Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (145.6 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Achim C. L., Heyes M. P., Wiley C. A. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus, immune activation factors, and quinolinic acid in AIDS brains. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jun;91(6):2769–2775. doi: 10.1172/JCI116518. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Akassoglou K., Probert L., Kontogeorgos G., Kollias G. Astrocyte-specific but not neuron-specific transmembrane TNF triggers inflammation and degeneration in the central nervous system of transgenic mice. J Immunol. 1997 Jan 1;158(1):438–445. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Aloisi F., Penna G., Cerase J., Menéndez Iglesias B., Adorini L. IL-12 production by central nervous system microglia is inhibited by astrocytes. J Immunol. 1997 Aug 15;159(4):1604–1612. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Asensio V. C., Campbell I. L. Chemokine gene expression in the brains of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis. J Virol. 1997 Oct;71(10):7832–7840. doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.10.7832-7840.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Awatsuji H., Furukawa Y., Hirota M., Murakami Y., Nii S., Furukawa S., Hayashi K. Interleukin-4 and -5 as modulators of nerve growth factor synthesis/secretion in astrocytes. J Neurosci Res. 1993 Apr 1;34(5):539–545. doi: 10.1002/jnr.490340506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barna B. P., Estes M. L., Jacobs B. S., Hudson S., Ransohoff R. M. Human astrocytes proliferate in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Neuroimmunol. 1990 Dec;30(2-3):239–243. doi: 10.1016/0165-5728(90)90108-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Biddison W. E., Kubota R., Kawanishi T., Taub D. D., Cruikshank W. W., Center D. M., Connor E. W., Utz U., Jacobson S. Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-specific CD8+ CTL clones from patients with HTLV-I-associated neurologic disease secrete proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinase. J Immunol. 1997 Aug 15;159(4):2018–2025. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bogdan I., Leib S. L., Bergeron M., Chow L., Täuber M. G. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha contributes to apoptosis in hippocampal neurons during experimental group B streptococcal meningitis. J Infect Dis. 1997 Sep;176(3):693–697. doi: 10.1086/514092. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brew B. J., Bhalla R. B., Paul M., Gallardo H., McArthur J. C., Schwartz M. K., Price R. W. Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Ann Neurol. 1990 Oct;28(4):556–560. doi: 10.1002/ana.410280413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chao C. C., Molitor T. W., Hu S. Neuroprotective role of IL-4 against activated microglia. J Immunol. 1993 Aug 1;151(3):1473–1481. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cheng B., Christakos S., Mattson M. P. Tumor necrosis factors protect neurons against metabolic-excitotoxic insults and promote maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Neuron. 1994 Jan;12(1):139–153. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(94)90159-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cserr H. F., Knopf P. M. Cervical lymphatics, the blood-brain barrier and the immunoreactivity of the brain: a new view. Immunol Today. 1992 Dec;13(12):507–512. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(92)90027-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fine S. M., Angel R. A., Perry S. W., Epstein L. G., Rothstein J. D., Dewhurst S., Gelbard H. A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits glutamate uptake by primary human astrocytes. Implications for pathogenesis of HIV-1 dementia. J Biol Chem. 1996 Jun 28;271(26):15303–15306. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.26.15303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gelbard H. A., Nottet H. S., Swindells S., Jett M., Dzenko K. A., Genis P., White R., Wang L., Choi Y. B., Zhang D. Platelet-activating factor: a candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced neurotoxin. J Virol. 1994 Jul;68(7):4628–4635. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.7.4628-4635.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Griffin D. E., Wesselingh S. L., McArthur J. C. Elevated central nervous system prostaglandins in human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Ann Neurol. 1994 May;35(5):592–597. doi: 10.1002/ana.410350513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heyes M. P., Brew B. J., Martin A., Price R. W., Salazar A. M., Sidtis J. J., Yergey J. A., Mouradian M. M., Sadler A. E., Keilp J. Quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in HIV-1 infection: relationship to clinical and neurological status. Ann Neurol. 1991 Feb;29(2):202–209. doi: 10.1002/ana.410290215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heyser C. J., Masliah E., Samimi A., Campbell I. L., Gold L. H. Progressive decline in avoidance learning paralleled by inflammatory neurodegeneration in transgenic mice expressing interleukin 6 in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Feb 18;94(4):1500–1505. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.4.1500. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Irani D. N., Griffin D. E. Regulation of lymphocyte homing into the brain during viral encephalitis at various stages of infection. J Immunol. 1996 May 15;156(10):3850–3857. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Irani D. N., Lin K. I., Griffin D. E. Regulation of brain-derived T cells during acute central nervous system inflammation. J Immunol. 1997 Mar 1;158(5):2318–2326. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levine B., Hardwick J. M., Trapp B. D., Crawford T. O., Bollinger R. C., Griffin D. E. Antibody-mediated clearance of alphavirus infection from neurons. Science. 1991 Nov 8;254(5033):856–860. doi: 10.1126/science.1658936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McArthur J. C., Nance-Sproson T. E., Griffin D. E., Hoover D., Selnes O. A., Miller E. N., Margolick J. B., Cohen B. A., Farzadegan H., Saah A. The diagnostic utility of elevation in cerebrospinal fluid beta 2-microglobulin in HIV-1 dementia. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology. 1992 Sep;42(9):1707–1712. doi: 10.1212/wnl.42.9.1707. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moench T. R., Griffin D. E. Immunocytochemical identification and quantitation of the mononuclear cells in the cerebrospinal fluid, meninges, and brain during acute viral meningoencephalitis. J Exp Med. 1984 Jan 1;159(1):77–88. doi: 10.1084/jem.159.1.77. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schwarcz R., Whetsell W. O., Jr, Mangano R. M. Quinolinic acid: an endogenous metabolite that produces axon-sparing lesions in rat brain. Science. 1983 Jan 21;219(4582):316–318. doi: 10.1126/science.6849138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Selmaj K. W., Raine C. S. Tumor necrosis factor mediates myelin and oligodendrocyte damage in vitro. Ann Neurol. 1988 Apr;23(4):339–346. doi: 10.1002/ana.410230405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sippy B. D., Hofman F. M., Wallach D., Hinton D. R. Increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors in the brains of patients with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995 Dec 15;10(5):511–521. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tyor W. R., Glass J. D., Griffin J. W., Becker P. S., McArthur J. C., Bezman L., Griffin D. E. Cytokine expression in the brain during the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1992 Apr;31(4):349–360. doi: 10.1002/ana.410310402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tyor W. R., Wesselingh S. L., Griffin J. W., McArthur J. C., Griffin D. E. Unifying hypothesis for the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia complex, vacuolar myelopathy, and sensory neuropathy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995 Aug 1;9(4):379–388. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wesselingh S. L., Levine B., Fox R. J., Choi S., Griffin D. E. Intracerebral cytokine mRNA expression during fatal and nonfatal alphavirus encephalitis suggests a predominant type 2 T cell response. J Immunol. 1994 Feb 1;152(3):1289–1297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wesselingh S. L., Power C., Glass J. D., Tyor W. R., McArthur J. C., Farber J. M., Griffin J. W., Griffin D. E. Intracerebral cytokine messenger RNA expression in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia. Ann Neurol. 1993 Jun;33(6):576–582. doi: 10.1002/ana.410330604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wesselingh S. L., Takahashi K., Glass J. D., McArthur J. C., Griffin J. W., Griffin D. E. Cellular localization of tumor necrosis factor mRNA in neurological tissue from HIV-infected patients by combined reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. J Neuroimmunol. 1997 Apr;74(1-2):1–8. doi: 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00160-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zinkernagel R. M. Immunology taught by viruses. Science. 1996 Jan 12;271(5246):173–178. doi: 10.1126/science.271.5246.173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- te Velde A. A., Huijbens R. J., Heije K., de Vries J. E., Figdor C. G. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) inhibits secretion of IL-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6 by human monocytes. Blood. 1990 Oct 1;76(7):1392–1397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]