Abstract
Background
Gremlin-1, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist, is up-regulated in osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, we aim to evaluate the correlation between gremlin-1 concentrations and the onset and severity of OA.
Material/Methods
We performed this cross-sectional study in a population of 212 patients with knee OA and 125 healthy controls.
Results
Patients with knee OA had higher serum gremlin-1 concentrations than healthy controls. Serum and synovial fluid (SF) gremlin-1 concentrations increased according to advanced Kellgren-Lawrence grading stages.
Conclusions
Serum and SF gremlin-1 concentrations are correlated with the onset and severity of knee OA.
MeSH Keywords: Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Injury Severity Score; Osteoarthritis, Knee
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA), a common joint disease, results in pain, stiffness, reduced motion, swelling, crepitus, and disability [1]. The progressive destruction of articular cartilage, joint-space narrowing, and subchondral sclerosis are the typical characteristics of OA [2]. The etiology and pathogenesis of OA remain to be unclear. Recent investigations showed that aging, inflammation, and obesity were correlated with OA pathogenesis [3,4].
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), a member of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, is involved in bone formation and repair of bone and cartilage [5]. Gremlin-1, a BMP antagonist, has high binding ability with BMP-2 and BMP-4 [6]. The balance between gremlin-1 and BMP is correlated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and joint cartilage homeostasis [7]. It has been reported that gremlin-1 was significantly up-regulated in osteoarthritic human chondrocytes [8]. We postulate that gremlin-1 may be a key regulator in OA onset.
The aim of this investigation is to determine the relation between gremlin-1 concentrations and the onset and severity of OA.
Material and Methods
Patients
This investigation was conducted in a population of 212 patients with knee OA and 125 healthy controls. These patients were diagnosed with knee OA using the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology [9]. The exclusive criteria were as follows: inflammatory knee disease, rheumatoid arthritis, malignant tumors, systemic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and corticosteroids treatment during the past three months. The control group was randomly selected from healthy volunteers who visited the general health check-up center of our hospital. They were confirmed with normal knee radiography and had no systemic disease. Informed written consent was obtained from all subjects and the institutional review board of the institution approved the protocol.
Disease severity was scored according to the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading system by 2 radiologists. Those with KL grade ≥2 in at least 1 knee were considered to have radiographic knee OA. Healthy controls all have 2 knees with grade of 0.
Laboratory methods
Synovial fluid (SF) was abstracted from the knee before hyaluronic acid therapy. SF was then centrifuged and stored at −20°C before measurement. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (R&D Company) was utilized to measure serum and SF gremlin-1 concentrations.
Statistical analysis
The data were displayed as a form of means ±SD or median (interquartile range). We then utilized chi-square tests, unpaired t test, or Mann-Whitney U test to assess the parameter variance of gender; age and body mass index (BMI); as well as gremlin-1 concentrations, respectively, between the cases and control groups. Serum and SF gremlin-1 concentration differences between knee OA subgroups were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Spearman correlation analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis were utilized to show the correlation of gremlin-1 concentrations with KL grading. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Clinical parameters of the case and control group
There were no age, sex, or BMI differences between these 2 groups (Table 1).
Table 1.
The parameters between case and control group.
| Characteristics | knee OA patients (n=212) | healthy controls (n=125) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.68±8.67 | 62.31±9.07 | 0.712 |
| Gender (male/female) | 90/122 | 51/74 | 0.766 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 23.57±2.97 | 23.89±3.23 | 0.368 |
| Serum gremlin-1 (ng/mL) | 475.08 (385.24–548.61) | 389.31 (297.00–473.85) | <0.001 |
| SF gremlin-1 (ng/mL) | 296.94 (256.93–365.48) |
Serum gremlin-1 concentrations
Higher serum gremlin-1 concentrations were shown in the case group than in the control group (P<0.001; Table 1).
Gremlin-1 concentrations correlated with KL grades
Serum and SF gremlin-1 concentrations increased as KL grading stages advanced (Table 2). Spearman correlation analysis presented a positive correlation between serum and SF gremlin-1 concentrations and KL grade (r=0.372, P<0.001 and r=0.483, P<0.001). Serum and SF gremlin-1 concentrations and KL grades showed a positive association after multinomial logistic regression analysis (P<0.001 and P<0.001).
Table 2.
Serum and SF gremlin-1 concentrations in different knee OA subgroups.
| Gremlin-1 (ng/mL) | Grade 2 (n=64) | Grade 3 (n=91) | Grade 4 (n=57) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum | 435.40 (339.04–498.35)b | 481.95 (398.58–533.19)a | 533.19 (456.40–596.96)a,b | <0.001 |
| SF | 267.65 (221.50–313.02)b | 320.39 (257.28–367.09)a | 376.53 (290.01–424.27)a,b | <0.001 |
P<0.01 vs. KL grade 2;
P<0.01 vs. KL grade 3.
Discussion
This study demonstrated the association of serum and SF gremlin-1 concentrations with OA. As we know, this is the first study indicating that serum and SF gremlin-1 concentrations were elevated in OA patients and that they were correlated with OA grading.
BMP, a major subgroup of the TGF-β superfamily, could format and regenerate bone and cartilage [10]. BMP showed the anabolic response in cartilage explants and promoted chondroprogenitors cartilage matrix synthesis and endochondral bone formation [11]. The expression of BMP was elevated in articular chondrocytes and the expression level was correlated with the severity of OA [12]. BMP receptor signaling played a key role in maintaining articular cartilage after birth [13]. The possible mechanism of BMP involved in OA pathogenesis is that BMPs regulated chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix degradation [14].
BMP antagonists are a big family of structurally unrelated proteins. They serve as BMP antagonists by binding to BMP and then regulating the activities and functions of BMP [16]. Gremlin-1 is a typical BMP antagonist. Gremlin-1 has the ability to bind to BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-7. The equilibrium of BMP and its antagonists contributes to the homoeostasis of chondrocyte [16]. This balance is affected by inflammation, injury, or other stimuli. Then BMP was activated and led to chondrocyte hypertrophy, which is a potential mechanism of OA development. Furthermore, after the up-regulation of BMP, BMP antagonists were also up-regulated in OA cartilage. BMP antagonists could disturb activin/BMP activities and lead to decreased chondrocyte hypertrophy. This speculation was supported by a study by Tardif et al., which indicated that gremlin-1 expression was significantly elevated in OA chondrocytes and that BMP-2 and BMP-4 treatment significantly induced the expression of gremlin-1 in OA chondrocytes [8]. Treatment of gremlin-1 markedly inhibited terminal hypertrophic differentiation with no effects on the chondrogenesis [17]. This indicates the preventive role of gremlin-1 on hypertrophic differentiation of articular cartilage and OA development. Gremlin-1 expression was significantly elevated in early osteoarthritic cartilage, and increased slightly with disease progression [18]. Our results also demonstrated increased gremlin-1 concentrations in OA patients and a close correlation of gremlin-1 concentrations with OA disease progression. All these findings point to the therapeutic role of gremlin-1 in OA. In addition, other BMP antagonist family members such as follistatin and chordin also play a role in OA. Follistatin expression was significantly elevated in OA chondrocytes [8]. Chordin mRNA and protein levels were significantly down-regulated in osteoarthritic chondrocytes compared with normal cells [19]. This suggests the important role of BMP antagonist family in OA mechanism.
It should be mentioned that the current study inevitably has some limitations. First, this is a cross-sectional study. We may perform a prospective investigation to determine the exact role of gremlin-1 in OA. Second, this study was conducted in a relatively small sample.
Conclusions
Serum and SF gremlin-1 concentrations were positively correlated with the onset and severity of knee OA.
Footnotes
Source of support: Departmental sources
References
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