Table 4.
Odds of NAFLD and Fibrosis
| Odds of NAFLD | Odds of Fibrosis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.0832 | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 0.1071 |
| Age ≥45 | 2.92 (0.85–10.05) | 0.0894 | 5.78 (0.69–48.21) | 0.1053 |
| Male | 2.75 (0.92–8.24) | 0.0713 | 4.65 (1.09–19.87) | 0.0379 |
| Hispanic | 1.67 (0.47–5.91) | 0.4289 | 3.26 (0.54–19.70) | 0.1971 |
| Anthropometric | ||||
| Height (cm) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 0.6515 | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | 0.7534 |
| Weight (kg) | 1.07 (1.04–1.11) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 0.0008 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.26 (1.12–1.43) | 0.0002 | 1.21 (1.10–1.32) | <0.0001 |
| BMI > 30 | 6.42 (2.40–17.16) | 0.0002 | 7.72 (1.65–27.39) | 0.0079 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 0.0108 | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.0172 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.1533 | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 0.0548 |
| Waist (cm) | 1.10 (1.05–1.15) | 0.0002 | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 0.0018 |
| Hip (cm) | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | 0.0002 | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 0.0274 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.0132 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.1075 |
| Insulin (U/L) | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | 0.0563 | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 0.1253 |
| Hemoglobin A1c | 4.31 (1.75–10.65) | 0.0015 | 3.48 (1.04–11.61) | 0.0426 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.63 (1.08–2.44) | 0.0189 | 1.70 (1.04–2.79) | 0.0359 |
| AST (U/L) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.6153 | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 0.0427 |
| ALT (U/L) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.0104 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.0046 |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (U/L) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.5761 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.4051 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 1.02 (0.37–2.85) | 0.9699 | 0.62 (0.09–4.25) | 0.6250 |
| GGT (U/L) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.3642 | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.0175 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.5128 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.6757 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.95 (0.92–0.97) | 0.0002 | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) | 0.0002 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.1528 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.3180 |
| Trigylcerides (mg/dL) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | <0.0001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.0001 |
| WBC (x103/uL) | 1.74 (1.26–2.40) | 0.0008 | 1.27 (0.80–2.04) | 0.3122 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 1.45 (0.96–2.19) | 0.0788 | 1.01 (0.64–1.59) | 0.9581 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 1.13 (0.98–1.31) | 0.1025 | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 0.9357 |
| Platelets (x103/uL) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.4749 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.5051 |
| INR | 0.94 (0.35–2.55) | 0.9002 | 10.34 (2.03–52.69) | 0.0049 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.0479 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.1294 |
Odds ratios derived from generalized estimating equations (PROC GENMOD) in SAS software version 9.4, to account for intra-pair correlations within twinships. A two-tailed p-value < 0.05 is considered statistically significant (in bold type). Abbreviations for table: NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model of insulin resistance; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma- glutamyl transpeptidase; LDL, low- density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; INR, international normalized ratio. Significant p-values <0.10.