Abstract
Background
Only a few randomized trials have analyzed the clinical outcomes of elderly ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients (≥ 75 years old). Therefore, the best reperfusion strategy has not been well established. An observational study focused on clinical outcomes was performed in this population.
Methods
Based on the national registry on STEMI patients, the in-hospital outcomes of elderly patients with different reperfusion strategies were compared. The primary endpoint was defined as death. Secondary endpoints included recurrent myocardial infarction, ischemia driven revascularization, myocardial infarction related complications, and major bleeding. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to adjust for the baseline disparities between the groups.
Results
Patients who had primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or fibrinolysis were relatively younger. They came to hospital earlier, and had lower risk of death compared with patients who had no reperfusion. The guideline recommended medications were more frequently used in patients with primary PCI during the hospitalization and at discharge. The rates of death were 7.7%, 15.0%, and 19.9% respectively, with primary PCI, fibrinolysis, and no reperfusion (P < 0.001). Patients having primary PCI also had lower rates of heart failure, mechanical complications, and cardiac arrest compared with fibrinolysis and no reperfusion (P < 0.05). The rates of hemorrhage stroke (0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.1%) and other major bleeding (3.0%, 5.0%, and 3.1%) were similar in the primary PCI, fibrinolysis, and no reperfusion group (P > 0.05). In the multivariable regression analysis, primary PCI outweighs no reperfusion in predicting the in-hospital death in patients ≥ 75 years old. However, fibrinolysis does not.
Conclusions
Early reperfusion, especially primary PCI was safe and effective with absolute reduction of mortality compared with no reperfusion. However, certain randomized trials were encouraged to support the conclusion.
Introduction
The global number of people aged > 65 years is estimated to reach 540 million in 2015 and about 1 billion in 2025.[1]Older people frequently have higher rates of comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors, which place them at higher risk of contracting coronary artery disease than younger individuals.[2–4] ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is the most serious condition of all coronary artery disease presentations. Previous studies have suggested that STEMI patients of older age are at higher risk of death, bleeding, and complications regardless of treatment.[5]However, with the development and introduction of new antithrombotic drugs, technologies, and devices, the outcomes of older patients have improved.[6]Immediate reperfusion of the infarct artery is the best treatment for STEMI patients. However, the reperfusion strategy, by either fibrinolysis or primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) in older patients, has seldom been compared. Elderly patients are at a higher risk of bleeding,[7,8]which is great concern for doctors in selecting the reperfusion strategy, and the outcomes in older patients without reperfusion were also unknown. Although the effectiveness and safety of primary PCI among younger patients (<75 years old) has been proven through randomized trials,[9,10]elderly patients (≥ 75 years old) are usually excluded.[11]Some randomized trials designed in evaluating the outcomes of PCI and fibrinolysis in older people have to terminate earlier, because of the slow progress in recruiting patients. Current guidelines showed no specific recommendations for older STEMI patients in regard to the reperfusion strategy because of the deficiency of evidence. Given the limited knowledge on the effect of different treatment strategies and the corresponding outcomes of elderly patients, the in-hospital outcomes of elderly patients (age ≥ 75) were compared between primary PCI, fibrinolysis, and no reperfusion, from a “real-world” contemporary era using the database of a national registry study.
Materials and Methods
Study design
The Chinese Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) Registry is a national registry study (NCT01874691). The study started enrolling patients in 2013. Currently, more than 100 hospitals located around China have participated. The CAMI registry was designed to reflect an unbiased and representative sample for the treatment and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) in China. Full details of the rationale and methodology of the CAMI registry study have been depicted elsewhere.[12]
Data collection
From January 1, 2013 to Sep 30, 2014, 26,592 patients were enrolled. Among them, 19,241 patients were diagnosed with STEMI. 3151 patients of them were ≥ 75 years old, and 69 patients were excluded because the reperfusion information was missing. Finally 3,082 patients were analyzed, and among them, 1000 patients had primary PCI, 160 patients had fibrinolysis, and 1922 patients had no reperfusion. Patient data at each site was input into computer using standardized electronic case report form, and transferred to the database center through the internet by trained research doctors. The case report form included the patients’ demographic characteristics, presenting symptoms, medical histories, in-hospital treatments, major outcomes, and discharged medications. The protocol of this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fuwai Hospital and the local institution. Written informed consents were obtained on patients’ admission. Patient information was de-identified prior to analysis.
Definitions
The primary endpoint for the analysis was defined as death. The secondary endpoint was defined as recurrent MI, ischemia-driven revascularization (IDR), cerebral events (ischemic or hemorrhage stroke), major bleeding (excluding hemorrhage stroke), MI related complications, which included heart failure, mechanical complications, ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, and cardiac arrest. Recurrent MI was defined by meeting at least two of the following criteria: unrelieved onset of chest pain longer than 20 min; elevation of myocardial enzymes (troponin T, troponin I, or creatine kinase-MB) that are more than three times the upper reference limit; and new changes in the ST-segment or Q waves in electrocardiograms, indicating new muscle injuries. IDR was defined as an emergent intervention induced by the ischemia of a previously treated vessel or new thrombosis. Mechanical complications included perforation of ventricular septum, rupture of papillary muscles, rupture of free ventricular wall, and acute and subacute cardiac ruptures. Major bleeding (excluding hemorrhage stroke) was defined as bleeding meeting one of the following criteria: drop of hemoglobin more than 3 g/L, needing transfusion, needing surgical intervention, or extra hospital care (simple compression was not included). We used an effective risk evaluation system, the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score to evaluate patients’ death risk on admission. An accumulated score <109 points was considered as low-risk, between 109 to 140 points as moderate high-risk, and >140 points as very high-risk.[13]
Statistics
Patients were initially stratified into 3 groups: patients had primary PCI, patients had fibrinolysis, and patients had no reperfusion. The baseline characteristics, medications administrated, and major endpoints were compared between the 3 groups. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and compared using variance analysis. Abnormally distributed variables were shown as medians with quartile range and compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies with percentages and compared using Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test when applicable. To balance the disparities between the groups, a multivariate logistic model was used to adjust for the potential confounding. In this model, univariate analysis was primarily performed to test the associations between each baseline characteristics and the primary endpoint. The variables with significance at P < 0.1 were included in the multivariate model. Finally variables that included in the model were as follows: GRACE score stratification (categorized as low-risk, moderate high-risk, and very high-risk), sex, hospital level, prior stroke, prior heart failure, current smoking, left ventricular ejection fraction, diastolic pressure, use of intra-aortic balloon pump, in-hospital medication of aspirin, adenosine diphosphate inhibitor, anticoagulation agent, statin, βblocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/ angiotensin receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB), nitrate. For all analyses, two-tailed P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and all analyses were performed using SAS statistical package, version 10.2 (Cary, NC).
Results
Patient baseline characters are shown in Table 1. Patients who had no reperfusion were relatively older (P < 0.001). Men were more likely to have primary PCI (64.3%) or fibrinolysis (62.5%) compared with women. The average time from symptom onset to treatment was different in three groups. Patients who came to hospital earlier (< 6 h) had higher chance obtaining fibrinolysis or primary PCI, while those coming late (> 12 h) were more frequently treated with no reperfusion. The level of the hospital also affected the choice of the revascularization strategy. More than 95% of the primary PCI was performed in provincial or municipal hospitals, while around 90% fibrinolyisis were performed in municipal ortertiary hospitals. Most of patients' medical histories were similar between three groups, except that patients who had primary PCI also had fewer prior strokes (P = 0.005). The cardiovascular risk factors of the patients were comparable between the groups, except the rates of dislipidemia and current smoking status were slightly different. The mean value of left ventricular ejection fraction was different (P < 0.001). However, the difference was not great. When we used GRACE score to evaluate patient’s risk, we found patients who had primary PCI or fibrinolysis were of relatively lower risk compared with patients who had no reperfusion. We also observed that the primary PCI group had more Killip I patients, and less Killip IV patients than the other groups.
Table 1. Baseline characters.
| Variables | Fibrinolysis (N = 160) | Primary PCI (N = 1000) | No reperfusion (N = 1922) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 78.79 ±7.12 | 79.59 ±4.04 | 80.59 ±4.57 | <0.001 |
| Male | 100 (62.5%) | 643 (64.3%) | 1086 (56.5%) | <0.001 |
| Time from symptom onset to treatment | <0.001 | |||
| <3 h | 51 (31.9%) | 278 (27.8%) | 246 (12.8%) | |
| 3–6 h | 61 (38.1%) | 372 (37.2%) | 344 (17.9%) | |
| 6–12 h | 19 (11.9%) | 229 (22.9%) | 264 (13.7%) | |
| 12–24 h | 11 (6.9%) | 56 (5.6%) | 285 (14.8%) | |
| 1–7 d | 18 (11.3%) | 65 (6.5%) | 783 (40.7%) | |
| Hospital level | <0.001 | |||
| Province level | 18 (11.3%) | 449 (44.9%) | 404 (21.0%) | |
| Municipal level | 81 (50.6%) | 509 (50.9%) | 1082 (56.3%) | |
| Tertiary level | 61 (38.1%) | 42 (4.2%) | 436 (22.7%) | |
| Medical history | ||||
| Prior MI | 14 (8.8%) | 54 (5.4%) | 135 (7.0%) | 0.127 |
| Prior CABG | 1 (0.6%) | 3 (0.3%) | 5 (0.3%) | 0.767 |
| Prior PCI | 6 (3.8%) | 41 (4.1%) | 57 (3.0%) | 0.272 |
| Prior stroke | 26 (16.3%) | 98 (9.8%) | 258 (13.4%) | 0.005 |
| Prior HF | 6 (3.8%) | 21 (2.1%) | 70 (3.6%) | 0.057 |
| PAD | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (0.7%) | 14 (0.7%) | 0.324 |
| Prior bleeding | 1 (0.6%) | 18 (1.8%) | 50 (2.6%) | 0.096 |
| CKD | 1 (0.6%) | 11 (1.1%) | 30 (1.6%) | 0.387 |
| Risk factors | ||||
| Diabetes | 25 (15.6%) | 170 (17.0%) | 326 (17.0%) | 0.904 |
| Hypertension | 95 (59.4%) | 563 (56.3%) | 1063 (55.3%) | 0.570 |
| Dislipidemia | 6 (3.8%) | 66 (6.6%) | 44 (2.3%) | <0.001 |
| Currently Smoking | 66 (41.3%) | 389 (38.9%) | 664 (34.5%) | 0.028 |
| Admission presentation | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 52 [48.5, 55] | 52 [48, 58] | 52 [47, 54] | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 73 [62.5 84.5] | 74 [63, 85] | 79 [67, 92] | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 124.5 [110, 142.5] | 125 [110, 142] | 127 [110, 144] | 0.556 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75 [65, 88.5] | 75 [64, 83] | 75 [65, 85] | 0.689 |
| Killip classification | <0.001 | |||
| I | 100 (62.5%) | 718 (71.8%) | 1062 (55.3%) | |
| II | 33 (20.6%) | 214 (21.4%) | 513 (26.7%) | |
| III | 15 (9.4%) | 29 (2.9%) | 204 (10.6%) | |
| IV | 12 (7.5%) | 39 (3.9%) | 143 (7.4%) | |
| GRACE score | <0.001 | |||
| Very high risk | 107 (66.9%) | 659 (65.9%) | 1456 (75.8%) | |
| Moderate high risk | 50 (31.3%) | 333 (33.3%) | 452 (23.5%) | |
| Low risk | 3 (1.9%) | 8 (0.8%) | 14 (0.7%) | |
MI, myocardial infarction; CABG, Coronary artery bypass graft; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; HF, heart failure; PAD, Peripheral artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure;
The medication administrated during hospitalization and at discharge is shown in Table 2. Patients having primary PCI were more likely to receive anti-platelet agents including aspirin (98.2%), Adenosine diphosphate inhibitor (98.1%), GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors (46.9%) than patients having fibrinolysis and no reperfusion (P < 0.05). On the contrary, patients with no reperfusion were more likely to receive anti-coagulation agents (P = 0.005) than the other groups. In-hospital statin, β-blocker, ACEI/ARB were more frequently used in the primary PCI group (P < 0.05). However, nitrate was less used in the primary PCI group than in the fibrinolysis and no reperfusion group (58.4%, 76.9%, and 76.6% respectively, P < 0.001). Similar trends were detected in the medication at patients’ discharge.
Table 2. Medication.
| Variables | Fibrinolysis (N = 160) | Primary PCI (N = 1000) | No reperfusion (N = 1922) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In-hospital | ||||
| Aspirin | 151 (94.4%) | 982 (98.2%) | 1770 (92.1%) | <0.001 |
| ADP inhibitor | 150 (93.8%) | 981 (98.1%) | 1775 (92.4%) | <0.001 |
| GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor | 11 (6.9%) | 469 (46.9%) | 186 (9.7%) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagualtion drug | 152 (95.0%) | 951 (95.1%) | 1868 (97.2%) | 0.014 |
| LWMH | 147 (91.9%) | 877 (87.7%) | 1800 (93.7%) | <0.001 |
| Fondaparinux | 5 (3.1%) | 74 (7.4%) | 68 (3.5%) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 154 (96.3%) | 980 (98.0%) | 1826 (95.0%) | <0.001 |
| β-blocker | 90 (56.3%) | 669 (66.9%) | 1087 (56.6%) | <0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB | 88 (55.0%) | 584 (58.4%) | 986 (51.3%) | 0.001 |
| Nitrate | 123 (76.9%) | 584 (58.4%) | 1472 (76.6%) | <0.001 |
| At discharge | ||||
| Aspirin | 143 (89.4%) | 904 (90.4%) | 1635 (85.1%) | <0.001 |
| ADP inhibitor | 138 (86.3%) | 896 (89.6%) | 1592 (82.8%) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 144 (90.0%) | 902 (90.2%) | 1668 (86.8%) | 0.018 |
| β-blocker | 107 (66.9%) | 634 (63.4%) | 1147 (59.7%) | 0.047 |
| ACEI/ARB | 78 (48.8%) | 468 (46.8%) | 762 (39.6%) | <0.001 |
| Nitrate | 114 (71.3%) | 471 (47.1%) | 1207 (62.8%) | <0.001 |
ADP, Adenosine diphosphate; GP Glyco-protein; LWMH, low weight molecule heparin; ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/ angiotensin receptor blocker
The clinical outcomes are shown in Table 3. The mortality rate in the primary PCI group was significantly lower than that in the fibrinolysis and no reperfusion group (7.7%, 15.0%, and 19.9% respectively, P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the rates of cardiac death (7.3%, 14.4% and 18.6% respectively, P < 0.001) and non-cardiac death (0.6%, 0.6%, and 1.4% respectively, P = 0.028) were also lower in the primary PCI group than that in the fibrinolysis and no reperfusion group. Recurrent MI was similar between the groups (P = 0.412). However, IDR was more common in patients having primary PCI (P = 0.007). MI related complications, which included heart failure, mechanical complications, and cardiac arrest occurred less in the primary PCI group(P < 0.05). On the contrary, the rates of ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, cerebral events, hemorrhage stroke, and major bleeding (excluding hemorrhage stroke) were similar between the primary PCI, fibrinolysis, and no reperfusion groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, we found patients in the primary PCI group were more likely to obtain intra-aortic balloon pump support.
Table 3. Clinical outcomes with different reperfusion strategies.
| Variables | Fibrinolysis (N = 160) | Primary PCI (N = 1000) | No reperfusion (N = 1922) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Death | 24 (15.0%) | 77 (7.7%) | 383 (19.9%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac death | 23 (14.4%) | 73 (7.3%) | 357 (18.6%) | <0.001 |
| Non-cardiac death | 1 (0.6%) | 4 (0.6%) | 26 (1.4%) | 0.028 |
| Recurrent MI | 3 (1.9%) | 7 (0.7%) | 16 (0.8%) | 0.412 |
| Ischemia driven revascularization | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (0.9%) | 3 (0.2%) | 0.007 |
| MI-related complications | ||||
| Heart failure | 46 (28.8%) | 177 (17.7%) | 636 (33.1%) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical complications | 3 (1.9%) | 5 (0.5%) | 35 (1.8%) | 0.006 |
| VT/VF | 7 (7.5%) | 32 (5.2%) | 65 (5.1%) | 0.636 |
| Cardiac arrest | 10 (6.3%) | 36 (3.6%) | 192 (10.0%) | <0.001 |
| Cerebral events | 3 (1.9%) | 17 (1.7%) | 29 (1.5%) | 0.889 |
| Hemorrhage stroke | 1 (0.6%) | 3 (0.3%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0.094 |
| Other major bleeding | 8 (5.0%) | 30 (3.0%) | 59 (3.1%) | 0.439 |
| Transfusion | 1 (0.6%) | 9 (0.9%) | 11 (0.6%) | 0.605 |
| IABP support | 1 (0.6%) | 73 (7.3%) | 31 (1.6%) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (0.2%) | 0.244 |
| ICU or CCU stay (d) | 4 (1, 7) | 3 (2, 6) | 3 (0, 7) | <0.001 |
| Normal ward stay (d) | 6 (0, 11) | 5 (3, 8) | 5 (1, 10) | 0.606 |
MI, myocardial infarction; VT/VF, ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; ICU, intensive care unit; CCU, coronary care unit.
So as to balance the baseline disparities and the selection bias, we used logistic model to adjust for the potential confounding. The adjusted outcomes are shown in Table 4. We found that the mortality rate was still significantly lower in the primary PCI group than in the no reperfusion group after adjustment(OR: 0.424, 95% CI:0.316, 0.569, P < 0.001), and the difference reached board significance when primary PCI was compared with fibrinolysis (OR: 0.592, 95% CI:0.343, 1.021, P = 0.059). However, the difference did not reach significance between fibrinolysis and no reperfusion(OR: 0.716, 95% CI:0.441, 1.164, P = 0.178). We found parallel trends of cardiac death and non-cardiac death in the 3 groups. Moreover, when compared with patients in the no reperfusion group, patients in the primary PCI group also had lower rates of heart failure (OR: 0.551, 95% CI: 0.444, 0.683, P < 0.001), mechanic complications (OR: 0.295, 95% CI: 0.106, 0.825, P = 0.02), and cardiac arrest (OR: 0.511, 95% CI: 0.342, 0.763, P = 0.001). However, no difference of that was detected between the fibrinolysis group and the no reperfusion group (P > 0.05).
Table 4. The adjusted in-hospital outcomes with different reperfusion strategies.
| Variables | Fibrinolysis vs. No reperfusion (OR, 95% CI) | Primary PCI vs. No reperfusion (OR, 95% CI) | Primary PCI vs. Fibrinolysis (OR, 95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Death | 0.716(0.441,1.164) | 0.424(0.316,0.569) | 0.592(0.343,1.021) |
| Cardiac death | 0.757(0.463,1.238) | 0.447(0.331,0.602) | 0.590(0.340,1.026) |
| Non-cardiac Death | 0.443(0.058,3.382) | 0.310(0.099,0.975) | 0.700(0.071,6.870) |
| Recurrent MI | 2.532(0.707,9.065) | 0.773(0.291,2.055) | 0.305(0.071,1.305) |
| Heart failure | 0.882(0.606,1.283) | 0.551(0.444,0.683) | 0.624(0.414,0.942) |
| Mechanic Complications | 1.344(0.393,4.593) | 0.295(0.106,0.825) | 0.220(0.047,1.022) |
| Cardiac arrest | 0.599(0.301,1.193) | 0.511(0.342,0.763) | 0.853(0.395,1.839) |
| Cerebral events | 1.321(0.389,4.488) | 1.218(0.612,2.423) | 0.922(0.250,3.393) |
The logistic model include variables: GRACE score stratification (categorized as low, moderate high, and very high risk), sex, hospital level, prior stroke, prior heart failure, current smoking, left ventricular ejection fraction, diastolic pressure, use of IABP, in-hospital use of aspirin, ADP inhibitor, LMWH or fondaparinux, statin, β-blocker, ACEI/ARB, nitrate. MI, myocardial infarction
Discussion
There is very limited evidence in the recommendation of the reperfusion strategy for elderly STEMI patients.[14–20] Age is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in the elderly, so older patients are in accordance at higher risk of death compared with the younger patients.[21] Immediate reperfusion was proved to be beneficial in younger STEMI patients (< 75 years old) in previous studies. However, older patients were usually excluded, especially in the randomized trials.[22] Older people were more likely to contract MI complications than the younger patients because of the reduced heart function, and the degraded heart structure.[23] Older people were also at higher risk of hemorrhage stroke when they had fibrinolysis, or of gastrointestinal bleeding when they were under dual antiplatelet or triple anticoagulation therapy.[24,25] Older people properly had worse renal function than the younger ones, so the contrast used in primary PCI might elevate the risk of renal failure and contrast-induced nephropathy.[26] Besides, the PCI-related complications such as no-flow, slow flow, vascular dissection or other adverse outcomes could be a heavier blow on the elderly than on the younger patients.[2] Lack of sufficient evidence, it is still unclear if immediate reperfusion was effective and safe in the elderly, or what immediate reperfusion was best, as well. Thus, we used data from a prospective national registry to compare the short outcomes of the older patients with 3 different treatment strategies (primary PCI, fibrinolysis, or no reperfusion).
It is showed that the unadjusted rate of mortality was lower in the primary PCI group than in the fibrinolysis group or in the no reperfusion group. However, after baseline adjustment, this difference was only significant between the primary PCI group and no reperfusion group. This result suggested that primary PCI was an effective reperfusion strategy in the elderly just like in the younger patients, but the efficacy of fibrinolysis in the elderly needs more evidence. The direct comparison of primary PCI and fibrinolysis in older patients was limited. In the real world outcomes, Shelton et al.[14]showed similar rates of 30 d mortality before and after the inception of primary PCI and lower rates of death during a 1- and 3-year follow-up period for primary PCI in older patients, which indicated the benefit of primary PCI in the long run. However, Fosbol et al.[15]found no difference in the long-term mortalities between patients who underwent either primary PCI or fibrinolysis regardless of age. In randomized trials, The SENIOR-PAMI multicenter trial [16]included 130 patients (≥ 80 years old) and showed similar 30 d mortalities between primary PCI and fibrinolysis (PCI 19% vs. Fibrinolysis 16%). The TRIANA trial [17]intermediately terminated because of a non-significant difference in the 30 d mortalities between primary PCI and fibrinolysis in patients ≥ 75 years old. Our result was in consistent with those studies, while the short-term outcomes with primary PCI or fibrinolysis in older patients seemed to be the same. Previous study suggested that prehospital fibrinolysis may be preferable or similar to primary PCI for patients treated within the first 2 hours after symptom onset. So this was also applicable for the older patients.[18]
What unexpected is that we found no significant difference for the short-term mortalities between fibrinolysis and no reperfusion. Previous results were controversial. Thiemann et al.[19]showed that fibrinolysis was harmful for older patients. Older STEMI patients (≥ 75 years old) having fibrinolysis were at higher risk of death at 30 d follow-up compared with patients having no reperfusion (Hazard ratio: 1.38, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.71,P = 0.003). The finding was quite different from the younger patients in the same study, while the mortality rates were 6.8% and 9.8% for the younger patients with or without fibrinolysis. Berger et al.[20] showed similar 30 d mortality between the fibrinolysis group and no reperfusion group in patients ≥ 65 years old, but higher rate of death during 1-year follow-up in the no reperfusion group. The underlying reasons for the inconsistent results between the studies could not be easily interpreted. Firstly, it was thought that older patients were not ideal people for the fibrinolysis strategy, since they were at higher risk of cerebral bleeding, which might compensate the benefit of coronary reperfusion. However, we did not find increased hemorrhage stroke in the fibrinolysis group in this study, which ascertained the safety of fibrinolysis in the elderly. Secondly, even though the success rate of fibrinolysis was high in our study (> 88%), it did not translate into patient's better survival rate. We assumed it could be attributed to the undesirable time from the symptom onset to the beginning of fibrinolysis. Quite a part of patients having fibrinolysis in our study had late fibrionlysis (>12h after the symptom onset, or even >24h), while the effect of late fibrinolysis was diluted after a long period after myocardial infarction. Thirdly, we could not avoid the patient selection bias. In this study, patients having fibrinolysis were of relatively younger age, healthier, and getting more post-fibrinolysis treatments compared with patients having no reperfusion, these disparities could affect and confound the results. So right now, the compare result between fibrinolysis and no reperfusion should be read carefully in the elderly, and more data should be further analyzed.
We found significant difference in the medication used in different groups. Dual antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulation drugs, ACEI/ARB, statin, as well as β-blocker are the first-line drugs that recommended in treating STEMI in the guideline, which could improve the short- and long-term outcomes.[27]Nevertheless, compared with patients in the primary PCI group, these medications were less used in the fibrinolysis group and no reperfusion group. Age was not an contraindication for the antiplatelet drug. However, for the safety concerns, older patients rated as “relatively high bleeding” risk are usually excluded in the primary PCI group because of the concerning of long term dual antiplatelet therapy after stent implantation.[28]GP IIb/IIIa inhibtors was an intravenous antiplatelet drug that recommended in STEMI to improve outcomes. Interventional doctors preferred to perform primary PCI combined with GP IIb/IIIa inhibtors to reduce thrombus. Whereas, the effect of GP IIb/IIIa inhibtors in older patients was still controversial, and the extra bleeding risk related in older patients need to be noticed.[29–31]β-blocker, ACEI/ARB, and statin were recommended to administrate within the first 24 hours after the symptom onset in patients without contraindication.[28]In the “real world” practice, those drugs were underused in the fibrinolysis and no reperfusion group than in the primary PCI group. For all we knew, decisions from the doctors played a leading role in the use of medication. We found the medication used in patients having primary PCI or in the high-level hospitals were more getting with the guideline, but the situation was much worse in patients having no reperfusion or in the tertiary hospitals. Since medication was the footstone for the treatment, doctors were responsible for the prescription regardless of the reperfusion strategy.
Limitations
This study showed the “realworld” scenario in treating older STEMI patients in China. This analysis was also the first comprehensive investigation specifically focused on patients ≥ 75 years old in China. In this population, we showed and compared the outcomes of patients treated with primary PCI, fibrinolysis, and no immediate reperfusion. However, patients were not randomized, baseline disparities and selection bias was inevitable. A great proportion of late reperfusion in our study may confound the results, 6.9% of the patients having fibrinolysis were between 12 to 24 h, and around 11.3% having fibrinolysis more than 1 d, even though fibrinolysis was usually not intended to be performed>12 h after symptom onset. In addition, drug regimen afterwards with < 50% of patients receiving ACE/ARB and < 55% beta-blockers is also troublesome. However, this showed the real scenario in China. On the other hand, the elderly have not been studied and these data could be interpreted with more caution, but demonstrate a good outcome with primary PCI in this group of patients.
Conclusions
Elderly patients constitute a significant and increasing proportion of STEMI patients. Early reperfusion, especially primary PCI is safe and effective for elderly patients with absolute reduction of mortality compared with no reperfusion. However, certain randomized trials were encouraged to support the conclusion.
Acknowledgments
The authors greatly acknowledged all the participants in the CAMI registry, for their selfless devotion and diligent working. The lead author for this group is Yang Yuejin (Email: yangyuejin_fuwai@126.com). The complete members of the committees were:
Principal investigator:
Yuejin Yang
Scientific Committee:
Stephen D. Wiviott, Marc S. Sabatine, Eric D. Peterson, Matthew T. Roe, Ying Xian (USA)
Runlin Gao, Zaijia Chen, Weifeng Shen, Wenling Zhu, Luhua Shen, Jilin Chen, Yaling Han, Yude Chen, Shuigao Jin, Dongfeng Gu, Manlu Zhu (China)
Data Monitoring Committee:
Shubin Qiao, Bo Xu
Executive and Steering Committee:
Ruiyan Zhang, Xiaozeng Wang, Weiming Li, Daowen Wang, Jiyan Chen, Xianghua Fu, Jianan Wang, Zheng Wan, Chuanyu Gao, Hongwei Li, Yitong Ma, Yang Zheng, lianqun Cui, Bao Li, Zuyi Yuan, Yin Liu, Shaobin Jia, Biao Xu, Lianglong Chen, Shenhua Zhou, Xiaoshu Cheng, Lang Li, Tianhe Yang, Yongjian Wu, Yuan Wu, Hongbin Yan, Jinqin Yuan, Shijie You, Min Yao, Fengying Chen, Likun Ma, Tao Guo, Bin Li, Gesang Luobu, Wei Li.
Clinical Support Group:
Xiaojin Gao, Xuan Zhang, Yunqing Ye, Qiuting Dong, Rui Fu, Xinxin Yan, Hui Sun, Peiyuan He
Project managers:
Rongfu Li, Hong Wang, Chen Jin
Website and EDC Team:
Wei Zhao, Jing Yuan, Ting Zhou, Yue Sun, Hui Li, Lihua Zhang
Data Management Team:
Yi Sun, Xiaomeng Li, Juan Li
Monitor Team:
Xuan Jia, Xiaoru Cheng, Guofang Qiao, Jing Li, Xin Huang
Statistics Team:
Yang Wang, Xinran Tang, Ruohua Yan
Data Availability
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by the 2014 special fund for scientific research in the public interest by National Health and Family Planning Commision of the People’s Republic of China (no. 201402001). This work was also supported by the “Twelfth Five-Year” Planning Project of the Scientific and Technological Department of China (no. 2011BAI11B00).
References
- 1.Goch A, Misiewicz P, Rysz J, Banach M. The clinical manifestation of myocardial infarction in elderly patients. Clin Cardiol 2009;32:E46–51. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.De Luca G, van 't Hof AW, Ottervanger JP, Hoorntje JC, Gosselink AT, Dambrink JH, et al. Ageing, impaired myocardial perfusion, and mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty. Eur Heart J 2005;26:662–666. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi110 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Guagliumi G, Stone GW, Cox DA, Stuckey T, Tcheng JE, Turco M, et al. Outcome in elderly patients undergoing primary coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: results from the Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) trial. Circulation 2004;110:1598–1604. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000142862.98817.1F [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Antonsen L, Jensen LO, Terkelsen CJ, Tilsted HH, Junker A, Maeng M, et al. Outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in octogenarians and nonagenarians with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: from the Western Denmark heart registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013;81:912–919. 10.1002/ccd.24591 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Nakamura M, Yamashita T, Yajima J, Oikawa Y, Ogasawara K, Sagara K, et al. Clinical outcome after acute coronary syndrome in Japanese patients: an observational cohort study. J Cardiol 2010;55:69–76. 10.1016/j.jjcc.2009.08.007 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Teplitsky I, Assali A, Lev E, Brosh D, Vaknin-Assa H, Kornowski R. Results of percutaneous coronary interventions in patients > or = 90 years of age. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007;70:937–943. 10.1002/ccd.21263 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Le May MR, Labinaz M, Davies RF, Marquis JF, Laramée LA, O'Brien ER, et al. Stenting versus thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction trial (STAT). J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:985–991. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Lee PY, Alexander KP, Hammill BG, Pasquali SK, Peterson ED. Representation of elderly persons and women in published randomized trials of acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2001;286:708–713. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Lemesle G, De Labriolle A, Bonello L, Syed A, Collins S, Maluenda G, et al. Impact of bivalirudin on in-hospital bleeding and six-month outcomes in octogenarians undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2009;74:428–435. 10.1002/ccd.22007 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Claessen BE, Kikkert WJ, Engstrom AE, Hoebers LP, Damman P, Vis MM, et al. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction in octogenarians: trends and outcomes. Heart 2010;96:843–847. 10.1136/hrt.2009.185678 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Kent DM, Ruthazer R, Griffith JL, Beshansky JR, Grines CL, Aversano T, et al. Comparison of mortality benefit of immediate thrombolytic therapy versus delayed primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:1384–1388. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.12.068 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Xu H, Li W, Yang J, Wiviott SD, Sabatine MS, Peterson ED, et al. A National Long-term Registry-Research-Education Integrated Platform for Exploring Acute Myocardial Infarction in China. Am Heart J 2016;175:193–201. 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.04.014 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Cannon CP, et al. Predictors of hospital mortality in the global registry of acute coronary events. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2345–2353. 10.1001/archinte.163.19.2345 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Shelton RJ, Crean AM, Somers K, Priestley C, Hague C, Blaxill JM,et al. Real-world outcome from ST elevation myocardial infarction in the very elderly before and after the introduction of a 24/7 primary percutaneous coronary intervention service. Am Heart J 2010;159:956–963. 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.02.026 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Fosbøl EL, Thune JJ, Kelbaek H,Andersen HR, Saunamäki K, Nielsen TT, et al. Long-term outcome of primary angioplasty compared with fibrinolysis across age groups: a Danish Multicenter Randomized Study on Fibrinolytic Therapy Versus Acute Coronary Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DANAMI-2) substudy. Am Heart J 2008;156:391–396. 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.04.005 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Grines C. SENIOR-PAMI—A prospective randomized trial of primary angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. [http://www.theheart.org/search.do?searchString=senior+pami&x=0&y=0] TCT Washington, DC 2005
- 17.Bueno H, Betriu A, Heras M, Alonso JJ, Cequier A, García EJ, et al. Primary angioplasty vs. fibrinolysis in very old patients with acute myocardial infarction: TRIANA (TRatamiento del Infarto Agudo de miocardio eN Ancianos) randomized trial and pooled analysis with previous studies. Eur Heart J 2011;32:51–60. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq375 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Steg PG, Bonnefoy E, Chabaud S, Lapostolle F, Dubien PY, Cristofini P, et al. Impact of time to treatment on mortality after prehospital fibrinolysis or primary angioplasty: data from the captim randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2003;108:2851–2856. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000103122.10021.F2 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Thiemann DR, Coresh J, Schulman SP, Gerstenblith G, Oetgen WJ, Powe NR. Lack of benefit for intravenous thrombolysis in patients with myocardial infarction who are older than 75 years. Circulation 2000;101:2239–2246. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Berger AK, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. Thrombolytic therapy in older patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:366–374. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Oduncu V, Erkol A, Tanalp AC, Kırma C, Bulut M, Bitigen A,et al. Comparison of early and late clinical outcomes in patients > = 80 versus <80 years of age after successful primary angioplasty for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2013;41:319–328. 10.5543/tkda.2013.76059 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Lee PY, Alexander KP, Hammill BG, Pasquali SK, Peterson ED. Representation of elderly persons and women in published randomized trials of acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2001;286:708–713. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Antonsen L, Jensen LO, Terkelsen CJ, Tilsted HH, Junker A, Maeng M,et al. Outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in octogenarians and nonagenarians with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: from the Western Denmark heart registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013;81:912–919. 10.1002/ccd.24591 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Mehta RH, Stebbins AS, Lopes RD, Califf RM, Pieper KS, Armstrong PW, et al. Comparison of incidence of bleeding and mortality of men versus women with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolysis. Am J Cardiol 2012;109:320–326. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.09.012 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Abraham NS, Hartman C, Richardson P, Castillo D, Street RL Jr, Naik AD. Risk of lower and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, transfusions, and hospitalizations with complex antithrombotic therapy in elderly patients. Circulation 2013;128:1869–1877. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004747 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Dangas G, Iakovou I, Nikolsky E, Aymong ED, Mintz GS, Kipshidze NN, et al. Contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary interventions in relation to chronic kidney disease and hemodynamic variables. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:13–19. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.08.056 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, Bailey SR, Bittl JA, Cercek B, et al. 2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI focused update on primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with ST-elevation myocardial Infarction: An update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention and the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2016;87:1001–1019. 10.1002/ccd.26325 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Ruparelia N, Chieffo A. Dual antiplatelet therapy following drug-eluting stent implantation: how long is long enough? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2015;13:585–587. 10.1586/14779072.2015.1046435 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management (PRISM) Study Investigators. A comparison of aspirin plus tirofiban with aspirin plus heparin for unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1498–1505. 10.1056/NEJM199805213382103 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Hasdai D, Holmes DR Jr, Criger DA, Topol EJ, Califf RM, Harrington RA. Age and outcome after acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST-segment elevation. Am Heart J 2000;139:858–866. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Neumann FJ, ten Berg J, Bruskina O, et al. Age-dependent effect of abciximab in patients with acute coronary syndromes treated with percutaneous coronary interventions. Circulation 2006;114:2040–2046. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.642306 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.