Abstract
Cancer-initiating cells (CICs) are specialized cells that have the ability to self-renew and are multipotent. We recently demonstrated that Forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a)-expressing cells exhibited a CIC-like potential in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). A proportion of HL patients are infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV-encoded latent membrane protein (LMP) 1 downregulates FoxO3a, suggesting that FoxO3a expression may be abolished in EBV-positive HL. Inhibitors of DNA-binding (ID) proteins are highly conserved transcription factors mediating stem cell functions. To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated possible associations among ID1, FoxO3a and LMP1 expression in HL to date. We immunohistochemically evaluated the expression of the three abovementioned factors in HL patients. The ID1 expression level was inversely correlated with that of FoxO3a (P=0.00035). LMP1-positive HL cells abundantly expressed ID1 (P=0.029), but not FoxO3a (P=0.00085). Thus, our previous observation that FoxO3a may serve as a marker of CICs may not be applicable in EBV-positive HL patients, but rather ID1 may be a candidate CIC marker in this type of HL.
Keywords: inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 1, Forkhead box O3a, latent membrane protein 1, cancer-initiating cells, Hodgkin's lymphoma
Introduction
Tumor cells with tumorigenic potential constitute small populations, referred to as cancer-initiating cells (CICs), which have the ability to self-renew and are multipotent. CICs are found in a number of tumors (1–12). As CICs efficiently eliminate antitumor chemicals, are resistant to radiotherapy and degrade reactive oxygen species (ROS), they are considered to cause cancer recurrence and/or metastasis (13–16).
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is a monoclonal lymphoid neoplasm diagnosed by the presence of multinucleated (Reed-Sternberg; RS) cells admixed with singly nucleated Hodgkin cells (tumor cells) and various inflammatory cells. Although the cellular origin of HL remains controversial, recent molecular biological studies have revealed that HL is principally a B-cell neoplasm (17,18). The CICs of HL have not been extensively investigated. Jones et al, in a study on HL patients, described a small circulating clonotypic B-cell population expressing high levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase and CD27; these cells efficiently formed colonies in vitro (19). Nakashima et al investigated ‘side populations’ (SPs), which were negative for CD133 and CD44, but exhibited the characteristics of CICs, in several tumors. The SPs consisted of small mononuclear cells and those of HL were resistant to chemotherapeutic agents (20). We recently demonstrated that intracellular ROS levels were lower in a proportion of singly nucleated HL cells compared with those in the RS cells of HL. The ROS-low cells exhibited anti-apoptotic and tumorigenic potential, similar to CICs, and abundantly expressed Forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a), a transcription factor regulating the expression of genes encoding ROS-degrading enzymes. These results suggested that these FoxO3a-expressing cells may constitute the CICs of HL (3,21,22).
Inhibitor of DNA-binding (ID) proteins constitute a family of highly conserved transcriptional regulators that play pivotal roles during development and in the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. The major biological effects of ID proteins are inhibition of differentiation and maintenance of the self-renewal ability and multipotency of stem cells (23). ID proteins are overexpressed in a number of human cancers; deregulation of ID protein expression is directly involved in cancer initiation, maintenance, progression and development of drug resistance (characteristics of CICs). ID1 transcription is negatively regulated by FoxO3a in leukemic cells (24). In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein (LMP) 1 phosphorylates and inactivates FoxO3a, thereby upregulating ID1 (25–27). These results suggest that the pathogenetic progression of certain tumors may be controlled by these three factors, namely ID1, FoxO3a and LMP1. EBV has been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of HL, and EBV-positive HL tissue expresses LMP1. To the best of our knowledge, no study has yet investigated the associations among ID1, FoxO3a and LMP1 in HL. The aim of the present study was to address this topic.
Materials and methods
Patients
This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Osaka University (12467–2). From 1999 to 2015, informed consent was obtained from 31 HL patients who were included in this study. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) diagnostic samples were stored in the dark room of the Department of Pathology of Osaka University Hospital at room temperature, and 4-µm sections were obtained prior to staining with hematoxylin and eosin, followed by routine immunohistochemical evaluation.
Immunohistochemical analysis of FoxO3a, ID1 and LMP1 expression
Anti-FoxO3a (rabbit monoclonal, cat. no. 12,829, Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Beverly, MA, USA), anti-ID1 (rabbit monoclonal, ab134163, Abcam Ltd., Cambridge, UK) and anti-LMP1 (mouse monoclonal, cat. no. M0897, Dako A/S, Glostrup, Denmark) antibodies were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Antigen retrieval was performed with the aid of a Pascal pressurized heating chamber (Dako). The sections were incubated with anti-FoxO3a (100-fold dilution), anti-ID1 (200-fold dilution) and anti-LMP1 (100-fold dilution) antibodies, and color was developed with the aid of the ChemMate EnVision kit (Dako). Diaminobenzidine (DAB) (Dako) served as the chromogen. The negative controls underwent all the abovementioned steps, except for incubation with the primary antibodies. The intensity of immunohistochemical staining was categorized as none, weak to moderate, and strong. Weak to moderate and strong were considered as positive signals. When signals from FoxO3a and ID1 were detected in >1% of Hodgkin and RS cells, that case was adjudged positive, as CICs constitute a minority of tumor cells. In addition to tumor cells, some non-tumor cells, such as inflammatory cells, macrophages and vascular endothelial cells, were also positive for FoxO3a and ID1, which were considered to be positive controls (3,28). When LMP1 expression was detected in >20% of tumor cells, that case was adjudged as positive (EBV-positive criterion) (29). All staining data were independently evaluated by two pathologists (J. I. and E.M.) and the evaluation results were matched.
In situ hybridization (ISH)
ISH using an EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) probe was performed to determine whether the EBV genome was present in the FFPE sections; the EBER DAB application kit (Dako) was used. Briefly, the sections were treated with proteinase K diluted 1:10 in TBS (50 mmol/l Tris-HCl buffered saline containing 150 mmol/l NaCl; pH 7.6) and then hybridized with the EBER peptide nucleic acid probe tagged with fluorescein (Dako) at 55°C for 90 min. After blocking endogenous peroxidase activity, the sections were incubated with rabbit anti-fluorescein isothiocyanate antibody (dilution 1:50; rabbit polyclonal, cat. no. 71-1900, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at room temperature for 30 min, followed by incubation with the ChemMate ENVISION/HRP polymer (Dako) at room temperature for 30 min. DAB was used for color development. As previously suggested, when signal from EBER was evident in >20% of tumor cells, that case was adjudged as EBV-positive (30). All staining data were independently evaluated by two pathologists (J.I. and E.M.).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed with the aid of JMP software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The Chi-square and Fisher's exact probability tests were used to assess the correlations among three groups, namely those expressing ID1, FoxO3a and LMP1 among HL cells. A P-value of <0.05 was considered to reflect statistical significance.
Results
Histological subtypes of HL
A total of 31 patients diagnosed with HL were investigated following approval of the study protocol by the Institutional Review Board of Osaka University Hospital. The histological subtypes were classified as 15 mixed-cellularity classical HL (MCCHL), 13 nodular sclerosis classical HL (NSCHL), 1 lymphocyte-rich classical HL (LRCHL) and 2 nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL (NLPHL).
Immunohistochemistry for ID1 and FoxO3a
To determine the association between ID1 and FoxO3a expression, ID1 and FoxO3a were immunohistochemically detected. Tumor cells stained for ID1 (strong cytoplasmic staining) and FoxO3a (strong nuclear staining) (Fig. 1A-D). Of the 31 cases, 10 were ID1- and 20 FoxO3a-positive (Table I). The ID1 expression level was inversely correlated with that of FoxO3a (Table II; P=0.00035).
Figure 1.
FoxO3a, ID1 and LMP1 expression in HL. Typical cases [case 4 (A, C, E and G) and case 1 (B, D, F and H)] are shown. (A-D) Immunohistochemical detection of FoxO3a (A and B) and ID1 (C and D). Positive FoxO3a staining was detected in a limited number of tumor cells in case 4 (A) arrows and inset; magnification, ×400. In case 1, tumor cells (B) arrowheads and inset did not stain at all for FoxO3a, but certain non-tumor cells, such as macrophages and vascular endothelial cells, stained positive for FoxO3a (magnification, ×400). No ID1 signal was detected from tumor cells in case 4 (C) arrows and inset; magnification, ×400, whereas strong ID1 expression was evident in a limited number of tumor cells in case 1 (D) arrowheads and inset; magnification ×400. (E-H) EBER-1 in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining for the detection of LMP1. No EBER-1-positive/LMP1-expressing tumor cells were detected in case 4 (E and G), whereas tumor cells in case 1 stained positively for both EBER-1 and LMP1 (F and H). FoxO3a, Forkhead box O3a; ID1, inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 1; LMP1, latent membrane protein 1; EBER-1, Ebstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA.
Table I.
Immunohistochemistry and ISH results of 31 HL cases.
| Histological subtype | FoxO3a | ID1 | EBER-1 | LMP1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case 1 | MCCHL | − | + | + | + |
| Case 2 | MCCHL | − | + | + | + |
| Case 3 | MCCHL | − | + | + | + |
| Case 4 | MCCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 5 | MCCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 6 | MCCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 7 | MCCHL | + | − | + | + |
| Case 8 | MCCHL | + | − | + | + |
| Case 9 | MCCHL | + | − | + | + |
| Case 10 | MCCHL | + | + | − | − |
| Case 11 | MCCHL | − | + | + | + |
| Case 12 | MCCHL | − | + | + | + |
| Case 13 | MCCHL | − | − | + | + |
| Case 14 | MCCHL | − | − | + | + |
| Case 15 | MCCHL | − | − | − | − |
| Case 16 | NSCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 17 | NSCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 18 | NSCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 19 | NSCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 20 | NSCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 21 | NSCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 22 | NSCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 23 | NSCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 24 | NSCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 25 | NSCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 26 | NSCHL | + | − | − | − |
| Case 27 | NSCHL | + | + | − | − |
| Case 28 | NSCHL | − | + | + | + |
| Case 29 | LRCHL | − | + | + | + |
| Case 30 | NLPHL | − | + | − | − |
| Case 31 | NLPHL | + | − | + | + |
ISH, in situ hybridization; HL, Hodgkin's lymphoma; FoxO3a, Forkhead box O3a; ID1, inhibitor of DNA-binding protein-1; LMP1, latent membrane protein 1; EBER-1, Ebstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA; MCCHL, mixed-cellularity classical HL; NSCHL, nodular sclerosis classical HL; LRCHL, lymphocyte-rich classical HL; NLPHL, nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL.
Table II.
Correlation between FoxO3a and ID1 expression in HL cases.
| ID1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | (−) | (+) | P-value |
| FoxO3a | |||
| (−) | 3 | 8 | 0.00035 |
| (+) | 18 | 2 | |
HL, Hodgkin's lymphoma; FoxO3a, Forkhead box O3a; ID1, inhibitor of DNA-binding protein-1.
ISH for the detection of EBER-1 and immunohistochemistry for LMP1
EBER-1 ISH was performed to determine whether the HL cases were infected with EBV (Fig. 1E-H). Thirteen of the 31 cases were EBV-positive, and all were also LMP1-positive, indicating that the EBV latent gene expression pattern was of type II (Table I). By histological subtype, 10 of 15 MCCHL (66.7%), 1 of 13 NSCHL (7.7%), 1 of 1 LRCHL (100%) and 1 of 2 NLPHL (50%) patients had EBER-1- and LMP1-positive tumor cells. The EBV-positive rates were consistent with those of previous studies, particularly in MCCHL and NSCHL (29).
Correlation between the expression of LMP1 and ID1, and that of LMP1 and FoxO3a
To compare the expression of LMP1 with that of ID1 and FoxO3a, our data were subjected to Chi-square testing. The expressions of LMP1 and ID1 were significantly associated (Table III; P=0.029), but LMP1 and FoxO3a were not (Table III; P=0.00085).
Table III.
Correlation among LMP1, ID1 and FoxO3a expression in HL cases.
| ID1 | FoxO3a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | (−) | (+) | P-value | (−) | (+) | P-value |
| LMP1 | ||||||
| (−) | 15 | 3 | 0.029 | 2 | 16 | 0.00085 |
| (+) | 6 | 7 | 9 | 4 | ||
HL, Hodgkin's lymphoma; FoxO3a, Forkhead box O3a; ID1, inhibitor of DNA-binding protein-1; LMP1, latent membrane protein 1.
Discussion
The ID protein family contains four members; the ID proteins maintain the self-renewal potential and multipotency of stem cells. Overexpression of ID proteins has been reported in a number of tumors, and such deregulation is associated with tumor initiation and drug resistance (23,31). ID1 expression was found to be an independent (negative) prognostic marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients (32). In HL, ID2 interacts with the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein to repress B-cell-specific gene expression via inactivation of E2A (33,34). To the best of our knowledge, no study to date has investigated the role played by ID1 in HL. We herein addressed this issue, and found that one-third of HL patients (10 of 31) expressed ID1. No association was found between ID1 expression and histological HL subtype (P=0.21, data not shown). ID1 and FoxO3a expressions were inversely correlated (P=0.00035). Birkenkamp et al reported that, in leukemia patients, ID1 transcription was negatively regulated by FoxO3a (24). This may also be the case in HL patients.
CIC detection is crucial for the development of novel, targeted cancer therapies. CICs may eliminate ROS (14). In previous studies, we observed that FoxO3a, a transcription factor upregulating genes encoding ROS-degrading enzymes, was abundantly expressed in the ROS-low regions of spreads of singly nucleated cells that resembled Hodgkin cells, but not in the RS cells of HL. Gold standard markers for HL are lacking, in contrast to the CD133 marker of brain and colon carcinomas and mantle cell lymphoma in animal models. Our results suggest that the FoxO3a-expressing cells may be the CICs of HL (3,5,8,20–22,35). However, we found that several HL cases were negative for FoxO3a, and that the majority of FoxO3a-negative cases were EBV-positive (9 of 11). In nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients, EBV-encoded LMP1 inactivates FoxO3a (25–27). Similar to nasopharyngeal carcinoma, FoxO3a appeared to be degraded by LMP1 in HL tissue. The HL cell lines used in previous studies were EBV-negative, and populations of FoxO3a-positive cells were evident (21,22). Therefore, FoxO3a may be a marker of the CICs of EBV-negative HL. The cells that eliminate ROS among the cells of EBV-positive HL remain to be identified. EBV-positive HL tissue expresses ID1 at high levels. Upon EBV infection, EBV-encoded LMP1 induces phosphorylation and inactivation of FoxO3a, which is associated with upregulation of ID1 (25–27). The ID proteins control various genes involved in tumor initiation and progression. For example, combined expression of ID1 and ID3 increased self-renewal and promoted tumor initiation by colon CICs via downregulation of p21 (31). Therefore, ID1 may be a useful marker of the CICs of EBV-positive HL.
Recent studies have demonstrated that aberrant levels of ID proteins are associated with the upregulation of pro-survival and anti-apoptotic factors, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), B-cell lymphoma-2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT, in several tumors (23,32,36). Upon constitutive activation, NF-κB promotes proliferation and abrogates apoptosis of the Hodgkin and RS cells of HL (37,38). Therefore, high-level ID1 expression in cases of EBV-positive HL may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease, via the action of NF-κB. However, the correlation between NF-κB activation and EBV-infected conditions was controversial, and further studies are required (39).
In conclusion, the ID1 and FoxO3a expression levels in clinical samples from HL patients were found to be inversely correlated. LMP1 (EBV)-positive cases were usually FoxO3a-negative and ID1-positive. Our previous suggestion that FoxO3a may be a marker of CICs may not be applicable in cases of EBV-positive HL. Further studies are required to elucidate whether ID1-positive cells exhibit CIC-like characteristics.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Mr. Masaharu Kohara, Ms. Etsuko Maeno and Ms. Takako Sawamura for their valuable technical assistance. This study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (nos. 25108507, 25460435, 15H00894 and T264604700).
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