articles from Scientific Reports are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES