Abstract
Objectives
To observe the change in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) of patients with persistent pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) after patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occlusion.
Background
After occlusion of PDA in patients with PAH, some patients still tend to suffer from persistent PAH.
Methods
A chest X-ray, an electrocardiogram, and an echocardiogram were performed on nine patients at 24 hours, 1 and 6 months, and 1 year serially.
Results
There was a significant fall (P<0.05) in mean PASP after occlusion (to 59.3±12.7 mmHg). However, the aortic pressure and systemic arterial oxygen saturation changed slightly (P>0.05). During the follow up, there was a further fall in the PASP in five patients (No 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8). Four patients (No 2, 3, 4, and 8) showed the evidence of worsening PAH and were treated with sildenafil. Patient 2 died from acute right heart failure after a period of 11 months from the time of transcatheter closure, triggered by pulmonary infection.
Conclusion
Some patients with borderline hemodynamic data with PDA and PAH can deteriorate or keep sustained PAH after PDA closure. The treatment of permanent closure to these patients must be cautious.
Keywords: patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), transcatheter closure (TCC), pulmonary artery hypertension, follow-up
Introduction
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects, accounting for 5%–10% of all congenital heart disease in infants.1 Transcatheter closure (TCC) PDA was first performed in 1971.2 With the progress of technique and material, TCC of PDA with various occluders has been well established and become the treatment of choice for the majority of patients with this condition.3–10 However, whether to attempt TCC of PDA in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a challenging clinical problem, as there is not much information on the immediate and long-term effects of TCC of PDA in patients who have PAH, especially those with persistent PAH after occlusion.
Materials and methods
Patients
From July 2006 to January 2011, nine patients with clinical and echocardiographic findings of a PDA and severe pulmonary hypertension underwent TCC with the Amplatzer duct occluder (ADO, AGA Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, MN, USA). Pulmonary hypertension maintained after occlusion.
Their mean age was 24.2±8.2 years (range 16–42 years) and their median body weight was 53.6±7.8 kg (range 46–71 kg). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing Medical University. Written informed consents were obtained from all patients.
Interventional procedure
The technique of TCC of PDA using the ADO was similar to that described by Masura et al.11 After a complete hemodynamic evaluation and descending aortogram in the lateral or right anterior oblique view, trial occlusion with the ADO (the size of the occlusion device we chose was 4–6 mm larger than the narrowest size of the PDA) was performed for 30 minutes to record the change in hemodynamic and clinical data. If the pulmonary arterial pressure fell or did not increase, the aortic pressure did not decrease, and the signs and symptoms did not worsen, then the PDA occluder was released. A repeat descending aortogram excluded a moderate-to-large residual left-to-right shunt. Otherwise, the occluding device was retracted into the delivery sheath. Prophylactic antibiotics were routinely given after the procedure for 3 days. All the patients returned home after 2 days of observation in the cardiac ward.
Follow-up
A chest X-ray, an electrocardiogram, and an echocardiogram were performed on all the patients at 24 hours, 1 and 6 months, and 1 year serially.
Statistics
The results were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and expressed as mean (standard deviation), with confidence intervals where applicable. Preocclusion and postocclusion data were compared using paired-samples t-tests. A probability value of P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results
The clinical and hemodynamic data before and after occlusion of nine patients are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The PDA size was 8.9 (3.0) mm (range 5–15 mm). The mean ADO diameter was 14.8 (3.0) mm (11–20 mm). The ratio of pulmonary blood flow to systemic flow (Qp/Qs) was 2.2 (0.7) (range 1.7–3.94). The mean pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at baseline was 6.4 (2.8) Woods units (range 2.7–12.6 Woods). The mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and aortic systolic pressure at baseline were 106.7 (21.5) mmHg (range 78–140 mmHg) and 137.1 (8.1) mmHg (range 127–147 mmHg), respectively. There was a significant fall (P<0.05) in mean PASP after occlusion (to 59.3±12.7 mmHg). However, the change in aortic pressure and systemic arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) was insignificant (P>0.05).
Table 1.
Clinical data of patients who underwent PDA occlusion (n=9)
| Patient no | Sex | Age (years) |
Weight (kg) |
PDA diameter (mm) |
Device size (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | F | 19 | 52 | 5 | 11 |
| 2 | F | 16 | 46 | 10 | 16 |
| 3 | F | 28 | 61 | 15 | 20 |
| 4 | F | 20 | 48 | 11 | 18 |
| 5 | F | 42 | 50 | 10 | 16 |
| 6 | F | 31 | 53 | 8 | 14 |
| 7 | M | 21 | 71 | 6 | 12 |
| 8 | F | 18 | 52 | 8 | 14 |
| 9 | F | 23 | 49 | 7 | 12 |
| Total (n=9) | 24.2±8.2* | 53.6±7.8* | 8.9±3.0* | 14.8±3.0* |
Note:
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.
Abbreviation: PDA, patent ductus arteriosus.
Table 2.
Hemodynamic data of patients who underwent occlusion of PDA (n=9)
| Patient no | PASP (mmHg)
|
Ao pressure (mmHg)
|
SaO2 (%)
|
Qp/Qs | PVR (Woods) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | PDO | Baseline | PDO | Baseline | PDO | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
| 1 | 128 | 88 | 136 | 138 | 93 | 95 | 1.7 | 5.47 |
| 2 | 110 | 55 | 132 | 143 | 90 | 92 | 2.03 | 3.58 |
| 3 | 96 | 57 | 141 | 146 | 92 | 93 | 1.76 | 7.13 |
| 4 | 140 | 63 | 147 | 149 | 90 | 90 | 1.82 | 7.65 |
| 5 | 100 | 61 | 152 | 163 | 92 | 94 | 2.35 | 6.89 |
| 6 | 95 | 59 | 127 | 138 | 93 | 97 | 2.06 | 5.37 |
| 7 | 129 | 61 | 135 | 142 | 91 | 94 | 1.72 | 12.6 |
| 8 | 78 | 43 | 134 | 158 | 92 | 96 | 2.78 | 2.7 |
| 9 | 84 | 47 | 130 | 149 | 89 | 96 | 3.94 | 5.85 |
| Total (n=9) | 106.7±21.5*,** | 59.3±12.7*,** | 137.1±8.1** | 147.3±8.6** | 91.3±1.4** | 94.1±2.2** | 2.2±0.7** | 6.4±2.8** |
Notes:
P<0.05.
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.
Abbreviations: Ao pressure, systolic aorta pressure; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PDO, patent ductus occlusion; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; Qp/Qs, pulmonary/systemic flow ratio; SaO2, systemic arterial oxygen saturation.
The mean follow-up time was 3.6 years (range 0.9–7 years). During the follow up, PASP was obtained from echo/Doppler study. There was a further fall of PASP in five patients (No 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8). Four patients (No 2, 3, 4, and 8) showed evidence of worsening of PAH and were treated with sildenafil. Patient 2 died from acute right heart failure after a period of 11 months from the time of TCC, which was triggered by a pulmonary infection (Table 3, Figures 1 and 2).
Table 3.
PASP changes during follow-up after TCC
| Patient no | PASP (mmHg)
|
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before occlusion | After occlusion | 1 month | 3 months | 6 months | 1 year | 2 years | 3 years | 4 years | 5 years | 6 years | 7 years | |
| 1 | 87 | 82 | 69 | 58 | 56 | 62 | 52 | 49 | – | – | – | – |
| 2 | 134 | 76 | 80 | 95 | 121# | * | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 3 | 109 | 61 | 56 | 66 | 88 | 99 | 103# | 72 | 51 | 49 | 51 | 47 |
| 4 | 111 | 81 | 58 | 83 | 105# | 87 | 63 | – | – | – | – | |
| 5 | 140 | 70 | 76 | 68 | 70 | 53 | 52 | 46 | 37 | – | – | – |
| 6 | 106 | 73 | 72 | 75 | 68 | 52 | 48 | 32 | 36 | – | – | – |
| 7 | 128 | 83 | 86 | 78 | 71 | 63 | 49 | 45 | – | – | – | – |
| 8 | 97 | 65 | 70 | 53 | 49 | 37 | 40 | 35 | 29 | 32 | – | – |
| 9 | 109 | 92 | 102 | 89 | 78 | 80# | 54 | 42 | 46 | – | – | – |
Notes:
Add sildenafil.
Death 11 months after TCC.
Abbreviations: PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TCC, transcatheter closure.
Figure 1.
PASP changes within 1 year after TCC.
Abbreviations: PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TCC, transcatheter closure.
Figure 2.
PASP changes over 1 year after TCC.
Abbreviations: PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TCC, transcatheter closure.
Discussion
TCC is now widely accepted as the first-choice treatment of PDA. The increasing experience allows PDA patients with PAH to be evaluated for transcatheter device occlusion. The findings of the present study indicated that TCC of PDA in patients with PAH is feasible, effective, and safe, even in severely symptomatic patients.12–17 However, a small percentage of patients with borderline hemodynamic data with PDA and PAH can deteriorate after PDA closure due to non-regression of pulmonary hypertension, progressive pulmonary vascular disease, and right heart failure. Their natural history is similar to idiopathic PAH. In our study, the PASP of nine patients decreased by >20% immediately after occlusion. During the follow-up of these patients, PASP of five patients decreased further and worsened in the remaining four patients. The PASP of all nine patients did return back to normal. For patients 1 and 7, the PDA diameter was only 5 or 6 mm. According to the clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension,18 this is generally classified as PAH associated with small defects. But we were unable to differentiate whether it was PDA with idiopathic PAH.
Whether to attempt TCC of PDA in patients with severe PAH remains a challenging clinical problem. In this condition, the most important determinant of management and prognosis is whether the severe PAH is reversible. Clinical examination is used to evaluate the reversibility of severe PAH. However, taking a decision to intervene is difficult if the clinical examinations are equivocal and there are some limitations for calculating PVR in PDA. A multicenter study by Balzar et al concluded that the use of vasodilators, including inhaled nitric oxide, has limited utility in deciding operability.19 Contrary to the popular belief, a recent study showed that preoperative hemodynamic information does not correlate with postoperative outcome for various reasons.20
Trial occlusion of PDA with device has been in use to decide on the contribution of left to right shunt and PVR to PAH.15,19, 21–23 The criteria that we followed were as follows: 1) a fall in the pulmonary artery pressure or no elevation; 2) no decrease in the aortic pressure and SaO2; and 3) no worsening of signs and symptoms. If all the criteria were satisfied, we considered the PAH to be reversible. Otherwise, it was considered to be irreversible PAH and occlusion was abandoned. This is a reliable test to exclude patients with borderline hemodynamic data from undergoing device closure.15,21,24
Sildenafil has been shown to improve exercise capacity, oxygen saturations, cardiopulmonary hemodynamics, and World Health Organization function class in patients with PAH, including PAH in patients with congenital heart disease having PAH.25–29 Longer-term studies have suggested sustained benefits. A larger randomized trial of 278 patients, including 7% with Eisenmenger syndrome, showed significant benefit after 19 months.25 In our study, after being treated with sildenafil, there was a decrease in the PASP of patients with PDA after closure.
Study limitations
There are two main limitations in our study. First, the major limitation of the study was the small sample size which limited its power. Second, during the follow-up, pulmonary arterial pressure was only evaluated by ultrasound. No patients underwent catheterization again.
Conclusion
TCC for PDA with severe PAH is currently the preferred method. However, some patients with borderline hemodynamic data with PDA and PAH can deteriorate or keep sustained PAH after PDA closure, although PAP would decrease by >20% immediately after trial occlusion. In such patients, the treatment of permanent closure must be performed with caution.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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