Table A1.
Lycopene | α-Tocopherol | α-Carotene | β-Cryptoxanthin | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factors | n | ηp2, GM | 95% CI | ηp2, GM | 95% CI | ηp2, GM | 95% CI | ηp2, GM | 95% CI |
Age group (years) | 0.079 ** | 0.051 ** | 0.013 ** | 0.016 ** | |||||
35–39 | 228 | 0.810 a | 0.757, 0.865 | 25.1 c | 24.3, 25.9 | 0.153 a,b | 0.138, 0.170 | 0.167 c | 0.148, 0.187 |
40–44 | 244 | 0.808 a | 0.757, 0.861 | 25.7 c | 24.9, 26.5 | 0.155 a | 0.140, 0.171 | 0.168 b,c | 0.151, 0.188 |
45–49 | 265 | 0.803 a | 0.755, 0.854 | 26.7 c,b | 25.8, 27.5 | 0.155 a | 0.141, 0.170 | 0.209 a–c | 0.187, 0.232 |
50–54 | 276 | 0.759 a | 0.712, 0.806 | 28.1 b,a | 27.2, 28.9 | 0.141 a–c | 0.128, 0.155 | 0.213 a–c | 0.192, 0.236 |
55–59 | 273 | 0.766 a | 0.719, 0.814 | 28.9 a | 28.1, 29.8 | 0.142 a–c | 0.129, 0.156 | 0.214 a,b | 0.192, 0.238 |
60–64 | 289 | 0.650 b | 0.609, 0.692 | 29.6 a | 28.7, 30.5 | 0.132 a–c | 0.120, 0.144 | 0.215 a,b | 0.194, 0.238 |
65–69 | 268 | 0.559 b,c | 0.520, 0.600 | 29.1 a | 28.3, 30.1 | 0.124 b,c | 0.113, 0.136 | 0.238 a | 0.214, 0.264 |
70–74 | 275 | 0.521 c | 0.483, 0.561 | 29.3 a | 28.4, 30.2 | 0.122 c | 0.111, 0.134 | 0.202 a–c | 0.182, 0.224 |
Country | 0.082 ** | 0.068 ** | 0.166 ** | 0.114 ** | |||||
Austria | 384 | 0.630 b | 0.598, 0.663 | 30.8 a | 30.0, 31.5 | 0.164 b | 0.153, 0.177 | 0.220 b | 0.202, 0.240 |
Belgium | 255 | 0.807 a | 0.754, 0.861 | 27.8 b | 26.9, 28.7 | 0.174 a,b | 0.159, 0.190 | 0.210 b | 0.190, 0.233 |
Germany | 346 | 0.640 b | 0.603, 0.678 | 29.4 a,b | 28.6, 30.1 | 0.198 a | 0.183, 0.213 | 0.228 b | 0.208, 0.249 |
Greece | 379 | 0.802 a | 0.755, 0.849 | 25.9 c | 25.3, 26.6 | 0.073 d | 0.068, 0.079 | 0.190 b | 0.175, 0.207 |
Italy | 383 | 0.841 a | 0.802, 0.881 | 25.5 c | 24.8, 26.1 | 0.133 c | 0.123, 0.143 | 0.305 a | 0.280, 0.332 |
Poland | 371 | 0.539 c | 0.506, 0.573 | 28.3 b | 27.6, 29.0 | 0.147 b,c | 0.137, 0.159 | 0.115 c | 0.106, 0.125 |
Gender | 0.002 | 0.005 * | 0.051 ** | 0.055 ** | |||||
Male | 1042 | 0.717 | 0.694, 0.743 | 27.3 b | 26.9, 27.8 | 0.116 b | 0.111, 0.122 | 0.164 b | 0.156, 0.173 |
Female | 1076 | 0.685 | 0.662, 0.709 | 28.4 a | 27.9, 28.8 | 0.166 a | 0.159, 0.174 | 0.250 a | 0.237, 0.263 |
Season | 0.067 ** | 0.014 ** | 0.002 | 0.043 ** | |||||
Winter | 499 | 0.594 b | 0.564, 0.623 | 28.9 a | 27.7, 29.1 | 0.133 | 0.124, 0.143 | 0.266 a | 0.246, 0.287 |
Spring | 675 | 0.627 b | 0.599, 0.654 | 28.8 a | 28.3, 29.4 | 0.142 | 0.134, 0.153 | 0.215 b | 0.202, 0.230 |
Summer | 496 | 0.841 a | 0.805, 0.878 | 26.8 b | 26.2, 27.4 | 0.144 | 0.135, 0.155 | 0.176 c | 0.163, 0.190 |
Fall | 448 | 0.794 a | 0.757, 0.834 | 27.0 b | 26.4, 27.7 | 0.136 | 0.126, 0.146 | 0.161 c | 0.148, 0.174 |
Cholesterol | 0.044 ** | 0.266 ** | 0.027 ** | 0.024 ** | |||||
Low Tertile | 664 | 0.604 c | 0.577, 0.632 | 23.7 c | 23.3, 24.1 | 0.120 c | 0.113, 0.127 | 0.168 b | 0.157, 0.179 |
Mid Tertile | 662 | 0.691 b | 0.663, 0.721 | 28.0 b | 27.5, 28.5 | 0.140 b | 0.131, 0.148 | 0.211 a | 0.198, 0.226 |
High Tertile | 667 | 0.806 a | 0.776, 0.839 | 33.0 a | 32.4, 33.5 | 0.165 a | 0.156, 0.175 | 0.233 a | 0.218, 0.249 |
Smoking | 0.002 | 0.002 * | 0.071 ** | 0.058 ** | |||||
Current smoker | 402 | 0.735 | 0.694, 0.774 | 27.1 b | 26.4, 27.8 | 0.090 b | 0.083, 0.097 | 0.130 b | 0.120, 0.142 |
Current non-smoker | 1716 | 0.694 | 0.676, 0.712 | 28.0 a | 27.7, 28.4 | 0.154 a | 0.149, 0.160 | 0.225 a | 0.216, 0.235 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.020 ** | 0.003 * | 0.104 ** | 0.021 ** | |||||
<25 | 956 | 0.745 a | 0.719, 0.771 | 27.4 b | 27.0, 27.9 | 0.179 a | 0.171, 0.189 | 0.234 a | 0.221, 0.247 |
25 to <30 | 802 | 0.701 a | 0.672, 0.728 | 28.4 a | 27.9, 28.9 | 0.126 b | 0.120, 0.133 | 0.185 b | 0.174, 0.197 |
≥30 | 359 | 0.591 b | 0.553, 0.629 | 27.8 a,b | 27.0, 28.5 | 0.089 c | 0.082, 0.096 | 0.172 b | 0.157, 0.188 |
Vitamin suppl. | 0.007 * | 0.026 ** | 0.016 ** | 0.004 * | |||||
No suppl. | 1359 | 0.726 a | 0.706, 0.748 | 27.2 c | 26.8, 27.6 | 0.129 b | 0.124, 0.135 | 0.204 a,b | 0.194, 0.244 |
<1 suppl./day | 517 | 0.661 b | 0.627, 0.694 | 28.3 b | 27.6, 28.9 | 0.153 a | 0.143, 0.164 | 0.190 b | 0.176, 0.205 |
≥1 suppl./day | 242 | 0.650 b | 0.602, 0.699 | 31.1 a | 30.1, 32.1 | 0.170 a | 0.154, 0.188 | 0.232 a | 0.207, 0.259 |
Fruit | 0.005 * | 0.001 | 0.065 ** | 0.162 ** | |||||
<1 serv./day | 755 | 0.729 a | 0.701, 0.759 | 27.7 | 27.2, 28.3 | 0.109 a | 0.103, 0.116 | 0.134 a | 0.126, 0.142 |
=1 serv./day | 838 | 0.667 b | 0.642, 0.694 | 27.8 | 27.3, 28.3 | 0.145 b | 0.138, 0.153 | 0.214 b | 0.203, 0.226 |
≥2 serv./day | 525 | 0.716 a,b | 0.682, 0.752 | 28.2 | 27.6, 28.8 | 0.184 c | 0.173, 0.197 | 0.341 c | 0.318, 0.365 |
Vegetables | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.052 ** | 0.055 ** | |||||
<1 serv./day | 848 | 0.689 | 0.633, 0.716 | 28.1 | 27.6, 28.5 | 0.114 a | 0.108, 0.120 | 0.167 a | 0.157, 0.177 |
=1 serv./day | 947 | 0.698 | 0.672, 0.724 | 28.0 | 27.5, 28.4 | 0.151 b | 0.144, 0.159 | 0.209 b | 0.198, 0.221 |
≥2 serv./day | 323 | 0.743 | 0.699, 0.788 | 27.1 | 26.3, 27.9 | 0.187 c | 0.172, 0.204 | 0.312 c | 0.284, 0.343 |
Juice | 0.003 * | 0.007 * | 0.010 ** | 0.003 * | |||||
<1 serv./day | 1443 | 0.707 a | 0.685, 0.728 | 27.5 a | 27.2, 27.9 | 0.132 a | 0.127, 0.138 | 0.196 a | 0.187, 0.205 |
=1 serv./day | 393 | 0.722 a | 0.682, 0.762 | 28.0 a | 27.3, 28.7 | 0.162 b | 0.150, 0.175 | 0.223 b | 0.205, 0.244 |
≥2 serv./day | 282 | 0.645 b | 0.600, 0.691 | 29.3 b | 28.4, 30.2 | 0.147 a,b | 0.134, 0.161 | 0.212 a,b | 0.191, 0.236 |
French Fries | 0.019 ** | 0.004 * | 0.017 ** | 0.014 ** | |||||
no serv./week | 562 | 0.616 a | 0587, 0.648 | 28.6 a | 28.0, 29.2 | 0.160 a | 0.150, 0.171 | 0.229 a | 0.213, 0.246 |
≤1 serv./week | 1195 | 0.722 b | 0.700, 0.746 | 27.7 b | 27.3, 28.1 | 0.137 b | 0.131, 0.144 | 0.204 b | 0.194, 0.215 |
≥2 serv./week | 361 | 0.766 b | 0.722, 0.808 | 27.4 b | 26.7, 28.1 | 0.117 c | 0.108, 0.127 | 0.165 c | 0.151, 0.181 |
Meat | 0.006 * | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.017 ** | |||||
≤1 serv./week | 201 | 0.646 a | 0.594, 0.701 | 28.4 | 27.4, 29.5 | 0.152 | 0.136, 0.170 | 0.242 a | 0.214, 0.273 |
2–6 serv./week | 1667 | 0.717 b | 0.699, 0.736 | 27.8 | 27.5, 28.2 | 0.139 | 0.134, 0.144 | 0.208 a | 0.199, 0.217 |
≥7 serv./week | 250 | 0.640 a | 0.594, 0.689 | 27.5 | 26.6, 28.4 | 0.131 | 0.119, 0.145 | 0.151 b | 0.135, 0.168 |
Linear models (univariate) assessing impact of covariates (age group, cholesterol, BMI) and co-factors (center, season) on plasma lycopene, α-tocopherol, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin. ηp2 (partial Eta squared) as an estimate of effect size (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001); estimates in subgroups are given as geometric means (GM) and 95% CI; pairwise multiple comparisons using Bonferroni’s CI adjustment; values not sharing superscript letters are statistically significantly different (p < 0.05). Suppl.: use of vitamin supplements.